Prime University

2A/1, Darus Salam Road, Mirpur-1, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Course Conducted by: Shuvodip Das
Digital Electronics
EEE 357
Lecture 01

Number System
Number System: A number System is a system that uses symbols to count the number of
items.
There are four Number Systems:
a) Decimal
b) Binary
c) Octal and
d) Hexadecimal.
Base or Radix of Number System:
Decimal = 10 (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
Binary = 2 (0,1)
Octal = 8 (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Hexadecimal = 16 (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)
Base or Radix of a Number System:
Base or Radix of a Number System means there are 10 or 2 or 8 or 16 counting digits by
through which we can represent any quantity in that Number System.
Place Value or Position Value of Weight:
In base-10 (decimal) positional notation, there are 10 decimal digits and the number.
MSD
LSD
The digit to the extreme right is referred to as the Least Significant Digit (LSD).
The digit to the extreme left is referred to as the Most Significant Digit (MSD).
In base-2 (Binary) positional notation, there are 2 binary digits and the number (1001)2 = 1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 0 21 +1 2 0 = (9)10
Conversion of Decimal Number into Binary Number:

312
152
72
32
12

Quotient
15
7
3
1
0

=
=
=
=
=

Remainder or Rest
1
1
1
1
1

+
+
+
+
+

(31)10 = (1111)2
Conversion of Binary Number into Decimal Number:
(11111)2
=1 2 4 +12 3 +1 2 2 +121 +1 2 0
=16
+8
+4
+2
+1
= (31 )10

(11111)2 = (31)10
Conversion of Decimal Number into Octal Number:
Quotient
47
5
0

3838 =
478 =
58
=

Remainder or Rest
7
7
5

+
+
+

(383)10 = (577)8
Conversion of Octal Number into Decimal Number:
(577)8
= 5 8 2 + 7 81 + 7 8 0
= 320 +56
= (383 )10

+7

Conversion of Decimal Number into Hexadecimal Number:

97816
6116
316

=
=
=

Quotient
61
3
0

+
+
+

Remainder or Rest
2
13 (D)
3

(978)10 = (3D2)16
Conversion of Hexadecimal Number into Decimal Number:
(3D2)16

= 3 16 2 +13 16 1 +2 16 0
= 768
+ 208
= (978 )10

+2

(3D2)16 = (978)10
Conversion of fraction value from Decimal to Binary:
=0.656 2 =1.312 =0.312 with a carry
=0.312 2 =0.624 =0.624 with a carry
=0.624 2 =1.248 =0.248 with a carry

of 1
of 0
of 1

=0.248 2 =0.496 =0.496 with a carry of 0

=0.496 2 =0.992 =0.992 with a carry of 0

(0.656)10 = (0.10100)2
Conversion of Binary Number into Decimal Number:
(0.10100)2
= (1 2 1 +0 2 2 +1 2 3 +0 2 4 +0 2 5 )
= 0.5 +0 +0.125 +0 +0
= 0.625
(0.10100 ) 2 = (0.625 )10

Conversion of Decimal Number to Octal Number:

(0.656)10
=0.656 8 =5.248 = 0.248 with a carry

of 5

=0.248 8 =1.984 = 0.984 with a carry

of 1

=0.984 8 =7.872 = 0.872 with a carry

of 7

=0.872 8 =6.976 = 0.976 with a carry

of 6

(0.656 )10 = (0.5176 ) 8

Conversion of Octal Number into Decimal Number:

(0.5176)8

= 5 8 1 +18 2 +7 8 3 +6 8 4
5
1
7
6
+
+
+
8 64 512
4096
= 0.625 +0.0156 +0.0137 +0.00146
=

= 0.6558
(0.5176 ) 8 = (0.6558 )10

Conversion of Decimal Number into Hexadecimal Number:

(0.989)10
= 0.98916 = 15.824 = 0.824 with a carry of 15
= 0.82416 = 13.184 = 0.184 with a carry of 13
= 0.18416 = 2.944 = 0.944 with a carry of 2
= 0.94416 = 15.104 = 0.104 with a carry of 15
(0.989)10 = (FD2F)16
Conversion of Hexadecimal Number into Decimal Number:
(FD2F) 16
=15 16 1 +13 16 2 + 2 16 3 +15 16 4
15
13
2
15
+
+
+
16
256
4096
65536
= 0.9375 +0.0507 +0.00049
=

= (0.9887 )10

Conversion of Binary Number into Octal Number:

(10110101110)2
010 110 101 110
2
6
5
6
(10110101110)2 = (2656)8

Conversion of Binary Number into Hexadecimal Number:

(1100111110001110)2
1100

1111

1000

1110

12(C) 15(F)

14 (E)

(1100111110001110)2 = (CF8E)16
Conversion of Octal Number into Binary Number:
(762)8
7
111

110

010

(762)8 = (111110010)2
Conversion of Hexadecimal into Binary Number:
(10A4)16
1
0001

0
0000

1010

0100

(10A4)16 = (0001000010100100)2
Binary Addition and Subtraction:
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10
101
+101
1010

Another example of binary addition:

1011
+1011
10110

Binary Subtraction:
111
- 10
101
10
- 1
1

100
- 10
10

1010
- 110
100

Binary Multiplication & Division:

0x0=0
0x1=0
1x0=0
1x1=1
101
x11
101
1010
1111
Take for example the division of 1011 into 11.
11 R=10
11 )1011
-11
101
-11
10 <-- remainder, R
To check our answer, we first multiply our divisor 11 by our quotient 11. Then we add
its' product to the remainder 10, and compare it to our dividend of 1011.
11
x 11
11
11
1001 <-- product of 11 and 11
1001
+ 10
1011 <-- sum of product and remainder
The sum is equal to our initial dividend, therefore our solution is correct.