Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009

235

Electromagnetic Interference Modeling Research on the Electrical Machine and Converter Systems
Lingyun Wang, Ruifang Liu, and Hui Huang School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China

Abstract Nowadays, electrical machine and converter systems are widely used in renewable
energy power generation system and speed regulation of motors. With the applications of power electronic devices in a variety of equipments and systems, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) is attracting more and more attentions. Modeling to EMI is the fundamental of forecasting and removing EMI. Compared with the radiated EMI, conducted EMI is the main problem in the electrical machine and converter system. EMI modeling technologies to the converter systems and electrical machines are discussed in this paper, and the modeling methods to the parasitic parameters of the long cable and the grounding loops are also analyzed here. 1. INTRODUCTION

With the rapid development of power electronics technology, the switching frequency in the converter system is raising. On the one hand it improves the performance of converters; on the other hand it also brings bad eects due to EMI. For example, it can produce high dv/dt and di/dt by fast switching in the PWM inverter-fed motor system, leading to motor bearing material erosion and early mechanical failure; the grounding current produced by high frequency (HF) commonmode voltage through the parasitic capacitance brings EMI issues in the grounding loop; voltage reection will be occurred at machine terminals because of the eects of distribution parameters existed in cable, and this will cause HF oscillation [1]. In order to acquiring good performances, we need to forecast and remove EMI in the systems. Modeling to EMI is an eective and essential method. According to dierent transmission routes of EMI, EMI can be divided into radiated EMI and conducted EMI. In electrical machine and converter system, conducted interference is usually the main EMI. In detail, this paper discusses and analyzes the conducted EMI modeling methods and technology widely used today in the system, including converter EMI modeling methods, electrical machine EMI modeling technology under HF, the cable modeling method after considering the eects of the distributed parameters existed in cable, and the grounding loop modeling technology of the system after taking account of the grounding currents among dierent circuit loops. Finally, the current status of conducted EMI modeling research of the system is presented.
2. TIME DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN MODELING METHODS ON CONDUCTED EMI

The method of modeling EMI can be divided into two categories, time domain method and frequency domain modeling method. Under time domain modeling, resistances, inductances and capacitors are used to establish the model, which is used to simulate EMI of the system. Time domain model is easy to understand the mechanism of system EMI. Frequency domain modeling is based on time domain modeling. Waveforms under time domain are converted into wave pattern under frequency range through the Fourier transformation. After the transformation, the parameters under frequency range are used as impedance parameters in the modeling circuit. Compared with time domain modeling method, frequency domain modeling method is more complex, but it is easier to analyze EMI spectrum distribution, and faster to forecast EMI.
3. EMI MODELING METHOD OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE AND CONVERTER SYSTEMS 3.1. EMI Modeling of Converters

In the electrical machine and converter systems, EMI emission of converter has signicant inuence on electrical machine. No matter under time domain or frequency domain, most of the modeling technologies combine the analysis of the EMI mechanism with the experiment and simulation results to get parameters of the equivalent circuit.

236

PIERS Proceedings, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009

Under time domain modeling, paper [2] described conducted EMI coupling mechanism in power converter based on the lumped circuit modeling method. The paper proposed a simple and practical method which estimates the EMI noise source and impedance using LISN (Line Impedance Stabilization Networks). In this paper, the information of EMI noise sources and impedances were extracted at the same time. Due to the lumped circuit modeling method for describing EMI mechanism is suitable for other power electronic devices. Because coupling paths were not considered there, the method of extracting EMI source parameters was too simple to use. Paper [3] combined time domain measured waveforms with analysis of EMI coupling mechanism and coupling paths to establish the EMI model. Common mode (CM) EMI, dierence mode (DM) EMI and mix-mode (MM) EMI in the system were analyzed and investigated. The model, which included the measured and calculated component parameters, was given to evaluate the EMI for each mode of noise. This method can eectively grasp the EMI mechanism and the interference coupling paths. Filter design can be proposed based on the simulation of the model. As frequency domain modeling is based on time domain modeling, the changes of high voltage and current during the switching instant was considered in paper [4]. An improved and simplied EMI modeling method was proposed under considering the IGBT switching behavior model. In the model, the real device switching voltage and current were approximated by piece-wise linear lines and expressed using multiple dv/dt and di/dt superposition. Since the double Fourier integral is an eective method to analyze switching devices in PWM inverter, a model included CM source and DM source of PWM inverter was proposed in paper [5]. The paper also analyzed the eects of dierent modulation schemes on EMI spectrum. The equivalent modeling method, which didnt rely on the simulation, improved the forecast accuracy of conducted EMI in PWM inverter in this paper. In the converter modeling, combined the analysis of the EMI emission mechanism (switching of the devices and coupling paths) with experimental data, most modeling methods eectively establish the equivalent circuit or model through calculation of the parameters. At the same time, the defects of black box prediction method are also changed. Based on these modeling methods, we can propose better solutions to suppress EMI in the systems.
3.2. EMI Modeling of Electrical Machines

