Design Example of Shield Tunnel Lining (1)

Presented by Tunnel and Underground Technology issued by Japan Tunnelling Association

1 Purpose of Usage of Planned Tunnel 2 Design Condition 2.1 Dimension of Segment Type of segment Diameter of segmental lining Width of segment Thickness of segment 2.2 Ground Condition Overburden Groundwater table N Value Unit weight of soil Submerged unit weight of soil Angle of internal friction of soil Cohesion of soil Coefficient of reaction Surcharge Thrust force of shield jacks Soil condition Allowable stresses of materials : Concrete : Nominal Strength

: Sewer tunnel

: RC, Flat type : Do=3350 mm : Rc=1612.5 mm : b=1000 mm : t=125 mm : H=15.0 m : G.L.-2.0 m : N=30 : : : =18 kN/m3 =8 kN/m3 =32 Degree kN/m2 Hw=15.0-2.0=13.0 m

Radius of centroid of segmental lining

: C=0

: k=20 MN/m3 =0.5 : p0=10 kN/m2 : T=1000 kN@10 pieces : Sandy f ck=42 MN/m2
ca=15

Coefficient of lateral earth pressure :

Allowable compressive strength Bolt (Material 8.8): Allowable strength

MN/m2 MN/m2

Reinforcement (SD35) : Allowable strength

sa=200 Ba

=240 MN/m2

In case to check the safety of segmental lining against the thrust force of shield jacks, the modified allowable stresses that are 165% of the above-mentioned ones can be adopted because segmental lining can be evaluated as a temporary structure. 2.3 Design Method This shield tunnel shall be designed in accordance with Specification for Design and Construction of Shield Tunnel issued by Japan Society of Civil Engineers.

How to compute member forces Guidelines) How to check the safety of lining 3 Load condition

: Elastic equation method (See Table 5.2.1 in : Allowable stress design method

3.1 Computation of reduced Earth Pressure at Tunnel Crown The vertical earth pressure at the tunnel crown (pe1) is computed by Terzahgis Formula. p e1=MAX( h0,2 Do ) h0=4.581 m (given by Terzahgis Formula(See Formula 2.2.1 in 2.2 Ground pressure of Guidelines.) < 2 Do =6.7 m p e1= 2 Do=53.60 kN/m2 c@t=3.25 kN/m2 Where, c=Unit weight of RC segment=26 kN/m3 g=10.21 kN/m2 3.2 Computation of Loads Dead load: g= :Reaction of dead load at bottom: pg= Vertical pressure at tunnel crown Earth pressure: p e1= 2 Water pressure: pw1= Do=53.60 kN/m2 wHw=130.00 kN/m2

p 1= p e1+ pw1=183.60 kN/m2 Vertical pressure at tunnel bottom Water pressure: pw2= w(Do+Hw)=163.50 kN/m2 Earth pressure: p e2= p e1+ pw1- pw2= 20.10 kN/m2 Lateral pressure at tunnel crown Earth pressure: q e1= Water pressure: qw1= (2Do+t/2)=27.05 kN/m2 w(Hw+t/2)=130.63 kN/m2

q 1=q e1+qw1=157.68 kN/m2 Lateral pressure at tunnel bottom Earth pressure: q e2= Water pressure: qw2= Reaction: (2Do+Do-t/2)=39.95 kN/m2 w(Hw+Do-t/2)=162.88 kN/m2

q 2=q e2+qw2=202.83 kN/m2 =(2p1- q 1- q 2)/{24(EI+0.0454kRc4)}=0.00016374 m pk=k =3.27 kN/m2 =Displacement of lining at tunnel spring E=Modulus of elasticity of segment=33000000 kN/m2 I=Moment of inertia of area of segment=0.00016276 m4/m k=Coefficient of reaction=20 MN/cm3 Figure 3.1 shows the load condition to compute the member forces by using the Where,

elastic equation method. p0

H Hw pw1 qw1 q e1 g Do pk Qw2 q e2 pw2 p e2 pg Figure 3.1 Load condition 4 Computation of Member Forces Table 4.1 shows the result of computation of member forces of segmental lining. (Deg) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Table 4.1 Member forces of segmental lining M (kN/m) N (kN/m) 6.52 278.00 5.96 279.07 4.39 282.02 2.12 286.36 -0.39 291.31 -2.65 296.05 -4.29 299.88 -5.07 302.44 -4.98 303.78 -4.20 304.29 -3.00 304.25 -1.61 303.88 -0.26 303.59 0.87 303.65 1.68 304.14 2.15 305.01 2.37 305.99 Q (kN/m) 00.00 -3.93 -7.05 -8.77 -8.76 -7.12 -4.36 -1.18 1.68 3.68 4.76 5.00 4.99 3.46 2.26 1.17 0.43 p e1

170 2.43 306.76 0.09 180 2.44 307.05 0.00 The maximum positive moment occurs at the tunnel crown (Section A) and the maximum negative moment occurs at the spring which is located at 70 degrees from the tunnel crown (Section B). Figure 4.1 shows the arrangement of bars in the segment. b=100 cm 35 D13@4+D16@2 As=9.04 cm2

. .

