CodedCooperationfortwoUsers

SongzeLi DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering FacultyAdvisor:ProfessorElzaErkip

AbstractThispaperexploresthecharacteristicsandperformancesofdifferenttypeofwireless
channels(AWGNchannelandslowfrequencynonselectiveRayleighfadedchannel).Wealso demonstratethetechniquestoimprovethechannelsperformances(coding,maximalratio combiningandcodedcooperation).

Introduction
Inawirelessenvironment,signalcanarriveatthedestinationviadifferentpropagationpaths,and thesesignalcomponentsarecalledmultipathcomponents.Becauseeachofthemultipath componentsexperiencesdifferentphaseandamplitudedistortionsduringthetransmissions,they canadddestructivelyatthereceiverandresultaphenomenoncalledsignalfading[1].Fadingcan increasetheprobabilityofreceivingthetransmittedbitsincorrectlyatthereceiveratthesame transmittingpowerlevel,thusdegradingthechannelperformance. Therearewayscameupwithtoalleviatetheproblemcausedbysignalfading.Twoofthemare theemploymentoferrorcorrectioncodinganddiversity.Foraconvolutionalcode,thecurrent codewordwithnbitsdependonthecontentofashiftregisterconsistingofKstageswithkbits perstage.KiscalledtheconstraintlengthofthecodeandRc =k/nisthecoderate[2].Oneway torealizediversityistousetheMaximalRatioCombining(MRC).Theoutputofthecombineris theweightedsumofallbranches.TheweightofeachbranchsignalisproportionaltotheSNRof thatbranch,thusbrancheswithhigherSNRareweightedmorewhencombiningisperformed[2]. Anotherwaytoachievediversityistoadoptcodedcooperation[3].Thismethodrequiresanother node(calledpartner)transmitspartofthecodedbitsforthesource.Becausethechannelsfrom sourceandpartnertothedestinationareindependentfromeachother,thechancethatallofthe codedbitsfadesimultaneouslyisgreatlyreduced. Theletterisorganizedasfollows.Weseparatemaintopicsintotwoparts.Foreachone,we specifythesystemmodels,showthesimulationresultsandperformdiscussions.

PartI.ChannelCharacteristicsandperformance improvementtechniques
Weconsidernodesinwirelesscommunicationnetwork.Asourcenodeistransmittingdirectly towardsadestinationnode.Thereisoneantennaatthetransmitterandoneantennaatthereceiver.

1.AWGNchannel
SystemModel Thetransmittedsignal(uncodedorcoded)goesthroughanAdditiveWhiteGaussiannoise channel.Thereceivedsignalisoftheform r=x+n xisthemodulatedsignal(uncodedorcoded),nisanindependentrealizationofGaussiannoise withzeromeanandvarianceN0/2. SimulationResult Allofthetransmittedbitsaremodulatedusingbinaryphaseshiftkeying(BPSK).A convolutionalcodewithrate1/2,[57]andconstraintlengthK=3isused.Aconvolutionalcode withrate1/2,[1517]andconstraintlengthK=4isalsousedforcomparison.Harddecision decodingisperformedatthereceiver,andthetracebackdepthsare15and20respectively.The performanceofuncodedanddifferentconvolutionalcodesareplottedandcompared.
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Wecanobservethecodinggainfromtheplotabove.Wealsofindthatthelongermemorythe convolutionalcodereserves,thelargerimprovementitcanbringtothechannelperformance.

2.SlowfrequencynonselectiveRayleighfadingchannel
SystemModel Thetransmittedsignal(uncodedandcoded)goesthroughaquasistaticRayleighfadedchannel, whichmeansthatallofthetransmittedbitsseethesamefadingrealizationinanytimeinstance. Thereceivedsignalisoftheform r=h*x+n hisacomplexrandomvariablerepresentingtheRayleighfadingchannelwhoserealand imaginativepartsarebothGaussiandistributedwiththesamemeanandvariance.xisthe modulatedsignal(uncodedandcoded),nisanindependentrealizationofGaussiannoisewith zeromeanandvarianceN0/2. A.ComparisonofAWGNandRayleighfadingchannels SimulationResult TheinformationbitsaremodulatedusingBPSKandputthroughAWGNandRayleighfaded channelrespectively.Ineachcase,theBERiscalculatedasanaverageprobabilityofthatbitsare receivedincorrectly.
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Fromthefigureabove,wefindthattheexistenceoffadingdoesdegradethechannelperformance substantially.

