Jan.

Additional mathematics project

Content
Appreciation Objectives Introduction History Integration by parts Questions Further exploration Conclusion Reflection References

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Appreciation
First of all, I would like to say thanks to the god , for giving me the strength and health to do this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books, computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Pn Rohaiza Ramli for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Objectives
The aims of carrying out this project work are:

to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems;

to improve thinking skills;

to promote effective mathematical communication;

to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases students interest and confidence;

to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely;

to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning;

to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Introduction
Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus. Given a function of a real variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral

is defined informally to be the net signed area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the graph of , the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. The term integral may also refer to the notion of antiderivative, a function F whose derivative is the given function . In this case it is called an indefinite integral, while the integrals discussed in this article are termed definite integrals. Some authors maintain a distinction between antiderivatives and indefinite integrals. The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an antiderivative F of is known, the definite integral of over that interval is given by

Integrals and derivatives became the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by Bernhard Riemann. It is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs. Beginning in the nineteenth century, more sophisticated notions of integrals began to appear, where the type of the function as well as the domain over which the integration is performed has been generalised. A line integral is defined for functions of two or three variables, and the interval of integration [a, b] is replaced by a certain curve connecting two points on the plane or in the space. In a surface integral, the curve is replaced by a piece of a surface in the three-dimensional space. Integrals of differential forms play a fundamental role in modern differential geometry. These generalizations of integral first arose from the needs of physics, and they play an important role in the formulation of many physical laws, notably those of electrodynamics. There are many modern concepts of integration, among these, the most common is based on the abstract mathematical theory known as Lebesgue integration, developed by Henri Lebesgue.

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

History
Pre-calculus integration Integration can be traced as far back as ancient Egypt ca. 1800 BC, with the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus demonstrating knowledge of a formula for the volume of a pyramidal frustum. The first documented systematic technique capable of determining integrals is the method of exhaustion of Eudoxus (ca. 370 BC), which sought to find areas and volumes by breaking them up into an infinite number of shapes for which the area or volume was known. This method was further developed and employed by Archimedes and used to calculate areas for parabolas and an approximation to the area of a circle. Similar methods were independently developed in China around the 3rd century AD by Liu Hui, who used it to find the area of the circle. This method was later used in the 5th century by Chinese fatherand-son mathematicians Zu Chongzhi and Zu Geng to find the volume of a sphere.[1] That same century, the Indian mathematician Aryabhata used a similar method in order to find the volume of a cube.[2] The next major step in integral calculus came in Iraq when the 11th century mathematician Ibn alHaytham (known as Alhazen in Europe) devised what is now known as "Alhazen's problem", which leads to an equation of the fourth degree, in his Book of Optics. While solving this problem, he performed an integration in order to find the volume of a paraboloid. Using mathematical induction, he was able to generalize his result for the integrals of polynomials up to the fourth degree. He thus came close to finding a general formula for the integrals of polynomials, but he was not concerned with any polynomials higher than the fourth degree. [3] Some ideas of integral calculus are also found in the Siddhanta Shiromani, a 12th century astronomy text by Indian mathematician Bh skara II. The next significant advances in integral calculus did not begin to appear until the 16th century. At this time the work of Cavalieri with his method of indivisibles, and work by Fermat, began to lay the foundations of modern calculus. Further steps were made in the early 17th century by Barrow and Torricelli, who provided the first hints of a connection between integration and differentiation. At around the same time, there was also a great deal of work being done by Japanese mathematicians, particularly by Seki K wa.[4] He made a number of contributions, namely in methods of determining areas of figures using integrals, extending the method of exhaustion. Newton and Leibniz The major advance in integration came in the 17th century with the independent discovery of the fundamental theorem of calculus by Newton and Leibniz. The theorem demonstrates a connection between integration and differentiation. This connection, combined with the comparative ease of differentiation, can be exploited to calculate integrals. In particular, the fundamental theorem of calculus allows one to solve a much broader class of problems. Equal in importance is the comprehensive mathematical framework that both Newton and Leibniz developed. Given the name infinitesimal calculus, it allowed for precise analysis of functions within continuous domains. This framework eventually became modern calculus, whose notation for integrals is drawn directly from the work of Leibniz. Formalizing integrals

