THERMOMETRY

Three different Scales of Temperature:

- Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or Coldness of a body. The natural flow
of heat is from higher temperature to lower temperature.
The Celsius Scale : In this scale LFP (ice point) is taken 0and UFP (steam point) is
taken 100C. The temperature measured on this scale all in degree Celsius(C)
The Fahrenheit Scale : This scale of temperature has LFP as 32F and UFP as 212F.
The change in temperature of 1F corresponding to a change of less than 1on Celsius
scale.
The Reaumer Scale: This scale was devised by R.A. Reaumer in the year 1730.
The interval between the lower and the upper fixed points is divided into 80 equal parts.
Each division is called one degree Reaumer (1R). On this scale, the melting point of ice
at normal pressure is 0R. This is lower fixed point. The boiling point of water at normal
pressure is 80R. This is the upper fixed point.
- Conversion of temperature from one scale to another
In order to convert temperature from one scale to another, following relation is used.

Temperature of one scale Lower fixed point
Upper fixed point Lower fixed point

=
Temperature on other scale Lower fixed point
Upper fixed point Lower fixed point

C 0 F 32 R 0
100 0 212 32 80 0

= =


or
C F 32 R
100 180 80

= =
- Constant volume Gas Thermometer:
Suppose the pressure of the gas is p
0
when the bulb is placed in melting ice (ice point)
and it is p
100
when the bulb is placed in a steam bath (steam point). We assign 0C to the
temperature of the ice point and 100C to the steam point. The temperature t
corresponding to a pressure p of the gas is defined by
t =
0
100 0
p p
100 C
p p

- Constant Pressure Thermometer
Volume of the bulb = V
Volume of the mercury taken out = v'
Temperature of the ice bath = T
0

Temperature of the heat bath = T
T =
0
V
T
V v'

- Platinum resistance Thermometer
Resistance at the temperature t = R
t

Resistance at the ice point = R
0

Resistance at the steam point = R
100

t =
t 0
100 0
R R
100
R R

- Electrical resistance of a metal wire increases gradually and uniformly over a fairly wide
range of temperature has been made use of in electrical resistance thermometers. The
variation of the resistance thermometers. The variation of the resistance of a metal wire
with temperature may be represented by the following approximate relation.
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R
t
= R
0
(1 + at)
Here, R
t
is the resistance at tC, R
0
is the resistance at 0C and a is the temperature
coefficient of resistance. The value of a depends upon the nature of material of the wire.
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CALORIMETRY
- Heat Calorimetry means 'measuring heat'. It is a form of energy which flows between two
bodies due to difference in their temperatures.
Heat is the cause and temperature is one of the several effects.
Heat energy is transient form of energy. An isolated body at a temperature will not posses
heat energy but possess internal energy.
- Heat is a scalar. Units of Heat
a) S I unit is joule. b) practical unit of heat in C.G.S. is 1 calorie 1 cal = 4.186 J Dimensional
formula : ML
2
T
-2

Specific heat : The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a
substance to raise its temperature through 1
0
C is called its specific heat (s).
specific heat S =
1 dQ
m d
| |
|
u
\ .

Dimensional formula is ML
2
T
-2
K
-1
S.I. unit is J kg
-1
K
-1
, CGS unit is cal gm
-1
C
-1

Latent heat : The amount of heat energy either absorbed or liberated by unit mass of
substance when it undergoes change of state at constant temperature is called Latent heat
(or) heat of formation (L).
L =
dQ
m
Cal/gam , K.cal/kg , J/kg
Variation of Boiling Point with pressure
- Boiling point increases with increase of pressure.
- In a pressure cooker, cooking of rice is a quick process as water boils at a temperature
above 100
0
C due to increase in pressure.
- Due to addition of impurities Boiling point of liquid increases. The heating of liquid above its
boiling point is called super heating and cooling of liquid below its freezing point is called
super cooling. It is unstable.
Variation of melting point with Pressure :
Melting point varies with the pressure from classius - clayperon equation

( )
f i
dP L
dT T V V
=

- The melting point of the substances which expands on melting increases with increase of
pressure
Ex. Wax, Glass, Gold, Copper, Silver.
- The melting point of the substances which contract on melting decreases with increase of
pressure.
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Ex. Ice, Cast Iron, Bismuth, Type Metal.
Triple point of Water :
- The temperature and pressure at which the three states of matter coexists is known as triple
point.
Triple point and phase diagram for water


OA - Ice line, OB - steam line, OC- sublimation curve

*****

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