Under HF band of conducted EMI, the frequency characteristic of the electrical machines becomes extremely complex. The HF parasitic parameters cant be ignored any more. Hence, in the analysis of conducted EMI, the HF model about electrical machines is needed. Since the electrical machine is non-linear equipment, it involves too many parameters to measure precisely. When electrical machine is regarded as a capacitive network, mutual inductances are often neglected in EMI analysis. Based on the method that combines EMI mechanism analysis and experiment results, paper [6] established time domain model that includes electrical machine parameters, converter parameters, and long cable distributed parameters. Especially, the model of electrical machine not only includes HF parameters (phase or neutral to ground capacitance Cg , phase to phase capacitance Cp , phase to neutral capacitance Ci and eddy loss resistor Rf ), but also includes medium frequency parameters (phase or neutral to ground Rg , Ls , Cs ). The Figure 1 shows the equivalent motor circuit for wide frequency range. On top of that, based on the analysis, four over-voltage mitigation technologies are presented: RLC inverter output lter, a modied RLC inverter output lter, RC lter at motor terminals and dv/dt control. Under frequency domain modeling methods, the sensitivity analysis technique of the parasitic capacitance is applied on the investigation of CM EMI in paper [7]. The research proved that the inverter-input-side parasitic parameters of the DC cable have petty eects on CM EMI; parasitic capacitors between the inverter and ground, parasitic capacitors between motor windings and motor shell have signicant eects on CM EMI. The sensitivity analysis is helpful to solve the problem of determining the CM EMI spreading path. The results also provided a useful guidance for EMI analysis.
3.3. EMI Modeling of Long Cable

In electrical machine and converter systems, sometimes long cable is needed to connect electrical machine and converter in a system. In EMI problems, various devices in the system are connected by transmission line. When the length of transmission line and the on-line transmission signal wave are at the same geometric magnitude, on-line voltage function and on-line current function are not only a function of time, but also a function of location. Under this condition, as lumped

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009

237

parameter model is not suitable for EMI modeling, distributed parameter model is required. In inverter drive systems, transmission speed of PWM pulse produced by switching devices relies on dierent cable structure and media. The longer the cable, the longer the on-line pulses transmission time is. When the transmission time is close to the rise time of the HF PWM pulses, and the characteristic impedance of the cable and motor doesnt match, the reection is more obvious. Sometimes, there will be a second reection of the on-line pulses transmission, so the over-voltage at motor terminal will be doubled. Figure 2 shows transmission and reection steps of PWM pulses (Zc , Zm , Us stands for characteristic impedance of cable, characteristic impedance of motor and similar DC voltage of PWM pulse voltage).

Figure 1: Induction motor model under wide frequency range.

Figure 2: Transmission and reection steps of PWM pulses.

Based on the theory, because the not-matching characteristic impedance directly inuences amplitude of the over-voltage, paper [8, 9] proposed a method of the characteristic impedance matching to suppress the EMI of the system. Compared with the motor terminal over-voltage without long cable between motor and converter, paper [10] proved that the motor terminal CM over-voltage doubled due to voltage reection on the long cable.
3.4. EMI Modeling of the Grounding Loops

In the power electronics system, conducted EMI caused by the grounding net has already got peoples attention in recent years. In the electrical machine and converter systems, the current distribution in the grounding net not only aects electrical machine and converter, but also aects other sub-systems or devices through coupling distributed parameters among dierent circuits. Paper [11] analyzed the eects of input and output decoupling capacitances on the grounding current EMI in DC motor devices. Through the grounding current mechanism analysis and experimental results in a specic system, the paper established equivalent circuit model, and proposed a scheme to reduce the grounding current interference. The eects of dierent decoupling capacitance on the grounding current EMI was also studied using the calculation method. Based on the theory of Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC), paper [12, 13] established equivalent model of the grounding loop in the system. Considering the magnetic eld coupling between dierent grounding loops and the magnetic eld coupling between grounding loops and external circuits, the impedance characteristic was proposed and veried with experimental results in this paper. In present research of the impedance characteristic across two grounding points in the grounding net, following factors have been considered based on PEEC theory, impedance frequency characteristic between two grounding points, the interference current distribution in the grounding net in a certain frequency range, and the aects of dierent interference currents on the impedance. In some occasions, if the geometry size of the grounding net is longer than /2 ( is the length of the researched signal), the loss and delay of the EMI transmission must be taken into account. Based on the theory, even the geometry size of the researched system is longer than /2, or the length between EMI sources and tampering devices needs to be considered when comparing with

