- MAGNETIC FLUX

- Magnetic lines of force passing through the area perpendicular to it is called magnetic flux through that
area. If 'B' is flux density and 'A' is area perpendicular to the field, then the flux through the area is
given by
o = BA.
If 'B' makes angle with the normal drawn to the area 'A', then flux is given by = BA cos u.
or
A . B = o
o is measured in weber (or) tesla-metre
2

- Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil (closed circuit) changes, emf is induced in the coil. The
emf is called induced emf and the phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. This is Faraday's
law. Induced emf is equal to negative rate of change of magnetic flux.
If
' d ' o
is change in magnetic flux in time 'dt' in each turn, emf induced in each turn is
Nd
e
dt
o
=
Where the coil has 'N' turns.
- According to Lenz's law, the direction of induced current is such as to oppose the change that causes
the induced current. Lenz's law is a consequence of law of conservation of energy.
- The magnetic Flux through a coil is
o = BAN cos u
Where A = area of the face of the coil, B = Magnetic induction intensity
N = Number of turns
Motional EMF
When a conductor is moved in a magnetic field, induced current flows through it. Direction of induced
current can be found using Fleming's right hand rule.
Fleming's right hand rule : Stretch the thumb, fore finger, and central finger of right hand in three
mutually perpendicular directions. If the fore finger indicates the direction of magnetic field, thumb
indicates direction of motion of conductor, then central finger indicates direction of induced current.
- When a conductor of length 'l', is made to move in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field 'B'
with uniform velocity 'v', e.m.f induced is given by e = Blv
If R is resistance of conductor, induced current i =
B v
R

If a rod of length 'l' is rotated in a plane perpendicular to magnetic field 'B' with angular velocity e
e.m.f. induced is e =
2
1
B
2
e .
When a disc of radius 'r' is rotating about its own axis in a plane perpendicular to magnetic field 'B',
making 'n' revolutions per second, the emf induced is e =
n Br r B
2
1
2 2
t = e
.
- Self induction :
If current flowing in a coil changes, the magnetic flux around the coil changes. Then emf is induced in
the coil called self induced emf and the phenomenon is called self induction.
If 'i' is the current flowing through the coil and o is magnetic flux developed around the coil

i o
,
i
L
o
=

Here 'L' is called coefficient of self induction of coil or self inductance of coil.
Self induced e.m.f. is given by
e =
dt
di
L
dt
d
=
o

S.I. Unit of self inductance : Henry.
- Mutual Induction :
When current in one coil changes, magnetic flux passing through the second coil. This
Phenomenon is called mutual induction.
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1
W
i
k
i
M
a
m
a
.
i
n

- If 'ip' is current flowing in the primary coil, i magnetic flux linked with secondary coil then

p s
i o

p s
i M = o
,
p
s
i
M
o
=

Here 'M' is called coefficient of Mutual induction or mutual inductance.
Induced emf in secondary coil is
e =
dt
do
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

dt
di
M
p
= M
|
|
.
|

\
|
dt
di
p

or, M =
dt / di
e
p

S.I. unit : Henry
Dimensional formula of self inductance or
mutual inductance is
2 2 2
A T ML


- Energy for an inductor
Magnetic potential energy stored with the current carrying coil is given by
2
i L
2
1
U=

The coefficient of self inductance of a coil is also numerically equal to twice the work required to
establish a unit current in the coil is L = 2W. If i = 1. Energy in a current carrying coil is stored in the
form of magnetic field.
Note:-An inductance always has a resistance. i.e., one cannot have inductance without having
resistance. An ideal inductance has no resistance.
Mutual inductance of two closed coils & coefficient of coupling
If two coils of self-inductances L1 and L2 are placed near each other, then mutual inductance
1 2
M K L L =

Where K is a constant, called coefficient of coupling
If flux linkage between coils is 100% then K = 1 and so,
1 2
M L L =

Growth and Decay of Current in LR Circuit

Growth in Series dC circuit
a) When switch S is on, current gradually increases from 0 (zero) to maximum value i

; but inductance
opposes the growth and a back emf is developed.




b) E = Ri +
dt
Ldi

c) Current in the circuit at any time, t is
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i
k
i
M
a
m
a
.
i
n
i = i
o

t
L
R
e 1

- Decay of current :
a) S is open and there is no external source of emf
b) L
Ri
dt
di
=

c) i =
t
L
R
e

i
o
=

/ t
e i


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i
k
i
M
a
m
a
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i
n