Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

RAJALKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THANDALAM
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING AT 2255 ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TESTING LABORATORY

LAB MANUAL Cycle I

1. Study of dynamometers 2. Study of emission measuring instruments 3. Valve timing diagram of multi-cylinder engine a. Multi-cylinder SI engine

b. Multi-cylinder CI engine
4. a. Port timing diagram of two stroke engine

b. Valve timing diagram of single cylinder engine 5. Performance and emissions test on multi-cylinder SI engine 6. Heat balance test on multi-cylinder SI engine 7. Morse test on multi-cylinder SI engine

Cycle II 1. Performance and emissions test on multi-cylinder CI engine

2. Heat balance test on multi-cylinder CI engine 3. Performance and emission test on two-wheeler SI engine 4. Retardation test on IC engine 5. P- and P-V diagram of single cylinder diesel engine

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

Cycle I

Ex.No:1

Date:
STUDY OF DYNAMOMETERS USED FOR ENGINE TESTING

Aim: To study about dynamometers used for finding the engine brake power -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.No:2
STUDY OF EMISSION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Aim: To study about emission measuring instruments

Date:

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Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

Ex.No:3

Date:
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE

AIM: To draw the valve timing diagram for the given multi-cylinder engine. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. Measuring tape 2. Scale 3. Feeler gauge FORMULA: Required angle = Where, L = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on flywheel with respect to their dead centre. C = Circumference of the flywheel PROCEDURE: 1. First the Inlet and Exhaust valves are identified. 2 The TDC and BDC positions of the piston are found as follows. The flywheel is rotated and when the piston reaches an arbitrarily chosen location in the cylinder a mark is made on the flywheel against a fixed mark on the frame. The flywheel is rotated and when the piston comes to the same mark in its downward stroke a mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark chosen. The mid point of these two marks gives the TDC position of the piston and the diametrically opposite position gives the BDC.
L 360 C

3. The correct direction of rotation is found from the sequence of opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust valves. 4. The circumference of the flywheel is determined using the measuring tape. 5. The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is found out and its position is marked on the flywheel against the fixed mark. 6. Similarly the position at which it closes is also found out. 7. The same procedure is repeated for the exhaust valve. 8. The distances of the opening and closing of the two valves are measured with respect to the dead centre and converted into angles using the relation given above.

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

OBSERVATION: Distance from their respective dead centres in cm Valve opening period in degrees Position w.r.to dead centre

Event

Inlet valve opens Inlet valve closes Exhaust valve opens Exhaust valve closes RESULT: The valve timing of the given four stroke engine is found out and the diagram is drawn. Duration of suction stroke Duration of compression stroke Duration of expansion stroke Duration of exhaust stroke Duration of valve overlap = = = = =

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Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

Ex.No:4
4a. PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF TWO STROKE ENGINE AIM: To draw the port timing diagram for the given two stroke engine. TOOLS REQUIRED: 1. Measuring tape 2. Scale FIXING THE DEAD CENTRES:

Date:

The flywheel is rotated and when the piston reaches an arbitrarily chosen location in the cylinder a mark is made on the flywheel against a fixed mark on the frame. The flywheel is rotated and when the piston comes to the same mark in its downward stroke a mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark chosen. The midpoint of these two marks gives the TDC position of the piston and the diametrically opposite position gives the BDC IDENTIFICATION OF POSTS: The port which has more area and is nearer to the TDC is the exhaust port and the other one is the inlet port. Normally the export port is the bigger than the inlet port. DIRECTION OF ROTATION: As the port opening and closing are symmetrical about the dead centre any arbitrary direction of rotation may be selected. FORMULA: Required angle = Where, L = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on flywheel with respect to their dead centre. C = Circumference of the flywheel PROCEDURE: 1. The flywheel is turned in any arbitrary direction. 2. During the downward traverse position when it just uncovers a port it is marked as the opening of the port on the flywheel. 3. The rotation is further continued until the piston covers the port during its upward travel.
L 360 C