B.CodinginRayleighfadedchannel SimulationResult Aconvolutionalcodewithrate1/4,[5777]andconstraintlengthK=3isusedandthecoded bitsaremodulatedusingBPSK.Harddecisiondecodingisemployedatthereceiverandthe tracebackdepthis15.Meanwhile,anuncodedcaseisalsosimulatedforcomparison.

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IntheRayleighfadedchannel,BERdecreasesapproximatelylinearlyrelatedtotheincreaseof signaltonoiseratioperbit.Thechanneloptimization(codinggain)duetotheadoptionof covolutionalcodeisevident.

3.Diversity
SystemModel TheuncodedinformationbitsaretransmittedtwicethroughtwoindependentRayleighfading channels(fromtwodistinctterminalstothebasestationforexample)andreceivedbytwo

antennasatthereceiverrespectively.MaximalRatioCombingtechniqueisemployedtogive properweightthetwosetsofreceivedsymbols. Thereceivedsignalisoftheform r=|h1|2*x+|h2|2*x+n h1andh2aretwoindependentcomplexrandomvariablesrepresentingthetwoRayleighchannels fromthetwonodestothereceiver.xisthesamemodulatedsignalforbothterminals.nisan independentrealizationofGaussiannoisewithzeromeanandvarianceN0/2. SimulationResult TheinformationbitsaremodulatedusingBPSKandputthroughtwoindependentRayleighfaded channelsrespectively.ThereceivedSNRinthiscaseisacombinedSNR,whichisthesumofthe SNRsinthesetwoindependentchannels.
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TheslopeofthecurveusingtheMRCatthereceiveris0.19,whichindicatesadiversitylevel fairlyclosetotwo.Theintroductionofdiversitytechniquetoagooddegreespeedsupthedecay processofBERandthusenhanceschannelperformance.

PartII.Explorationofcodedcooperation

SystemModel

Asillustratedbythefigureabove,theentirenetworkconsistsofthreenodes,onesource(S),one relay(R),andonedestination(D).Sourceandrelaycanofcourseexchangetheroleswithin differenttimeslots.Thechannelfromthesourcetodestinationandthechannelfromtherelayto thedestinationarei.i.dRayleighfadedchannels. Whenthesourceissendinginformationtothedestination,itencodesthemessagewitha1/4 convolutionalcode,thusoneinformationbitistransformedtofourcodedbits.Inthefirsttime slot,foreachblockoffourbits,Stransmitsthefirsttwobits(C1,C2),andthesetwobitsareboth receivedbyRandD.WeassumeRcorrectlydecodestheinformationbitsandencodethe informationagainusingthesametrellisatS.Inthesecondtimeslot,Rtransmitstheremaining twocodedbits(C3,C4)tothedestinationforS.DreceivesthefourcodedbitsfrombothSandR andtrytodecodetoinformationbit[3].Thismechanismisexpectedtobringspatialdiversitydue tothefactthath1andh2areRayleighindependentrandomvariables. SimulationResult

Aconvolutionalcodewithrate1/4,[5777]andconstraintlengthK=3isusedtoencodethe messageatboththesourceandtherelay.ThecodedbitsaremodulatedusingBPSK.Hard decisiondecodingisemployedatthereceiverandthetracebackdepthis15.Meanwhile,the channelperformancesofadirecttransmissionfromsourcetodestinationwiththesamecodeand adirecttransmissionusingMRCarealsoplottedforcomparison.

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Wecanfindfromtheplotabovethatthecodedcooperationdoesimprovethechannel performancecomparedtothenoncooperativecase.However,thediversityorderofthismethodis notasgoodascaseusingtheMRCtechniqueatthereceiver,whichleadstotheintersectionof thistwocurvesatabout11dBSNR.

Discussions
Fromthesimulationresults,wecanconcludethattheadoptionofcoding,diversity(including maximalratiocombiningandcodedcooperation)candramaticallyenhancetheperformanceof bothAWGNandRayleighfadedwirelesschannelsatthesamepowerlevel.

Reference
[1]JohnG.Proakis,andMasoudSalehi,CommunicationSystemsEngineeringbyPrenticeHall pp.674676publishedin2002 [2]AndreaGoldsmith,WirelessCommunicationsbyCambridgeUniversityPresspp.214216, pp.246publishedin2005 [3]AndrejStefanov,andElzaErkip,CooperativeCodingforWirelessNetworks,IEEETrans. Commun.,vol.52No.9,Sep.2004