RESEARCH DESIGN

y The research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. y A research design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and analysis of data that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. y Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis, keeping in view. y The plan , structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and control variance. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN: Three traditional categories of research design: Exploratory Descriptive Causal The choice of the most appropriate design depends largely on the objectives of the research and how much is known about the problem and these objectives. Exploratory Research: It structures and identifies new problems. The main purpose of such studies is that of formulating a problem for more precise investigation or of developing the working hypotheses from an operational point of view.

 Exploratory research is most commonly unstructured, informal research that is undertaken to gain background information about the general nature of the research problem. Exploratory research is usually conducted when the researcher does not know much about the problem and needs additional information or desires new or more recent information. Exploratory research is used in a number of situations: To gain background information To define terms To clarify problems and hypotheses To establish research priorities Develop questions to be answered.

Descriptive research: It concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual , group , frequency of occurrence Researcher must able to define clearly, what he wants to measure and must find adequate methods for measuring it along with the clear cut definition of population Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, why and how . The design must focus on I. Formulating the objective of study ( what the study is about and why it is being made) Designing the methods of data collection.( what techniques) Selecting the sample ( how much material will be needed)

II.

IV.

Collecting the data ( where can the required data be find and with what time period Processing and analyzing the data Reporting the findings.

V. VI.

Casual research: Researcher tests the hypotheses of casual relationships between variables. Causality may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in terms of conditional statements of the form If x, then y. Causal relationships are typically determined by the use of experiments, but other methods are also used. Experimental Design y Professor R A fishers name is associated with experimental designs. y He divided agricultural plots into several parts and then conducted experiments on that. y Experimental methods means those methods wherein the researcher tests the hypothesis of casual relationship between variables. Informal experimental design Those designs that normally use a less sophisticated form of analysis 1) Before and after without control design 2) After only with control design 3) Before and after with control design

1 Completely randomized design.(C R Design) i) Two group simple randomized design ii) Random replication design 2 Randomized Block Design(R B Design) 3 Latin Square design.(L. S Design) 4 Factorial designs. Types of Sampling Probability Sampling: Simple Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Multi-Stage Sampling
y y y

What is each and how is it done? How do we decide which to use? How do we analyze the results differently depending on the type of sampling?

Non-probability Sampling: Why don't we use non-probability sampling schemes? Two reasons:
y y y

We can't use the mathematics of probability to analyze the results. In general, we can't count on a non-probability sampling scheme to produce representative samples. Simple Random Sampling: A simple random sample (SRS) of size n is produced by a scheme which ensures that each subgroup of the population of size n has an equal probability of being chosen as the sample. Stratified Random Sampling: Divide the population into "strata". There can be any number of these. Then choose a simple random sample from each stratum. Combine those into the overall sample. That is a stratified random sample. (Example: Church A has 600 women and 400 women as members. One way to get a stratified random sample of size 30 is to take a SRS of 18 women from the 600 women and another SRS of 12 men from the 400 men.) Multi-Stage Sampling: Sometimes the population is too large and scattered for it to be practical to make a list of the entire population from which to draw a SRS. For instance, when the a polling organization samples US voters, they do not do a SRS. Since voter lists are compiled by counties, they might first do a sample of the counties and then sample within the selected counties.

Percentage Analysis:

In percentage analysis, charts like bar chart and pie charts are used to graphically represent the results from percentage analysis of the questionnaire y Chi-Square Analysis

The chi-square is one of the most widely used non-parametric tests in statistical work. The ChiSquare was first used by Karl Pearson in the year 1900.

x2=

[O-E] 2/E

Chi-square test is applicable to a very large number of problems in practice. With the help of this test we can find out whether two or more attributes are associated or not.

Correlation: Correlation analysis deals with the association between two or more variables.

Correlation does not necessarily imply causation or functional relationship though the existence of causation always implies correlation. By itself it establishes only co variation. In this research rank correlation was used.
R= 1- 6 D2 / N3 -N

F-Test F-test is used to find out whether the two independent estimates of population differ

significantly or whether the two samples may be regarded as drawn from the normal populations having the same variance.

F= S12 / S22