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

4. A mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark. This gives the closing of the port. 5. The same procedure is repeated for other ports also. OBSERVATION: Distance(L) from their respective dead centres in cm Valve opening period in degrees Position w.t.to dead centre

Event Exhaust port opens Exhaust port closes Transfer port opens Transfer port closes RESULT:

Thus the port time for the given two stroke engine is found out and the port timing diagram is drawn. Duration of suction stroke Duration of compression stroke Duration of expansion stroke Duration of exhaust stroke Scavenging period = = = = =

4b. VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF SINGLE CYLINDER CI ENGINE AIM: To draw the valve timing diagram for the given single cylinder diesel engine. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: 1. Measuring tape 2. Scale 3. Feeler gauge FORMULA:

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

Required angle = Where,

L 360 C

L = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on flywheel with respect to their dead centre. C = Circumference of the flywheel PROCEDURE: 1. The Inlet and Exhaust valves are identified first. 2 The TDC and BDC positions of the piston are found as follows. The flywheel is rotated and when the piston reaches an arbitrarily chosen location in the cylinder a mark is made on the flywheel against a fixed mark on the frame. The flywheel is rotated and when the piston comes to the same mark in its downward stroke a mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark chosen. The mid point of these two marks gives the TDC position of the piston and the diametrically opposite position gives the BDC.

3. The correct direction of rotation is found from the sequence of opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust valves. 4. The circumference of the flywheel is determined using the measuring tape. 5. The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is found out and its position is marked on the flywheel against the fixed mark. 6. Similarly the position at which it closes is also found out. 7. The same procedure is repeated for the exhaust valve. 8. The distances of the opening and closing of the two valves are measured with respect to the dead centre and converted into angles using the relation given above. OBSERVATION: Distance from their respective dead centers in cm Valve opening period in degrees

Event Inlet valve opens Inlet valve closes Exhaust valve opens Exhaust valve closes RESULT:

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

The valve timing of the given four stroke engine is found out and the diagram is drawn. Duration of suction stroke Duration of compression stroke Duration of expansion stroke Duration of exhaust stroke Duration of valve overlap = = = = =

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Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

Ex.No:5

Date:

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST ON MULTI-CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:
To find the load and emission characteristics of the four stroke four cylinder petrol engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine test rig, Tachometer, Stop watch, and emission analyzer

ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power Bore diameter Stroke Calorific value Density of fuel Orifice Area : : : : : P D L CV : A in kW mm mm kJ / kg f m2 grams / cc

FORMULAE:
1. Brake power: BP = 2NT / (60 x 1000) kW Where, N = Number of revolutions of Brake Drum per min T = Load torque in Nm kg / hr 2. Total Fuel consumption: TFC = ( x / tf) x f x (3600/1000)

Where, tf = Time taken to consume x cc of fuel in seconds f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc 3. Specific fuel consumption per hour: SFC = TFC / BP 4. Brake thermal efficiency
bth

kg / kW hr

= BP x 3600 x 100 / (TFC x CV) %

5. Brake mean effective pressure: BMEP = BP x 60 /(100 x LAnk) bar

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Where, n = cycles per minute = N/2 for four stroke engines k = Number of cylinders L = Stroke length, m A = Area = /4 D2

DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a four stroke, four cylinder, water cooled petrol engine connected with hydraulic dynamometer. Petrol and air mixture is led through carburetor. Performance test is done to find the fuel consumption and thermal efficiency at various loading conditions. Engine emissions are measured with a five gas analyzer which gives the volume % of CO, CO 2 O2, and the ppm of NOx and UBHC.

