SQL Day1 Session1

SQL and PL/SQL Essentials
ORACLE Oak Ridge Automated Computer And Logical Engine
It is a DBMS, which manages a large amount of data in a multi user environment so that many users concurrently access the data. It Also provides security and Recovery. It stores and manages data using relational model.
Oracle is the name of database management system developed by Oracle corporation.
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ORACLE
Oracle server manages data in the database. Users access Oracle server using SQL commands. So Oracle server receives SQL commands from users and execute them on the database.
SQL commands CLIENT Result Database CLIENT ORACLE SERVER
DATABASE ARCHITECTURE
U1
U2
VL
SHADOW PAGE .. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
.. .. ..
LL
T1
T2
LOWER LEVEL STRUCTURE
PL
Physical Level
The Physical structure of the database is placed in Physical level. It is physically a set of operating system files. There are 3 types. Data Files Redo log files Control files
These files automatically creates when database is created.
Physical structure
Data Files It contains the data of the database. Every table that is stored in the database is a part of these files. Only Oracle Server can interpret these data files.
Redo Log Files Every database has a set of two or more Redo Log files. The set of redo log files is known as databases redo log.
Redo Log files are used in failure recovery. All changes made to the database are written to redo log file.. ( filenames redo01.log)
Physical Structure
Control Files Every Oracle database has a control file. It contains vital data regarding the database. It contains ( Extension of file is ctl) Database Name Names and locations of data files and redo log files.
Path Oracle\oradata\orcl ( to see all the 3 types of files)
Logical Structure
Logical Structure is independent of Physical structure. Each Oracle database contains the following components. Tablespaces Segments Extents Blocks
Tablespace Each Database is a collection of tablespaces. For example we can use a table space called PAYROLL to store all the data related to payroll application.
Every database contains SYSTEM table space. This is automatically created when a database is created. SYSTEM table space contains the data dictionary tables.
It is possible to make table space temporarily unavailable by making it off-line and make it available again by changing it to on-line. By making a tablespace off-line, DBA can take the backup.
SEGMENTS
Data into tablespaces comes in the form of segments. Example Table is a segment An Oracle database requires upto 4 types of segments
Data segments
Index Segments
It is used to store data of tables

used to store indexes
Rollback segments Here Undo information is stored

Temporary segments Oracle stores Temporary tables
Extents The storage space is allocated to segments is in the form of Extents. Each Tablespace contains 65536 data files N number of such Table spaces creates a database. An extent is made with in a data file N Number of continuous db blocks make up an Extent
Table Table Segment
Table space
Extents
QUERY PROCESS
1 2 3
PARSING EXECUTE FETCH
3 2
SERVER PROCESS
DB
CLIENT PROCESS
CLIENT
Oracle Instance
Every oracle database is associated with an Oracle Instance. Every time a database is started, a memory area called System Global Area(SGA) or Shared Global Area is allocated and one or more processes are started.
The combination of SGA and Oracle processes is called as Oracle Instance.
Features & Benefits
ORACLE Scalability One Management Interface
11i
INTERNET Reliability Common Skill Sets
Single Dev Model
Features Oracle Offers a comprehensive high performance infrastructure for e-business.It is called Oracle9i.It provides every thing needed to develop, deploy and manage Internet Applications. Benefits
Scalability from departments to enterprise e-business sites

Reliable, available and secure architecture One development model, easy development options Common skill sets including SQL, PL/SQL,JAVA and XML One Management interface for all applications
9i Products There are two products. They provide a complete and simple infrastructure for internet applications.
IAS
DATABASE
9i
9i
Application Server
9i Application server runs all the applications and 9i database stores our data.
Oracle 9i Application server runs

Portals or web sites Java Transactional Applications Provides integration between users, applications and data
Oracle9i : OORDBMS
User-Defined data types and objects Fully compatible with relational database Support of multimedia and Large objects It also support client server and web based applications
Oracle 9i can scale tens of thousands of concurrent users and support up to 512 petabytes of data ( A peta byte is 1000 tera bytes)
Environment
Oracle uses two types of Environments for executing our SQL statements. SQL*plus and iSQL*plus. iSQL*plus is An Environment
Oracle proprietary
Keywords can be abbreviated Runs on a browser
Centrally loaded, does not have to be implemented on each machine
Tools of Oracle
SQL * PLUS ISQLPLUS PL/SQL FORMS REPORTS
SQL commands Data Definition Language (DDL) : CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE Data Manipulation Language (DML) : INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE Transaction Control Language (TCL) : COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT
Data Retrieval Language (DRL) : SELECT