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

While Newton and Leibniz provided a systematic approach to integration, their work lacked a degree of rigour. Bishop Berkeley memorably attacked infinitesimals as "the ghosts of departed quantities". Calculus acquired a firmer footing with the development of limits and was given a suitable foundation by Cauchy in the first half of the 19th century. Integration was first rigorously formalized, using limits, by Riemann. Although all bounded piecewise continuous functions are Riemann integrable on a bounded interval, subsequently more general functions were considered, to which Riemann's definition does not apply, and Lebesgue formulated a different definition of integral, founded in measure theory (a subfield of real analysis). Other definitions of integral, extending Riemann's and Lebesgue's approaches, were proposed. Notation Isaac Newton used a small vertical bar above a variable to indicate integration, or placed the variable inside a box. The vertical bar was easily confused with or , which Newton used to indicate differentiation, and the box notation was difficult for printers to reproduce, so these notations were not widely adopted. The modern notation for the indefinite integral was introduced by Gottfried Leibniz in 1675 (Burton 1988, p. 359; Leibniz 1899, p. 154). He adapted the integral symbol, , from an elongated letter s, standing for summa (Latin for "sum" or "total"). The modern notation for the definite integral, with limits above and below the integral sign, was first used by Joseph Fourier in Mmoires of the French Academy around 181920, reprinted in his book of 1822 (Cajori 1929, pp. 249250; Fourier 1822, 231).

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
One of very common mistake students usually do is

To convince yourself that it is a wrong formula, take f(x) = x and g(x)=1. Therefore, one may wonder what to do in this case. A partial answer is given by what is called Integration by Parts. In order to understand this technique, recall the formula

which implies

Therefore if one of the two integrals and is easy to evaluate, we can use it to get the other one. This is the main idea behind Integration by Parts. Let us give the practical steps how to perform this technique: 1 Write the given integral

where you identify the two functions f(x) and g(x). Note that if you are given only one function, then set the second one to be the constant function g(x)=1. 2 Introduce the intermediary functions u(x) and v(x) as:

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Then you need to make one derivative (of f(x)) and one integration (of g(x)) to get

Note that at this step, you have the choice whether to differentiate f(x) or g(x). We will discuss this in little more details later. 3 Use the formula

4 Take care of the new integral .

The first problem one faces when dealing with this technique is the choice that we encountered in Step 2. There is no general rule to follow. It is truly a matter of experience. But we do suggest not to waste time thinking about the best choice, just go for any choice and do the calculations. In order to appreciate whether your choice was the best one, go to Step 3: if the new integral (you will be handling) is easier than the initial one, then your choice was a good one, otherwise go back to Step 2 and make the switch. It is after many integrals that you will start to have a feeling for the right choice. In the above discussion, we only considered indefinite integrals. For the definite integral 1 Evaluate the indefinite integral , we have two ways to go:

which gives

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

2 Use the above steps describing Integration by Parts directly on the given definite integral. This is how it goes: (i) Write down the given definite integral

where you identify the two functions f(x) and g(x). (ii) Introduce the intermediary functions u(x) and v(x) as:

Then you need to make one derivative (of f(x)) and one integration (of g(x)) to get

(iii) Use the formula

(iv) Take care of the new integral .

BY:Thanes peter

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

The following examples illustrate the most common cases in which you will be required to use Integration by Parts:

EXAMPLE 1
Evaluate

Let us follow the steps 1 This is an indefinite integral involving one function. The second needed function is g(x) = 1. Since the derivative of this function is 0, the only choice left is to differentiate the other function 2 We have .

which gives

3 We have the formula

BY:Thanes peter 0

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

4 Since

we get

Since the derivative of

is 1/x, it is very common that whenever an integral with another function, to

involves a function which is a product of differentiate

and integrate the other function.

EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate

First let us point out that we have a definite integral. Therefore the final answer will be a number not a function of x! Since the derivative or the integral of lead to the same function, it will not matter whether we do one operation or the other. Therefore, we concentrate on the other function . Clearly, if we integrate we will increase the power. This suggests that we should differentiate and integrate . Hence

After integration and differentiation, we get

BY:Thanes peter 1

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

The integration by parts formula gives

It is clear that the new integral is not easily obtainable. Due to its similarity with the initial integral, we will use integration by parts for a second time. The same discussion as before leads to

which implies

The integration by parts formula gives

Since

, we get

which finally implies

BY:Thanes peter 2

Jan. Additional 1 Easy calculations give

mathematics project

From this example, try to remember that most of the time the integration by parts will not be enough to give you the answer after one shot. You may need to do some extra work: another integration by parts or use other techniques,....