PROCEDURE:
1. Engine is started by rotating the crank by means of a crank lever. Engine is allowed to pick up speed and cooling water is supplied to the engine. 2. Rated load of the engine is calculated. 3. Load is applied gradually in steps till 10% over load is reached. 4. Note down the time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption. 5. Repeat the experiment for different loads. OBSERVATION: Time taken for x cc of fuel consumption (Sec) Exhaust Emissions CO (%) CO2 (%) NOx (ppm) UHBC (ppm)

Speed S.no rpm 1 2 3 4 5

Torque N-m

RESULT:

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

11 SFC (kg/kWhr) Brake thermal efficiency ( bth %) BMEP (bar)

S. no 1 2 3 4 5

Brake Power(kW)

TFC (kg/hr)

GRAPH: Performance characteristics:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Speed vs. Torque Speed vs. TFC Speed vs. SFC Speed vs. bth Speed vs. BMEP

Emission characteristics: 1. Speed vs. CO 2. Speed vs. CO2 3. Speed vs. NOx 4. Speed vs. UHBC
Thus the load test on single cylinder four-stroke vertical diesel engine is performed and its performance characteristics are plotted. INFERENCE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.No:6

Date:

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

12

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON MULTI - CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:
To prepare the heat balance sheet for a four cylinder four stroke, petrol engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Tachometer, Stop watch, Thermometer, Water flow meter.

ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power Bore Stroke Calorific value Density of fuel Orifice Area : : : : : P D L CV : A in kW mm mm kJ / kg f m2 grams / cc

FORMULAE:
1. Total Fuel consumption: TFC = ( x / tf) x f x (3600/1000) kg / hr

Where, tf = Time taken to consume x cc of fuel in seconds f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc 2. Total heat input:
i

. Q =Tfc x CV / 60

kJ / min

Where, CV = Calorific value of fuel 3. Heat equivalent of brake output:

. Q

= P x 60 kJ/min

Where, P = Brake power in kilo watts = 2 NT / 60000 kW

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

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Where, N T = Speed in rpm = Torque in Nm

4. Heat carried by cooling water:

. Q

cw

Where,

. x C (T T ) kJ / min mcw . = cooling water flow rate in kg/min mcw

pw 2 1

= (Vw/tw) x w x 60 Where, Vw tw Cpw w = volume of cooling water measured in litres = time for volume of water measured in seconds = Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg K = Density of water kJ/min x Cpg (TEx TR) kJ / min Temperature of air inlet Specific heat of Exhaust gas in kJ/kg K = 1 kg/litre

T1 & T2 = temperature of cooling water at inlet and outlet 5. Heat carried by exhaust gas

. Q

Ex

. mg

Where,

TR Cpg

TEx Temperature of Exhaust gas

. mg

= Mass of exhaust gas=

. ma

+ TFC / 60

kg / min

. ma
Where, Cd A g

= mass flow rate of air = Cd x A ( 2g ha ) 0.5 a x 60 kg / min

- Coefficient of discharge of orifice - Orifice area in m2 - Acceleration due to gravity in m / sec2

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

14 hm ) x ( 100
m

ha hm
m a

- head difference in m of air = (

/ a)

- manometric difference in centimeters of manometric fluid - Density of manometric fluid in kg / m3 -Density of air in kg / m3

6. Unaccounted heat loss:

. Q

Un

. . . = Q (Q + Q
i o

cw

. Q

Ex

7. Air / fuel ratio: = Where,

. ma

/ (TFC/60)

. ma - Mass of air per min

DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a four stroke Four cylinder in-line petrol engine connected with Hydraulic dynamometer. The water flow meter is connected to measure the mass flow rate of water. Fuel consumption can be measured by a burette connected in a three way cock from fuel tank. The exhaust gas temperature and the cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures can be measured by the thermocouple provided. An orifice meter is provided in the air inlet tank to measure the flow rate of air to the engine. PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Check the cooling water supply and fuel line for air lock. Release the entire load on the engine, Start the engine Take the measurements at various loads and calculate the various quantities. Draw the pie-chart at any two loads.

