Modem-)(mdem) (n.) Short for modulator-demodulator.

A modem is a device orprogram that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form ofanalog waves. A modem converts between these two forms. How to classify modem?? bps : How fast the modem can transmit and receive data. At slow rates, modems are measured in terms of baud rates. The slowest rate is 300 baud (about 25 cps). At higher speeds, modems are measured in terms of bits per second (bps). The fastest modems run at 57,600 bps, although they can achieve even higher data transfer rates by compressing the data. Obviously, the faster the transmission rate, the faster you can send and receive data. Note, however, that you cannot receive data any faster than it is being sent. If, for example, the device sending data to your computer is sending it at 2,400 bps, you must receive it at 2,400 bps. It does not always pay, therefore, to have a very fast modem. In addition, some telephone lines are unable to transmit data reliably at very high rates. voice/data: Many modems support a switch to change between voice and data modes. In data mode, the modem acts like a regular modem. In voice mode, the modem acts like a regular telephone. Modems that support a voice/data switch have a built-in loudspeaker and microphone for voice communication. auto-answer : An auto-answer modem enables your computer to receive calls in your absence. This is only necessary if you are offering some type of computer service that people can call in to use. data compression : Some modems perform data compression, which enables them to send data at faster rates. However, the modem at the receiving end must be able to decompress the data using the same compression technique. flash memory : Some modems come with flash memory rather than conventional ROM, which means that the communications protocolscan be easily updated if necessary. Fax capability: Most modern modems are fax modems, which means that they can send and receive faxes.

Mdf----Short for main distribution frame, a cable rack that interconnects and manages the telecommunications wiring between itself and any number ofIDFs. Unlike an IDF, which connects internal lines to the MDF, the MDF connects private or public lines coming into a building with the internal network. For example, an enterprise that encompasses a building with several floors may have one centralized MDF on the first floor and one IDF on each of the floors that is connected to the MDF. The MDF which stands for Main Distribution Frame, is the main computer room for residing servers, hubs, routers, switches and DSL modems.

Pstn-Short for Public Switched Telephone Network, which refers to the international telephone system based on copper wires carrying analog voice data. This is in contrast to newer telephone networks base on digital technologies, such as ISDN and FDDI. Telephone service carried by the PSTN is often called plain old telephone service (POTS). Dslam-Short for Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer, a mechanism at a phone company's central location that links many customer DSL connections to a single high-speed ATM line. When the phone company receives a DSL signal, an ADSL modem with aPOTS splitter detects voice calls and data. Voice calls are sent to the PSTN, and data are sent to the DSLAM, where it passes through the ATM to the Internet, then back through the DSLAM and ADSL modem before returning to the customer's PC. More DSLAMs a phone company has, the more customers it can support.

optical cables connection

Bras--A broadband remote access server (BRAS,B-RAS orBBRAS) routes traffic to and from broadband remote access devices such asdigital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAM) on an Internet service provider's (ISP) network. The specific tasks include: Aggregates the circuits from one or more link access devices such as DSLAMs

Provides layer 2 connectivity through either transparent bridging or PPP sessions

overEthernet or ATM sessions Enforces quality of service (QoS) policies Provides layer 3 connectivity and routes IP traffic through an Internet service providers

backbone network to the Internet

Tier 2-A Tier 2 Network is an Internet service provider who engages in the practice of peering with other networks, but who still purchases IP transit to reach some portion of the Internet. Tier 2 providers are the most common providers on the Internet as it is much easier to purchasetransit from a Tier 1 network than it is to peer with them and then attempt to push into becoming a Tier 1 carrier. The term Tier 3 is sometimes also used to describe networks who solely purchase IP transit from other networks (typically Tier 2 networks) to reach the Internet. The majority of Tier 3 networks are usually single rather than multi-homed and therefore are vulnerable to depeering disputes.

Tier 1--A Tier 1 network is an IP network that participates in the Internet solely via Settlement Free Interconnection, also known as settlement free peering.

BNG The Broadband Network Gateway is an IP Edge Router where bandwidth and QoS policies may be applied.. The BNG may encompass any or all of the functionality of a BRAS. BRAS The Broadband Remote Access Server is the aggregation point for the subscriber traffic. It provides aggregation capabilities (e.g. IP, PPP, ATM) between the Regional/Access Network and the NSP or ASP. AS well as aggregation, it is also the injection point for policy management and IP QoS in the Regional/Access Networks. BRAS is defined more completely in Broadband Forum TR-059 [2]. RG The Residential Gateway is a device at the customer premises that connects the customers Local Area Network (LAN) to a broadband Wide Area Network (WAN). It may route or bridge between these two networks.

Core router A core router is a router in a computer network that routes data within a network but not between networks. Edge router An edge Router is a router in a computer network that routes data between one or more networks.

errors
PPPOE Error codes and solutions(when external pppoe client is used) 1. Error 678 /721 /720: There is no answer This error Customer will always get Error 678 when he doesnt get back the answer from BRAS . this error can come because of following reason. No link between the DSLAM and CPE . CPE configuration is not proper . Connection between DSLAM and Tier 2 not working . Connection between Tier2 and Tier1 not working. Connection between Tier1 and BRAS not working . Special case : Loop occurring ( Refer to Loop in switch section ) A ) WHEN ONLY FEW CUSTOMER IN A DSLAM GETTING ERROR a) No link between the DSLAM and CPE . Check the state of the ADSL link indicator ADSL Link.ADSL Link indicates the status of ADSL links. When the ADSL links are being activated, the indicator flashes. After the activation, the indicator turns green, and illuminates normally. When the ADSL links carry traffic,

the indicator turns green,and flashes. ?? If the indicator is off, unplug and then plug the telephone line. If the indicator cannot illuminate normally after flashing, it means that the ADSL signal is too weak, check the connection between the telephone line and the splitter. If that is ok than check the Cable between Modem and Dslam . b) CPE configuration is not proper If ADSL LED is ok on modem but still error 678 is coming than check the configuration of the modem , there can be two issues regarding the configuration of CPE a) VPI/VCI value of CPE is not matching which the VPI/VCI value at DSLAM end . Open the CPE configuration and check the vpi/vci value . by default VPI/VCI value at both CPE and dslam side is 0/35 . b) CPE is not configures as Transparent bridge / RFC1483b . In this scenario also customer will get 678 error. Configure the CPE in RFC1483b mode . 2. ERROR 619: The port is disconnected. Error 619 means that the User is disconnected by the BRAS server . The Main reason can be unavailability of IP address in local pool on BRAS. Login into BRAS and increase the number of ip addresses by adding another ip pool . Note: Refer BRAS doc to add the Local ip pool . 3.ERROR 691 : Access denied because username and/or password is invalid on the domain. This error occurs because either the Username or password dialed by the user is not correct . Check the password dialed or contact the local operator to check the username or reset the password . 4.ERROR 731-734/769 : hardware error Check the LAN card is in enable state . if that doesnt resolve the problem uninstall and install the PPPOE protocol and make the dialer again .