ENGLISHLANGUAGESTUDIES

MATESOLProgram
HOWTOUSEANDCITEREFERENCESINYOURWRITING
Oneofthecharacteristicsoftheacademicgenreisthefrequentreferencemadetoworkswhich haveinformedthewritersideas.Knowinghowtocitetheseworksisimportantbecauseoftwo reasons: a) Itisakeyfeatureofallacademicwriting. b) Itgivesduecredittotheoriginatorofanideaorconcept. There are various ways of using and citing references in writing. For the purposes of our MATESOLProgram,wehaveoptedoutforanormwhichisrepresentativeofthestylefavored by most of the professional journals and books in the area of TESOL and which follows the guidelines given by the American Psychological Association (APA). What follows is an introductorysummary. HowshouldImakeuseofliteratureinmyassignments? When you make reference to relevant professional sources (books, articles or webpages) you whichinformyourresearchthesourceneedstobeclearlyindicated.Someofthemostcommon usesofthesesourcesinclude: Supportingdescriptivewriting.Forexample,youmaywishtosay: During my time as observer of an Elementary EFL class I noted that the teacher asked questions of the boys more frequently than of the girls. This tendencyhasalsobeenreportedbyJon(1989). Hereyouaresupportingyourobservationwithconclusionsreachedbyacademicresearch.Jon published a study of gender bias in teaching in 1989. You will consign the full citation of the studyinyourbibliographyandinthetextyousimplyindicatethatthisconfirmationcomesfrom having read the work of Jon. However, note that you are not quoting a specific piece of that researchandthus,pagenumbersarenotnecessary.

 Establishingdefinitions.Forexample,youmaywishtodiscussreliabilitybyfirstestablishing adefinition,e.g.: Reliabilityistheagreementbetweentwoeffortstomeasurethesametrait throughmaximallysimilarmethods(CampbellandFisk,1967,p.277). HereyouarequotingdirectlyfromthetextwrittenbyCampbellandFiskandyouareindicating theprecisesourceofyourquotationbyprovidingthenamesoftheauthors,theyearinwhich their work was published and the exact page from which you extracted the quotation. Notice theconventionforenteringthisinformation:inbetweenparenthesesyouprovidetheauthor/s name/s followed by a comma after which you include the year of publication of the work. In ordertoindicatetheexactpageyouuseacolonaftertheyearofpublicationandthenenterthe pagenumber. Supportinganargument.Forexample,youmaywishtojustifytheuseofquestionnairesby makingastatementsuchasthefollowing: Ichosetocollectdatabyquestionnaireascollectingdatabyinterviewwould betootimeconsumingandthuscausemetoreducethesamplesize.Thisis discussedinmoredetailbySmith(1987). Thiscaseissimilartotheonewesawinourfirstexample.However,noticethatthistimeyou arereferringintothe1987bookoneducationalresearchbySmithingeneral.Hence,nopage numberisneeded. HowcanIindicatedifferenttypesofsourcesused? There are primary and secondary sources you can refer to although, ideally, you should use mostlyprimarysources.Thesemaybeofficialdocumentation,booksandarticlesoneducational theories and practice or data from your own experience. For example, this information came directlyfromofficialliterature: Earlierreformefforts,mostnotablytheworkoftheHolmesGroup(1986,1990, and 1995), have shown that these interorganizational collaborations are challengingtomaintain Inthispiece,theauthorisbackinguphisclaimthatinterorganizationalcollaborationsarenot easytosustainbyquotingthreedifferentstudiescarriedoutbytheHolmesGroup.Theauthor

providestheyearswhenthosestudiesweremadeavailable. Sometimes it is not possible to obtain original source materials and you have to rely on quotations of sources found in literature or even indicate that there is no date in the original sources.Forexample: The TNE prospectus (Carnegie Corporation of New York, no date [n.d.]) outlines three broad design principles that the TNE funders believe characterize excellent teacher educationprograms HeretheauthorisquotingfromaCarnegieCorporationdocumentbuthecouldnotaccessits dateandhasindicatedsobyusing[n.d.]inhisquote. Orthisexample: Diaz Maggioli (2003, in Richards and Farrell, 2005:18) observes that Programs which involveparticipantsintheplanning,organization,management,deliveryandevaluation of all actions in which they are expected to participate have more chances of success thanthoseplannedusingatopdownapproach,whereadministratorsmakedecisionsin lieuofteachers. Here the author is quoting someone whose original work he or she could not find but who is quoted by other authors in their book. Hence, the author indicates this by citing the year in whichtheoriginalwaspublishedandthenstatingwhereexactlythisinformationisavailable:in RichardsandFarrells2005book,page18. SpecialPointstoNote Acknowledgewheresecondarysourcesarecitedandtheoriginalnotlookedatbyyourself. Donotrelyonallsecondaryinformationtakenfromjustonesource. Quotesmustbeputinquotationmarksandacknowledged. Failuretoacknowledgequotesisplagiarism. Plagiarismisaseriousoffence.