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

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OBSERVATION:
Temperature of air inlet = TR
Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm)

s. no 1 2

Manometer Difference Cm hm
=(h1-h2)

Time for x cc of fuel consumption tf sec

Time for Exhaust Cooling water to engine Vw litres of gas water temp Inlet Outlet tw sec TEx T1 T2

RESULT:
S. no Brake kW (P) Air - Heat input ratio Heat equivalent Heat of brake output by water
o

carried Heat cooling by gas %

carried UnExhaust accounted losses

Power fuel

. Q

. Q

. Q

cw

. Q

Ex

. Q

Un

kJ/min 1 2

kJ/min

kJ/min

kJ/min

kJ/min

Thus the heat balance sheet for the four stroke single cylinder vertical diesel engine is drawn and distribution of heat can be seen from pie chart. INFERENCE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

16

Ex.No:7
MORSE TEST ON MULTI-CYLINDER SI ENGINE

Date:

AIM:
To perform the Morse test on the given multi cylinder petrol engine and to find the mechanical efficiency at given load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Morse test apparatus.

ENGINE DETAILS:
Make Power Speed Bore Stroke Number of cylinders : : : : : : 4 ISUZU

FORMULAE:
1. Brake power: BPn = 2 NTn / 60000 Where, N Tn = Speed in rpm = Torque in Nm kW

Brake Power when, I st cylinder cut off:

BP n-1 = 2 NT n-1 / 60000 kW

II

nd

cylinder cut off:

BPn-2 = 2 NT n-2 / 60000 kW

III cylinder cut off:

rd

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

17 kW

BP n-3 = 2 NT n-3 / 60000

IV cylinder cut off:

BP n-4 = 2 NT n-4 / 60000 kW Indicated power of

th

I st cylinder
IP1 = BPn B.P n-1 BPn B.P n-2 BPn B.P n-3 BPn B.P n-4

IInd cylinder
IP2 =

IIIrd cylinder
IP3 =

IVth cylinder
IP4 =

Total indicated Power IP = IP1 + IP 2 +IP 3 + IP 4 Total frictional power [F.P]: FP = IP BPn Mechanical efficiency
mech

Mech

= BP / IP x 100

Air / fuel ratio: =

Where,

. / (TFC/60) ma . = mass flow rate of air ma

kg / min - Coefficient of discharge of orifice - Orifice area in m2 - Acceleration due to gravity in m / sec2

= Cd x A ( 2g ha ) 0.5 a x 60 Where, Cd A g

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

18 hm ) x ( 100
m

ha hm
m a

- head difference in m of air = (

/ a)

- manometer difference in centimeters of manometer fluid - Density of manometer fluid in kg / m3 -Density of air in kg / m3

DESCRIPTION:
The four stroke four cylinder in-line petrol engine connected with hydraulic dynamometer air and fuel mixture through the carburetor.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the engine using the starter. 2. Adjust the speed and load to the given value. 3. Note down the time for 10 cc of fuel consumption and inlet manometer depression. 4. Cut-off the cylinders one by one in-turn, and reduce the load to get the same speed. Note down the load value. 5. Calculate the A/F ratio, Indicated thermal efficiency and Mechanical efficiency. OBSERVATION: Manometer Difference = S.no 1 2 3 4 5 Cylinder All firing 1st Cut off 2nd Cut off 3rd Cut off 4th Cut off cm Speed rpm 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 Torque Nm

RESULT:
The Morse test on given four stroke four cylinder petrol engine is performed and the Mechanical efficiency is found to be .. % Indicated power is found to be kW

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Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

19

Cycle II Ex.No:1 Date:

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST ON MULTI-CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:
To find the load and emission characteristics of the four stroke four-cylinder CI engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine test rig, Tachometer, Stop watch, and emission analyzer

ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power Bore diameter Stroke Calorific value Density of fuel Orifice Area : : : : : P D L CV : A in kW mm mm kJ / kg f m2 grams / cc

