Synoptic Article 2011 Student Questions Mark Scheme

1. Transcription: any two from: RNA polymerase attaches to DNA/ DNA unwinds, hydrogen bonds break/ Complementary RNA nucleotides bind, mRNA formed/ mRNA leaves through nuclear pore/ Translation: any two from mRNA attaches to ribosome/ complementary tRNA molecules bind, attached to amino acids/ Peptide bonds between amino acids/ Polypeptide formed, reference to secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of enzyme (protein)/ Reference to text i.e. Atrogin1 and muRF1 are genes coding for ubiquitin ligases (which are enzymes)/reference to switching on of genes or promoter regions, regulator proteins, repressor proteins etc = 1 mark (5 marks total) 2. (a) Removal of genes that make a disease-causing virus harmful/ Desired gene inserted in its place(along with promoter sequence)/ virus injected into body to carry information to target cell/ viral DNA invades host/target cell's DNA and incorporates the desired gene/ desired gene is then expressed in cell/ desired protein produced/ (4 marks) (b) Viruses are easily detected by body's immune response/ desired gene in viral DNA may never reach host/target cell (using viruses to carry the epo gene)/ Health risks - adverse effects of gene therapy are unknown (18yr old death when receiving gene therapy for a rare liver ailment)/ Genes cannot be 'turned off' once inserted (bleeding to keep blood hematocrit low) (3 marks) 3. Muscle made up of bundles of fibres/ Multinucleate/ Contractile units called sarcomeres Sarcomere is made up of actin and myosin/ Myosin molecules have heads/ Actin molecules have two proteins toponin and tropomyosin/ Sliding filament theory/ Nerve impulse arrives at neuromuscular junction/ Ca2+ are released (from sarcoplasmic reticulum)/ Ca2+ attach to troponin molecule making it move/ Tropomyosin shifts position, myosin binding sites exposed/ Myosin heads bind/ ADP + Pi are released/

Myosin changes shape, myosin heads nod forward/ Actin moves over myosin/ ATP binds to head (head detaches)/ ATPase hydrolyses ATP making ADP + Pi, returns to original positions/ (7 marks) 4. (a) Animal studies/testing on tissue culture. (1) Small group of healthy people tested (1) Small group of people with the disease tested (1) Large group/placebo and drug/double-blind trial (1) Trails continue after licensing and collecting data (1)

(4 marks)

4. (b) Placebo and real drug used on a large group of people (1) Patient doesn't know whether the drug they are taking is the real drug or if it is the placebo (1) Doctor doesn't know whether the drug they are taking is the real drug or if it is the placebo (1) Placebo is a dummy drug/ is an inactive compound (1) The trial tests the effectiveness of the drug (1) (3 marks) 5. Pros (max 3 marks) Improvement/ refinement of drugs/ Human life is more important (religious aspect)/ There are regulations preventing unethical harm/ Utilitarian view: the number of people benefiting outweighs the number of animals harmed. / Cons (max 3 marks) Animals give no consent; animal rights violations eq/ Tests could cause lethal effects (unforeseen); effects on humans may be different to effects on animals. eq/ Animal welfare issue; suffering caused to animals eq/ (total 4 marks) 6. a) negative b) eg such as thermoregulation, blood sugar idea of norm or set point receptors eq/ effectors eq/ 7. Reference to surface proteins binding to cell receptors/ Reference to envelope fusing to cell surface membrane or eq./ Keyword (Integrase) inserts viral DNA into host DNA./ Proteins are synthesised or eq (Transcribed)/ (1 mark)

(3 marks)

(4 marks)