GeneralAPAGuidelines Youressayshouldbetyped,doublespacedonstandardsizedpaper(8.5"x11")with1"margins onallsides.APArecommendsusing12pt.TimesNewRomanfont. Includeapageheaderatthetopofeverypage.Tocreateapageheader,insertpagenumbers flushright.Thentype"TITLEOFYOURPAPER"intheheaderflushleft. MajorPaperSections Youressayshouldincludefourmajorsections:theTitlePage,Abstract,MainBody,and References. TitlePage Thetitlepageshouldcontainthetitleofthepaper,theauthor'sname,andtheinstitutional affiliation.Includethepageheader(describedabove)flushleftwiththepagenumberflush rightatthetopofthepage. Typeyourtitleinupperandlowercaseletterscenteredintheupperhalfofthepage.APA recommendsthatyourtitlebenomorethan12wordsinlengthandthatitshouldnotcontain abbreviationsorwordsthatservenopurpose.Yourtitlemaytakeuponeortwolines.Alltext onthetitlepage,andthroughoutyourpaper,shouldbedoublespaced. Beneaththetitle,typetheauthor'sname:firstname,middleinitial(s),andlastname. Beneaththeauthor'sname,typetheinstitutionalaffiliation,whichshouldindicatethelocation wheretheauthor(s)conductedtheresearch. Abstract Beginanewpage.Yourabstractpageshouldalreadyincludethepageheader(described above).Onthefirstlineoftheabstractpage,centerthewordAbstract(nobold,formatting, italics,underlining,orquotationmarks). Beginningwiththenextline,writeaconcisesummaryofthekeypointsofyourresearch.(Do notindent.)Yourabstractshouldcontainatleastyourresearchtopic,researchquestions, participants,methods,results,dataanalysis,andconclusions.Youmayalsoincludepossible implicationsofyourresearchandfutureworkyouseeconnectedwithyourfindings.Your abstractshouldbeasingleparagraphdoublespaced.Yourabstractshouldbebetween150and 250words. Youmayalsowanttolistkeywordsfromyourpaperinyourabstract.Todothis,centerthetext andtypeKeywords:(italicized)andthenlistyourkeywords.Listingyourkeywordswillhelp researchersfindyourworkindatabases.

How do I deal with referencing within the main text of the assignment?
APACitationBasics WhenusingAPAformat,followtheauthordatemethodofintextcitation.Thismeansthatthe author'slastnameandtheyearofpublicationforthesourceshouldappearinthetext,for example,(Jones,1998),andacompletereferenceshouldappearinthereferencelistattheend ofthepaper. IfyouarereferringtoanideafromanotherworkbutNOTdirectlyquotingthematerial,or makingreferencetoanentirebook,articleorotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferenceto theauthorandyearofpublicationandnotthepagenumberinyourintextreference.All sourcesthatarecitedinthetextmustappearinthereferencelistattheendofthepaper. InTextCitationCapitalization,Quotes,andItalics/Underlining

Alwayscapitalizepropernouns,includingauthornamesandinitials:D.Jones. Ifyourefertothetitleofasourcewithinyourpaper,capitalizeallwordsthatarefour letterslongorgreaterwithinthetitleofasource:PermanenceandChange.Exceptions applytoshortwordsthatareverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs:Writing NewMedia,ThereIsNothingLefttoLose. (Note:inyourReferenceslist,onlythefirstwordofatitlewillbecapitalized:Writing newmedia.)

Whencapitalizingtitles,capitalizebothwordsinahyphenatedcompound word:NaturalBornCyborgs. Capitalizethefirstwordafteradashorcolon:"DefiningFilmRhetoric:TheCaseof Hitchcock'sVertigo." Italicizeorunderlinethetitlesoflongerworkssuchasbooks,editedcollections,movies, televisionseries,documentaries,oralbums:TheClosingoftheAmericanMind;The WizardofOz;Friends. Putquotationmarksaroundthetitlesofshorterworkssuchasjournalarticles,articles fromeditedcollections,televisionseriesepisodes,andsongtitles:"Multimedia Narration:ConstructingPossibleWorlds";"TheOneWhereChandlerCan'tCry."