FORMULAE:
1. Brake power: BP = 2NT / (60 x 1000) kW Where, N = Number of revolutions of Brake Drum per min T = Load torque in Nm kg / hr 2. Total Fuel consumption: TFC = ( x / tf) x f x (3600/1000)

Where, tf = Time taken to consume x cc of fuel in seconds f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc 3. Specific fuel consumption per hour: SFC = TFC / BP kg / kW hr

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

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4. Brake thermal efficiency:

bth

= BP x 3600 x 100 / (TFC x CV) %

5. Brake mean effective pressure: BMEP = BP x 60 /(100 x LAnk) bar Where, n = cycles per minute = N/2 for four stroke engines k = Number of cylinders L = Stroke length, m A = Area = /4 D2

DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a four-stroke, four-cylinder, water cooled diesel engine connected with eddy current dynamometer. Performance test is done to find the fuel consumption and thermal efficiency at various loading conditions. Engine emissions are measured with a five gas analyzer which gives the volume % of CO, CO2 O2, and the ppm of NOx and UBHC.

PROCEDURE:
1. Engine is started by rotating the crank by means of a crank lever. Engine is allowed to pick up speed and cooling water is supplied to the engine. 2. Rated load of the engine is calculated. 3. Load is applied gradually in steps till 10% over load is reached. 4. Note down the time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption. 5. Note the emission readings, from five gas analyzer for CO, CO2, NOx and UBHC. 6. Repeat the experiment for different loads and speeds. OBSERVATION: S.no 1 2 3 4 5 Speed rpm Torque N-m Time taken for x cc of fuel consumption (Sec) Exhaust Emissions CO (%) CO2 (%) NOx (ppm) UHBC (ppm)

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

21

RESULT:
S. no 1 2 3 4 5 Brake Power(kW) TFC (kg/hr) SFC (kg/kWhr) Brake thermal efficiency ( bth %) BMEP (bar)

GRAPH: Performance characteristics:

6. Speed vs. Torque 7. Speed vs. TFC 8. Speed vs. SFC 9. Speed vs. bth 10. Speed vs. BMEP

Emission characteristics: 5. Speed vs. CO 6. Speed vs. CO2 7. Speed vs. NOx 8. Speed vs. UHBC
Thus the load test on single cylinder four-stroke vertical diesel engine is performed and its performance characteristics are plotted. INFERENCE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

22

Ex.No:2

Date:

HEAT BALANCE TEST ON MULTI - CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:
To prepare the heat balance sheet for a four cylinder four stroke, petrol engine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Tachometer, Stop watch, Thermometer, Water flow meter.

ENGINE DETAILS:
Brake Power Bore Stroke Calorific value Density of fuel Orifice Area : : : : : P D L CV : A in kW mm mm kJ / kg f m2 grams / cc

FORMULAE:
1. Total Fuel consumption: TFC = ( x / tf) x f x (3600/1000) kg / hr

Where, tf = Time taken to consume x cc of fuel in seconds f = Density of fuel in Grams per cc 2. Total heat input:
i

. Q =Tfc x CV / 60

kJ / min

Where, CV = Calorific value of fuel 3. Heat equivalent of brake output:

. Q

= P x 60 kJ/min

Where,

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

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P Where, N T

= Brake power in kilo watts = 2 NT / 60000 = Speed in rpm = Torque in Nm kW

4. Heat carried by cooling water:

. Q

cw

Where,

. x C (T T ) kJ / min mcw . = cooling water flow rate in kg/min mcw

pw 2 1

= (Vw/tw) x w x 60 Where, Vw tw Cpw w = volume of cooling water measured in litres = time for volume of water measured in seconds = Specific heat capacity of water in kJ/kg K = Density of water kJ/min x Cpg (TEx TR) kJ / min Temperature of air inlet Specific heat of Exhaust gas in kJ/kg K = 1 kg/litre

T1 & T2 = temperature of cooling water at inlet and outlet 5. Heat carried by exhaust gas