. .

. .

. .
1000

. .

. .

125 55

D13@4+D16@2 As=9.04 cm2 35

Figure 4.1 Section of segment and arrangement of bars 5 Check of Safety of segmental Lining The safety of segmental lining shall be checked at Section A , Section B and the joint part. And its safety against the thrust forces of shield jacks shall be checked. 5.1 Section A and Section B Figure 5.1 shows the distribution of stress at Section A and Section B. Outside As X= 11.191cm As Inside Section A
s/n s/n

Inside d As

d As Outside
s/n

s/n

Section B

n=Ratio of moduli of elasticity between reinforcement and concrete=15 Figure 5.1 Distribution of stress of critical sections of segmental lining Table 5.1 shows the computation result of the check of the safety of Section A and Section B. Table 5.1 Computation result of the check of the safety of Section A and Section B Section A B M (kNm/m) 6.52 -5.07 N (kN/m) 278.000 302.44 4.09 3.72 c (MN/m2) (Compressive) 5.2 Joint The resisting moment of joint shall be not less than 60% of the one of segment body. 5.2.1 Resisting Moment of Segment Body (Mr) x=Depth between compressive extreme fiber and neutral axis when N=0 x=-n(As+As)/b+[{n(As+As)/b}2+2b(Asd+Asd)]1/2 =3.711 cm (See Figures 4.1 and 5.1.) Mrc=Resisting moment of segment body when the compressive extreme fiber stress reaches 15 MN/m2 which is the allowable compressive stress of concrete. Mrs= Resisting moment of segment body when the reinforcement reaches 200 MN/m2 which is the allowable stress of reinforcement. Mrc=[bx(d-x/3)/2+nAs(x-d)(d-d)/x]
ca=22.24 c s

(MN/m2) (MN/m2) (MN/m2)

(Compressive) (Tensile) (Compressive)

12.02 42.19

0.26 -18.42 41.23

Both of Section A and Section B are safe.

kNm/Ring
sa=13.87

Mrs=[{bx(d-x/3)/2+nAs(x-d)(d-d)/x}]x/{n(d-x)} Mr=Min(Mrc, Mrs)= Mrs=13.87 kNm/Ring 5.2.2 Resisting Moment of Joint (Mjr)

kNm/Ring

x=Depth between compressive extreme fiber and neutral axis when N=0 x=nAB[-1+{1+2bd/(nAB)}1/2 ]/b=3.011 cm (See Figure 5.2.) Mjrc=Resisting moment of joint when the compressive extreme fiber stress reaches 15 MN/m2 which is the allowable compressive stress of concrete. MjrB= Resisting moment of joint when the reinforcement reaches 240 MN/m2 which is the allowable stress of bolt. Mjrc=[bx(d-x/3)/2]
ca=15.80

kNm/Ring

Mrs=[AB(d-x/3)]

Ba=10.18

kNm/Ring OK

Mjr=Min(Mjrc, MjrB)= Mrs=10.18 kNm/Ring

Mjr/Mr=10.18/13.87=0.733>0.6

x=3.011 cm

b=100cm Neutral axis AB d=8 cm AB=6.060 cm2 t=12.5 cm Figure 5.2 Section of Joint (M22@2)

Bolts

5.3 Check of Safety against Thrust Forces of Shield Jacks e=Eccentricity between center of working thrust force by one jack and centroid of segmental lining=1 cm ls=Space between adjacent two jacks=10 cm A=Touching area of spreader of one jack on segmental lining=Bt Where, t=Thickness of segment=12.5 cm B=2 Rc/Nj-ls=2~ 1.6125/10-0.1=0.9123 m Where, Nj=Number of shield jacks=10 pieces A=Bt=0.1141 m2, I=Bt3/12=0.00014863 m4 c=Maximum compressive stress of concrete of segment =P/A+Pe(h/2)/I=13 MN/m2 < (See Figure 5.3.) Segment Centroid of segment Center of working force of shield jack e=10 mm Figure 5.3 Segment and thrust force of shield jack 6 Conclusion The designed segmental lining is safe against the design loads. t=125 mm ca=15~ 1.65=24.75 MN/m2 OK Where, P=Thrust force of one shield jack=1000 kN

This design example is a design example in the Part III References of Guidelines for Design of Shield Tunnel Lining issued by International Tunnelling Association. All of copyrights are reserved by International Tunnelling Association.