Thermal Properties of Materials 1.

A thermally insulated vessel containing liquid water and water vapour is connected to a vacuum pump which removes water vapour continuously. When the temperature reaches 0C, the vessel contains 110 g of liquid water. What mass of ice has been formed when no liquid remains? Specific latent heat of fusion of water = 3.40 x 105 J kg-1 , Specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2.52 x 106 J kg-1

Let

m (110 - m)

= =

mass of ice formed when no liquid remains. mass of water evaporated to form ice of mass m.

Since the vessel is thermally insulated, no heat is lost to surroundings. For conservation of energy Heat needed to form vapour = Heat taken from water to form ice (110 m) LV 110 LV - m LV or m = = = = = = m LF m LF 110 LV

LV + LF

(110) (2.52 x 10 6 )

(2.52 x 10 6 ) + (3.40 x 10 5 ) 96.92 g 96.9 g

2. A piece of copper of mass 0.275 kg is heated from 14.0o C to 100.0o C. By how much does its internal energy increase? (Specific heat capacity of copper = 380 J kg-1 K-1) Quantity of heat supplied = = = increase in internal energy = = m c (0.275) (380) (100.0 14.0) 8987 J 8987 J 8990 J

3. A bullet of mass 3.0 g travelling with a speed of 300 m s-1 is brought to a rest after hitting a wooden block. During impact, 70% of the bullet's kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy. What is the rise in temperature of the bullet? [Specific heat capacity of the bullet = 400 J kg-1 K-1] The energy conversion is given by Lost in kinetic energy x 70% = 1 i.e. m v2 x 70% = 2 = = = =

Gain in thermal energy m c

2 1 v x 70% 2 c

2 1 (300) (70) 2 ( 400) (100)

78.7o C 79o C 1

4. In a certain waterfall, water falls through a vertical distance of 24 m as illustrated in the figure. The water is brought to rest at the base of the waterfall. Calculate (i) the change in gravitational potential energy of 18 kg of water when it descends the waterfall, (ii) the difference in temperature between the top and the bottom of the waterfall if all of the potential energy is converted into thermal energy. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 kJ kg-1 K-1.

(i) Change in potential energy, EP

= = = =

mgh (18) (9.8) (24) 4234 J 4200 J

(ii) For conservation of energy, Loss in potential energy, EP = i.e. EP = or = = = =

Gain in thermal energy, Q m c EP

mc

4200 (18) ( 4200) 0.0555o C 0.056o C

5. Cooling water enters the heat exchanger in the turbine of a nuclear power station at 6C and leaves at 14C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1 K-1. If the rate of heat removal by the water is 6.72 x 109 J per minute, what is the rate of water flow?

Using

Rate of heat removal = or P = =

Heat transferre d Time taken

Q t m c t P c
6.72 x 10 9 ( 4200) (14 6) 2 x 105 kg min-1

m = t
= =

6. A fixed mass of an ideal gas absorbs 1000 J of heat and expands under constant pressure of 20 kPa from a volume of 25 x 10-3 m3 to a volume of 50 x 10-3 m3. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?

Work done by the gas during expansion, W

= = = =

p V (20 x 103) (50 x 10-3 - 25 x 10-3) 500 J - 500 J

Work done on the gas during expansion, W

From 1st law of thermodynamic, Increase in internal energy = Heat supplied + Work done on the gas or U = Q + W = 1000 + (- 500) = 500 J

7. An ideal gas is allowed to expand suddenly, with no thermal energy entering or leaving the gas. The temperature of the gas is observed to change. (i) Explain, with reference to the first law of thermodynamics, what happens to the internal energy of the gas. (ii) Explain why the change in the internal energy of the gas will give rise to a change in the r.m.s. speed of the molecules of the gas. (iii) Hence explain whether the temperature of the gas will rise or fall as a result of this expansion.

(i)

From the first law of thermodynamics, U = Q + W Since no thermal energy enters or leaves the gas, U = W Q = 0

Since work done on the system is negative when it expands, i.e. W is negative U is negative Hence the internal energy of the ideal gas decreases. (ii) The internal energy U of an ideal gas = EK U = = = = = U =

m v 12

m v 22
+

+ v N2 )

m v N2

m ( v 12 + v 22 +

v 2 + v2 2 + ...... + vN 2 mN 1 N m < c2 > N

Nm(

< c 2 > )2

N m ( cr.m.s. )2
3

Hence the change in the internal energy of the gas will give rise to a change in the r.m.s. speed of the molecules of the gas. (iii) When gas expands, U decreases Since U = EK the average kinetic energy decreases.

3 kT 2 temperature of the gas will decrease

Since EK =