. Q

Ex

. mg

Where,

TR Cpg

TEx Temperature of Exhaust gas

. mg

= Mass of exhaust gas=

. ma

+ TFC / 60

kg / min

. ma
Where, Cd

= mass flow rate of air = Cd x A ( 2g ha ) 0.5 a x 60 kg / min

- Coefficient of discharge of orifice

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

24

A g ha hm
m a

- Orifice area in m2 - Acceleration due to gravity in m / sec2 - head difference in m of air = ( hm ) x ( 100
m

/ a)

- manometric difference in centimeters of manometric fluid - Density of manometric fluid in kg / m3 -Density of air in kg / m3

6. Unaccounted heat loss:

. Q

Un

. . . = Q (Q + Q
i o

cw

. Q

Ex

7. Air / fuel ratio: = Where,

. ma

/ (TFC/60)

. ma - Mass of air per min

DESCRIPTION:
The engine is a four stroke Four cylinder in-line petrol engine connected with Hydraulic dynamometer. The water flow meter is connected to measure the mass flow rate of water. Fuel consumption can be measured by a burette connected in a three way cock from fuel tank. The exhaust gas temperature and the cooling water inlet and outlet temperatures can be measured by the thermocouple provided. An orifice meter is provided in the air inlet tank to measure the flow rate of air to the engine.

PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. Check the cooling water supply and fuel line for air lock. Release the entire load on the engine, Start the engine Take the measurements at various loads and calculate the various quantities. Draw the pie-chart at any two loads.

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

25

OBSERVATION:
Temperature of air inlet = TR
Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm)

s. no 1 2

Manometer Difference cm hm
=(h1-h2)

Time for x cc of fuel consumption tf sec

Time for Exhaust Cooling water to engine Vw litres of gas water temp Inlet Outlet tw sec TEx T1 T2

RESULT:
S. no Brake kW (P) Air - Heat input ratio Heat equivalent Heat of brake output by water
o

carried Heat cooling by gas %

carried UnExhaust accounted losses

Power fuel

. Q

. Q

. Q

cw

. Q

Ex

. Q

Un

kJ/min 1 2

kJ/min

kJ/min

kJ/min

kJ/min

Thus the heat balance sheet for the four stroke single cylinder vertical diesel engine is drawn and distribution of heat can be seen from pie chart. INFERENCE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

26

Ex.No:3

Date:

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST ON TWO WHEELER PETROL ENGINE

will be given at the during the lab course.. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

27

Ex.No:4
RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER CI ENGINE AIM: To perform retardation test on the given single cylinder CI engine APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. Single cylinder CI engine coupled with dynamometer Tachometer Stop watch

Date:

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Engine is started and allowed to run at rated rpm in no loading conditions. Fuel supply is cut off. Time taken for the speed to decrease to various values is noted down. Again fuel supply is given and engine is brought back to rated speed. The engine load is adjusted using dynamometer to some known value Fuel supply is cut-off and time taken for the speed to decrease to various values is noted down as in the no load condition Curves are plotted b/w Speed and Time on no load as well as load condition

CALCULATION OF FRICTION POWER: At no load condition, the torque is only due to friction Tf N/t1 1

At load condition, the torque is the sum of torque due to load and friction torque

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

28 ....2

( TL + Tf ) Where, Tf TL

N/t2

- Friction torque - Load torque

t1 & t2 are times for decrease in Speed of N from the Speed Vs Time curves on no load and on load respectively.
TL + T f Tf = t1 t2

From equation 1 & 2,

Solving,

t T f = TL 2 t t 1 2

2NT f 60 1000

Therefore,

Frictional Power

FP =

RESULT Thus the retardation test is conducted, the results are plotted and the frictional power of the engine is found. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Automobile Engineering, REC / 2010-11

29

Ex.No:5

Date:
P- AND P-V DIAGRAM ON SINGLE CYLINDER CI ENGINE