ShortQuotations Ifyouaredirectlyquotingfromawork,youwillneedtoincludetheauthor,yearofpublication, andthepagenumberforthereference(precededby"p.").Introducethequotationwithasignal phrasethatincludestheauthor'slastnamefollowedbythedateofpublicationinparentheses.

AccordingtoJones(1998),"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhen itwastheirfirsttime"(p.199). Jones(1998)found"studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"(p.199);what implicationsdoesthishaveforteachers? Iftheauthorisnotnamedinasignalphrase,placetheauthor'slastname,theyearof publication,andthepagenumberinparenthesesafterthequotation. Shestated,"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"(Jones,1998,p.199),butshe didnotofferanexplanationastowhy. LongQuotations Placedirectquotationslongerthan40wordsinafreestandingblockoftypewrittenlines,and omitquotationmarks.Startthequotationonanewline,indented1/2inchfromtheleftmargin, i.e.,inthesameplaceyouwouldbeginanewparagraph.Typetheentirequotationonthenew margin,andindentthefirstlineofanysubsequentparagraphwithinthequotation1/2inch fromthenewmargin.Maintaindoublespacingthroughout.Theparentheticalcitationshould comeaftertheclosingpunctuationmark. Jones's(1998)studyfoundthefollowing: StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle, especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttimecitingsources. Thisdifficultycouldbeattributedtothefactthatmany studentsfailedtopurchaseastylemanualortoask theirteacherforhelp.(p.199)

SummaryorParaphrase Ifyouareparaphrasinganideafromanotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetothe authorandyearofpublicationinyourintextreference,butAPAguidelinesencourageyouto alsoprovidethepagenumber(althoughitisnotrequired.) AccordingtoJones(1998),APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirsttimelearners. APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirsttimelearners(Jones,1998,p.199).

Whereshouldthereferencesbelisted?
Allpreviousworkwhichhasinformedyourwritingmustbeproperlyacknowledgedandlistedat theendofyourassignment.ThisiscalledaBibliography.Youmustincludeiniteveryonewhois referredtointhetext(agoodideaistoprintyourpaperonceyouhavewrittenit,and,asyou read it, tick the names of the authors cited in the bibliography. This way you will be able to detectwhichsourcesyouarenotincludinginthebibliography).Rememberthateachworkmust belistedinalphabeticalorder.Includeonlythoseauthorsyouciteinthemainbodyofthetext. Youmuststrictlyadheretothefollowingcitationstyle:

Books:

authorssurname,initial,year,titleofbook(initalics),wherepublished,publisher. Thornbury,S.(2006).AnAZofEnglishLanguageTeaching.Oxford:Macmillan.

ChaptersinBooks:
authors surname, initial, year, title of article, In, editors surname and initial (Ed), title of bookinitalics,wherepublished,publisher.

Ellis,V.(2010).Studyingtheprocessofchange:thedoublesimulationstrategyin teacher education. In Ellis, V., Edwards, A. and Smagorinski, P. (Eds.). Cultural historial perspectives in teacher education: Learning teaching. Oxon:Routledge.

ArticlesinJournals:
authors surname, initial, year, title of article between inverted commas, journal (in italics), numberofjournal,issueinvolumebetweenparenthesesandinitalics,andpagesofthearticle. VanHuizen,P.,vanOers,B.andWubbels,T.(2005).AVygotskianperspective onteachereducation,JournalofCurriculumStudies,37(3),267290.

ArticleinaNewspaper
Unlikeotherperiodicals,p.orpp.precedespagenumbersforanewspaperreferenceinAPA style.Singlepagestakep.,e.g.,p.B2;multiplepagestakepp.,e.g.,pp.B2,B4orpp.C1,C3C4. Schultz,S.(2005,December28).Callsmadetostrengthenstateenergy policies.TheCountryToday,pp.1A,2A.

Webpages:
Authorsname(ifavailable),year,titleofwebpageinitalics,placeuploaded,publisher,access datewiththewordRetrievedprecedingit,URL Peyton,J.K.(1993).Dialoguejournals:Interactivewritingtodeveloplanguageand literacy.Washington,DC:NationalClearinghouseforESLLiteracyEducation. RetrievedMay4,2003,from http://www.cal.org/ericcll/digest/peyton01.html

References
Angeli,E.,Wagner,J.,Lawrick,E.,Moore,K.,Anderson,M.,Soderland,L.,&Brizee,A.(2010,May 5).Purdueonlinewritinglab.Retrievedfromhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/