Data Control Language (DCL) : GRANT, REVOKE
Data Types
Data Type VARCHAR2(size) CHAR (size) NUMBER (p,s) DATE LONG CLOB RAW and LONG RAW Description Variable-length character data (4000 bytes) Fixed-length character data up to 2000 chars Variable-length numeric data Date and time values Variable-length character data upto 2 GB Character data up to 4 GB Raw binary data (Raw is 2000 bytes and Long Raw is 4 GB)
Data Types
BLOB
Binary data up to 4 GB
BFILE
Binary data stored in an external file up to 4GB

Variable-length character 4000bytes/chars) depending upon National Character Set
NVARCHAR2(size)
TIMESTAMP (precision) Date plus time
Writing Basic SQL SELECT Statements
Basic SELECT Statement
SELECT FROM
*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table;
SELECT identifies what columns FROM identifies which table
Selecting All Tables and Columns

SELECT * FROM TAB; SELECT * FROM DEPT;
DESC[RIBE] DEPT
SELECT DEPTNO,LOC FROM DEPT;
Writing SQL Statements SQL statements are not case sensitive. SQL statements can be on one or more lines. Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines. Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
Indents are used to enhance readability.
Using Arithmetic Operators
SELECT ENAME, SAL, SAL + 300 FROM EMP;
Defining a Null Value
null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.
SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL, COMM FROM EMP;
Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.
SELECT ENAME, 12*SAL*COMM FROM EMP;
Defining a Column Alias
A column alias: Renames a column heading
Is useful with calculations

follows the column name - there can also be the optional AS keyword between the column name and alias double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or is case sensitive
Using Column Aliases
SELECT ENAME AS name , COMM commission FROM EMP;
SELECT EENAME "Name", SAL*12 "Annual Salary" FROM EMP;
Concatenation Operator
A concatenation operator: Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns Is represented by two vertical bars (||) Creates a resultant column that is a character expression
Using the Concatenation Operator
SELECT FROM
ENAME || JOB AS "Employees" EMP;
Literal Character Strings
A literal is a character, a number, or a date included in the SELECT list. Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation marks. Each character string is output once for each row returned.
Using Literal Character Strings
SELECT ENAME ||' is a ' ||JOB AS "Employee Details" FROM EMP;
Duplicate Rows
The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows.
SELECT DEPTNO FROM EMP;
Eliminating Duplicate Rows
Eliminate duplicate rows by using the DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.
SELECT DISTINCT DEPTNO FROM EMP;
Restricting and Sorting Data
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Limit the rows retrieved by a query Sort the rows retrieved by a query
Limiting the Rows Selected
Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause.

SELECT FROM [WHERE *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table condition(s)];
The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
Using the WHERE Clause
SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO = 30 ;
Character Strings and Dates Character strings and date values are enclosed in single quotation marks. Character values are case sensitive, and date values are format sensitive. The default date format is DD-MON-RR.
SELECT ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO FROM WHERE EMP ENAME = 'WARD';
Comparison Conditions
Operator = >
Meaning Equal to Greater than
>=
< <=
Greater than or equal to

Less than Less than or equal to
<>
Not equal to
Using Comparison Conditions
SELECT ENAME, SAL
FROM
WHERE
EMP
SAL <= 3000;
Other Comparison Conditions
Operator BETWEEN ...AND... IN(set) LIKE IS NULL
Meaning Between two values (inclusive),
Match any of a list of values Match a character pattern Is a null value
Using the BETWEEN Condition
Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on a range of values.

SELECT ENAME, SAL FROM WHERE EMP SAL BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;
Lower limit
Upper limit
Using the IN Condition
Use the IN membership condition to test for values in a list.
SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, FROM WHERE EMP
MGR
MGR IN (7900, 7566,7982 );
Using the LIKE Condition Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard searches of valid search string values. Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers:
% denotes zero or many characters. _ denotes one character.
SELECT FROM WHERE ENAME EMP ENAME LIKE 'S%';
Using the LIKE Condition
You can combine pattern-matching characters.

SELECT ENAME
FROM
WHERE
EMP
ENAME LIKE '_o%';
You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the actual % and _ symbols.
Using the NULL Conditions
Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.