EXAMPLE 3
Find

The two functions involved in this example do not exhibit any special behavior when it comes to differentiating or integrating. Therefore, we choose one function to be differentiated and the other one to be integrated. We have

which implies

The integration by parts formula gives

The new integral is similar in nature to the initial one. One of the common mistake is to do another integration by parts in which we integrate and differentiate . This will simply take you back to your original integral with nothing done. In fact, what you would have done is simply the reverse path of the

BY:Thanes peter 3

Jan. Additional mathematics project 1 integration by parts (Do the calculations to convince yourself). Therefore we continue doing another integration by parts as

which implies

Hence

Combining both formulas we get

Easy calculations give

After two integration by parts, we get an integral identical to the initial one. You may wonder why and simply because the derivative and integration of are the same while you need two derivatives of the cosine function to generate the same function. Finally easy algebraic manipulation gives

Try to find out how did we get the constant C? In fact we have two general formulas for these kind of integrals

BY:Thanes peter 4

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

and

EXAMPLE 4
Evaluate

Looking at the two functions involved in this example, we see that the function x is easy to integrate or differentiate. The real problem is how to handle it is not clear how to integrate this one but its derivative is the rational function . Therefore this suggests the following . First

which implies

The integration by parts formula gives

BY:Thanes peter 5

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

The new integral will be handled by using the technique of integrating rational functions. But we can also do the following (which comes up doing the same ideas used in partial fraction decomposition)

Using this we get

The main idea behind this example is valid for many other functions such as: , , etc.. In fact, this is how the integration by parts should be carried whenever the integral is given as a product of f(x) and one the previous inverse-functions, try to integrate f(x) and differentiate the inverse-function. The same remark holds for the function .

BY:Thanes peter 6

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Oil Reserves - Top 20 Nations (% of Global) Saudi Arabia has 261,700,000,000 barrels (bbl) of oil, fully 25% of the world's oil. The United States has 22,450,000,000 bbl.

The United States government recently declared Alberta's oil sands to be 'proven oil reserves.' Consequently, the U.S. upgraded its global oil estimates for Canada from five billions to 175 billion barrels. Only Saudi Arabia has more oil. The U.S. ambassador to Canada has said the United States needs this energy supply and has called for a more streamlined regulatory process to encourage investment and facilitate development. - CBC Television - the nature of things - when is enough enough Oil Production & Consumption, Top 20 Nations by Production (% of Global) Here are the top 20 nations sorted by production, and their production and consumption figures. Saudi Arabia produces the most at 8,711,000.00 bbl per day, and the United States consumes the most at 19,650,000.00 bbl per day, a full 25% of the world's oil consumption.

BY:Thanes peter 7

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Exports & Imports Here's export and imports for all the nations listed in the CIA World Factbook, sorted alphabetically as having exports and imports. Conspicuously missing is the United States, but I can tell you that we consume 19,650,000.00 bbl per day, and produce 8,054,000.00, leaving a discrepancy of 11,596,000.00 bbl per day.

BY:Thanes peter 8

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

This compares to the European Union, which produces 3,244,000.00 bbl per day and consumes 14,480,000.00 bbl per day for a discrepancy of 11,236,000.00 per day. Basically, about the same.

BY:Thanes peter 9

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Part 1

Route Distance

1.1 13

2.1 24 km

1.2 10.44 km

2.2 17.52 km

1.3 9.22 km

2.3 10.20km N 78.7E (15,21)>(25,23) Giant octopus,Thunderstrom

km Bearing Goes to north Coordinates (0,0)>(0,13) Possible Coral reef danger Time estimation

Goes to N 73.3 e N27.9 W N77.5E east (0,0)>(24,0) (0,13)>(10,16) (24,0)>(15,17) (15,21)>(24,23) Shark Coral Shark infested Giant octopus infested reef,Sunken water,Sunken ship ship,Tunderstrom water For route 1 - ( 1.1,1.2,1.3) = 55 minutes 59 seconds For route 2 - (2.1,2.2,2.3) = 1 hour 31 minutes 36 seconds

Judging from the possible dangers and possibilities of intruding into the preserved and conservation areas and the time taken to reach the offshore oil rig. ROUTE 1 is the recommended option.

BY:Thanes peter 0

Jan. 1 Part 2

Additional mathematics project

 Boat Speed in still water = 36 km/h

Sea Current Speed = 15 km/h Estimated Resultant Boat Speed = 36 15 = 21 km/h

Assume that the boat move with the speed of 21 km/h in the sea current speed of 15 km/h.