238

PIERS Proceedings, Beijing, China, March 2327, 2009

/2, PEEC is still valid and feasible. Paper [14] proposed a HF model of grounding loop in a large scale system. The model is veried through simulation and experimental results.
4. CONCLUSIONS

The paper analyzes and concludes the EMI modeling methods of converter, electrical machine, long cable, and grounding loop in the electrical machine and converter systems. The models under time domain are intuitive to see the mechanism of conducted EMI, but in the high frequency, when analyzes the time domain EMI waveforms, the models based on frequency domain is required. When establishing model of the system, no matter under time domain or frequency domain, the models are based on the simulation and experimental results. Through analyzing the mechanism of the equivalent modeling, better solutions of EMI elimination can be proposed. In recent years, PEEC method has showed its advantage in the EMI analysis. It can be applied perfect in small scale systems. But in large scale systems, due to too many parameters need to be calculated, it limits the application of PEEC method. At present, although the PEEC modeling method has applied to the grounding loop in large scale systems, research on electromagnetic waves loss and delay is only put forward on theory. There is no modeling analysis based on this problem when applying PEEC to specic systems. In the future research on large scale systems when the delay and loss of electromagnetic wave needs to be considered, the PEEC modeling method should be improved.
REFERENCES

1. Yin, W., Failure mechanism of winding insulations in inverter-fed motor, IEEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 6, 1823, 1997. 2. Meng, J., W. Ma, L. Zhang, Q. Pan, and Z. Zhao, Parameter estimation of lumped circuit models for conducted EMI in power converters, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, Vol. 20, No. 6, 2529, 2005. 3. Meng, J., W. Ma, L. Zhang, and Z. Zhao, Method for analysis and modeling of conducted EMI in switching power converters, Proceedings of the CSEE, Vol. 25, No. 5, 4954, 2005. 4. Meng, J., W. Ma, L. Zhang, and Z. Zhao, EMI evaluation of power converters considering IGBT switching transient modeling, Proceedings of the CSEE, Vol. 25, No. 20, 1620, 2005. 5. Meng, J., W. Ma, L. Zhang, Q. Pan, and Z. Zhao, DM and CM EMI sources modeling for inverters considering the PWM strategies, Proceedings of the CSEE, Vol. 22, No. 12, 9297, 2007. 6. Arnedo, L. and K. Venkatesan, High frequency modeling of induction motor drives for EMI and over voltage mitigation studies, IEEE, 468474, 2003. 7. Yin, K., C. Xiao, and C. Shan, Sensitivity analysis application on CM conducted EMI research of a three-phase inverter, Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy, Vol. 26, No. 2, 3438, 2007. 8. Wan, J., Z. Lin, and H. Yu, Research on motor terminal over-voltage caused by high frequency PWM pulse, Proceedings of the CSEE, Vol. 21, No. 11, 4347, 2001. 9. Wan, J. and H. Yu, Eects of variant characteristics of motors on over Voltage in PWM inverter Fed system, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2428, 2002. 10. Gao, Q. and D. Xu, Design of common. Mode and dierential-mode voltage dv/dt lter at PWM inverter output terminals, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, Vol. 21, No. 1, 7984, 2007. 11. Meng, J., W. Ma, L. Zhang, and Z. Zhao, Analysis of the eects of decoupling capacitances on grounding current EMI in DC motor drives, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, Vol. 20, No. 7, 3943, 2005. 12. Xian, Z., Y. Zhong, X. Sun, J. Jiang, and W. Ma, Grounding circuit model and parameters for conducted EMI analysis, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, Vol. 25, No. 7, 15616, 2005. 13. Meng, J., W. Ma, Q. Pan, L. Zhang, and Z. Zhao, Loop coupled EMI analysis based on partial inductance models, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, Vol. 27, No. 36, 5256, 2007. 14. Zhong, Y., Z. Xian, X. Sun, J. Jiang, and W. Ma, HF circuit model of conducted EMI of ground net based on PEEC, Proceedings of the CSEE, Vol. 25, No. 17, 3741, 2005.