SELECT ENAME, MGR FROM WHERE EMP MGR IS NULL;
Logical Conditions
Operator AND
Meaning Returns TRUE if both component conditions are true
OR
Returns TRUE if either component condition is true

Returns TRUE if the following condition is false
NOT
Using the AND Operator
AND requires both conditions to be true.

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM WHERE AND EMP SAL >=10000 JOB LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the OR Operator
OR requires either condition to be true.
SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM WHERE OR EMP SAL >= 10000 JOB LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the NOT Operator
SELECT ENAME, JOB
FROM
EMP
WHERE
JOB
NOT IN (MANAGER', 'CLERK', 'SALESMAN');
Rules of Precedence
Order Evaluated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Operator Arithmetic operators Concatenation operator Comparison conditions IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN [NOT] BETWEEN NOT logical condition AND logical condition OR logical condition
Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.

Rules of Precedence
SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL FROM WHERE OR AND EMP JOB = 'SALESMAN' JOB = 'PRESIDENT' SAL > 15000;
Rules of Precedence
Use parentheses to force priority.

SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL
FROM WHERE EMP (JOB = 'SALESMAN'
OR
AND
JOB = 'PRESIDENT')
SAL > 15000;
ORDER BY Clause
Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause

ASC: ascending order, default DESC: descending order
The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.

SELECT FROM ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, HIREDATE EMP
ORDER BY HIREDATE ;
Sorting in Descending Order
SELECT
ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, HIREDATE
FROM
EMP
ORDER BY HIREDATE DESC ;
Sorting by Column Alias
SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL*12 annsal

FROM EMP
ORDER BY annsal;
Sorting by Multiple Columns
The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.

SELECT EMPNO, DEPTNO, SAL
FROM
EMP
ORDER BY DEPTNO, SAL DESC;
You can sort by a column that is not in the SELECT list.

Summary In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
Use the WHERE clause to restrict rows of output Use the comparison conditions
Use the BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and NULL conditions

Apply the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators
Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows of output

SELECT FROM [WHERE [ORDER BY *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table condition(s)] {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];
Exercise 1) Display the names with single word 2) Display the names with two words 3) Display the names with exactly three words 4) Display all the salaries beginning with digit 2 5) Display all the names with second letter as A 6) Display the employees who joined between any two given dates 7) Display the names and experience of all the employees 8) How many employees does not draw salary between 5000 and 10000 9) Display all the names whose names contain underscore(_) 10)Calculate the experience in years for each employee and display along with their names, in descending order.

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SQL and PL/SQL Essentials

ORACLE Oak Ridge Automated Computer And Logical Engine

Oracle is the name of database management system developed by Oracle corporation.

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 2 2

SQL commands CLIENT Result Database CLIENT ORACLE SERVER

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 3 3

LOWER LEVEL STRUCTURE

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 4 4

These files automatically creates when database is created.

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 5 5

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 6 6

Path Oracle\oradata\orcl ( to see all the 3 types of files)

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 7 7

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 8 8

It is used to store data of tables

Rollback segments Here Undo information is stored

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 10 10

PARSING EXECUTE FETCH

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 12 12

The combination of SGA and Oracle processes is called as Oracle Instance.

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 13 13

Features & Benefits

ORACLE Scalability One Management Interface

Single Dev Model

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 14 14

Scalability from departments to enterprise e-business sites

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 16 16

Oracle 9i Application server runs

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 17 17

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 18 18

Centrally loaded, does not have to be implemented on each machine

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SQL * PLUS ISQLPLUS PL/SQL FORMS REPORTS

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Data Retrieval Language (DRL) : SELECT

Binary data stored in an external file up to 4GB

TIMESTAMP (precision) Date plus time

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Writing Basic SQL SELECT Statements

Basic SELECT Statement

*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table;

SELECT identifies what columns FROM identifies which table

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 25 25

Selecting All Tables and Columns

SELECT DEPTNO,LOC FROM DEPT;

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Indents are used to enhance readability.

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Using Arithmetic Operators

SELECT ENAME, SAL, SAL + 300 FROM EMP;

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Defining a Null Value

SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL, COMM FROM EMP;

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Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.

SELECT ENAME, 12*SAL*COMM FROM EMP;

BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2010 Capgemini. All rights reserved. 30 30

Defining a Column Alias

A column alias: Renames a column heading

Is useful with calculations

Using Column Aliases

SELECT ENAME AS name , COMM commission FROM EMP;

SELECT ENAME, 12SALCOMM FROM EMP;