Time taken to reach the wind farm = Distance Speed of boat = ( 62 + 82 + 102 + 22)km 21km/h

= (10+10.198)km 21km/h = 58 minutes

So, the boat would reach the wind farm at: = 10.00 am + 58 minutes = 10.58 am

The team stays 2 hours on the offshore wind farm to check the wind generation system. So, the teams start to depart from the wind farm to oil rig at: 10.58 am + 2 hour = 12.58 pm

Time taken to reach the oil rig from the wind farm= Distance Speed of boat = ( 92 + 62)km 21km/h = 10.817km 21km/h = 31 minutes

So, the boat would reach the oil rig at: = 12.58 am + 31 minutes = 1.29 pm

BY:Thanes peter 1

Jan. 1
Part 3
                

Additional mathematics project

                               

         

     

 

                                 

  

 

 

    

 

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Jan. 1 Part 4
       

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BY:Thanes peter 5

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Part 5

Oil Reserves - Top 20 Nations (% of Global) Saudi Arabia has 261,700,000,000 barrels (bbl) of oil, fully 25% of the world's oil. The United States has 22,450,000,000 bbl.

The United States government recently declared Alberta's oil sands to be 'proven oil reserves.' Consequently, the U.S. upgraded its global oil estimates for Canada from five billions to 175 billion barrels. Only Saudi Arabia has more oil. The U.S. ambassador to Canada has said the United States needs this energy supply and has called for a more streamlined regulatory process to encourage investment and facilitate development.

BY:Thanes peter 6

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Oil Production & Consumption, Top 20 Nations by Production (% of Global) Here are the top 20 nations sorted by production, and their production and consumption figures. Saudi Arabia produces the most at 8,711,000.00 bbl per day, and the United States consumes the most at 19,650,000.00 bbl per day, a full 25% of the world's oil consumption.

Exports & Imports

BY:Thanes peter 7

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Here's export and imports for all the nations listed in the CIA World Factbook, sorted alphabetically as having exports and imports. Conspicuously missing is the United States, but I can tell you that we consume 19,650,000.00 bbl per day, and produce 8,054,000.00, leaving a discrepancy of 11,596,000.00 bbl per day. This compares to the European Union, which produces 3,244,000.00 bbl per day and consumes 14,480,000.00 bbl per day for a discrepancy of 11,236,000.00 per day. Basically, about the same.

BY:Thanes peter 8

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

World Oil Market and Oil Price Chronologies: 1970 - 2003 From the Energy Information Administration.

BY:Thanes peter 9

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Petroleum engineers work in the technical profession that involves extracting oil in increasingly difficult situations as the world's oil fields are found and depleted. Petroleum engineers search the world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas. Once these resources are discovered, petroleum engineers work with geologists and other specialists to understand the geologic formation and properties of the rock containing the reservoir, determine the drilling methods to be used, and monitor drilling and production operations. Low-end Salary: $58,600/yr Median Salary: $108,910/yr High-end Salary: $150,310/yr EDUCATION: Engineers typically enter the occupation with a bachelors degree in mathematics or an engineering specialty, but some basic research positions may require a graduate degree. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Engineers offering their services directly to the public must be licensed. Continuing education to keep current with rapidly changing technology is important for engineers. MATH REQUIRED: College Algebra Geometry Trigonometry Calculus I and II Linear Algebra Differential Equations Statistics

BY:Thanes peter 0

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

WHEN MATH IS USED: Improvements in mathematical computer modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and new technologies like horizontal drilling and enhanced oil recovery, have drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades. POTENTIAL EMPLOYERS: About 37 percent of engineering jobs are found in manufacturing industries and another 28 percent in professional, scientific, and technical services, primarily in architectural, engineering, and related services. Many engineers also work in the construction, telecommunications, and wholesale trade industries. Some engineers also work for Federal, State, and local governments in highway and public works departments. Ultimately, the type of engineer determines the type of potential employer. FACTS: Engineering diplomas accounted for 12 of the 15 top-paying majors, with petroleum engineering earning the highest average starting salary of $83,121.

BY:Thanes peter 1

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

Reflection
While I conducting this project, a lot of information that I found.I have learnt how important is add math in petroleum and oil industry. Apart from that, this project encourage the student to work together and share their knowledge. It is also encourage student to gather information from the internet, improve thinking skills and promote effective mathematical

communication. Last but not least, I proposed this project should be continue because it brings a lot of moral value to the student and also test the students understanding in Additional Mathematics.

BY:Thanes peter 2

Jan. 1

Additional mathematics project

References
y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral y http://www.sosmath.com/ y http://www.scribd.com/ y http://www.facebook.com/ y Additional Mathematics Form 5

BY:Thanes peter 3