Engi1554

Unit Operation I (Heat Transfer)

Dr. Charles Xu @ Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University

8-2. Heat Exchangers

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Types of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

Types of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are described based on the number of passes the shell-side and tube-side fluids must undergo.
Exchangers are listed as 1-1, 1-2, 2-4, etc. in which the first number signifies the number of passes for the shell-side fluid and the second number refers to the tubeside fluid.

1-1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (1 shell pass and 1 tube pass)

1-2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (1 shell pass and 2 tube passes)

2-2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (2 shell passes 3 and 2 tube passes)

Baffles in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

Baffles are used to establish a cross-flow and to induce turbulent mixing of the shell-side fluid, both of which enhance convection.

Where and how are the baffles installed in order to achieve more effective convection enhancement? A common practice is to cut away a segment having a height equal to onefourth the inside diameter of the shell. Such baffles are called 25 percent baffles.

Tube Size
Standard tube lengths: 8, 12, 16 and 20
ft.

Tube diameters (OD): 5/8, , 7/8, 1,

1.25, 1.5 and 2 inch.

Tube wall-thicknesses in terms of BWG

(Birmingham Wire Gage) number: BWG # 10 (0.134 in), 12 (0.109 in), 14 (0.083 in), 16 (0.065 in), 18 (0.049 in).

Tube Pitch

The spacing between the tubes (center to center) is referred to as the tube pitch (PT). Triangular or square pitch arrangements are used. Unless the shell side tends to foul badly, triangular pitch is used.

Log-Mean Temperature Difference

for a double-pipe heat exchanger and a 1-1 heat exchanger T1 T2

q = UA Tlm = U i Ai Tlm = U o Ao Tlm

(8-1)

Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger (Counter-Current Flow)

Where: Ui = Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside surface area (Ai = DiL) of the center tube (W/m2/K) Uo = Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area (Ao = DoL) of the center tube (W/m2/K)

Tlm =
1-1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (Counter-Current Flow)

T2 T1 ln(T2 / T1 )
(8-3)

(8-2)

T1 = Th,i Tc ,o T2 = Th,o Tc ,i

Log-Mean Temperature Difference Correction Factors

For Multi-Pass Heat Exchangers, a correction factor (FT) must be used for calculation of the mean temperature drop (Tm)

Tc,i

Tc,o Th,i

q = U i Ai Tm = U o Ao Tm
Where:

(8-5)

Ui = Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside surface area (Ai = nDiL) of the center tubes (W/m2/K) Uo = Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outside surface area (Ao = nDoL) of the center tubes (W/m2/K)

Tm = FT Tlm
Where:

(8-6) (8-2)

Th,o
1-2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (Counter-Current Flow)

Tlm =

T2 T1 ln(T2 / T1 )
(8-3)

T1 = Th,i Tc,o T2 = Th,o Tc,i

How to evaluate the correction factor (FT)?

1-2 and 1-4 Exchanges

Figure 8-1

2-4 Exchanges

Figure 8-2

Example 8-2
A 1-2 heat exchanger (counter-current flow) containing one shell pass and two tube passes heats 2.52 kg/s of water from 21.1 to 54.4C by using hot water under pressure entering at 115.6C and leaving at 48.9C. The outside surface of the tubes in the exchanger is Ao = 9.30 m2. kg/h. Water has a mean heat capacity of Cpm = 4.187 kJ/kg/K. (a) Calculate the mean temperature difference Tm and the overall heat-transfer coefficient Uo. (b) Repeat for a 2-4 heat exchanger (counter-current flow). Solution (a): 1-2 Heat Exchanger

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Example 8-2 (Contd)

Solution (b): 2-4 Heat Exchanger

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Typical Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Shell-and-Tube Exchangers

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