Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
in Management Studies
(MMS)
2008-2010
SUBMITTED BY
AFTAB SHAIKH (MMS) Roll No. 06. Batch: Year 2008 2010
H K Institute of Management Studies and Research, Jogeshwari, Mumbai 400102
MAY 2009 - JUNE 2009
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Students Declaration
I hereby declare that this report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award for the Master in Management Studies to H K Institute of Management Studies and Research is my original work and not submitted for award of any degree or diploma fellowship or for similar titles or prizes.
I further certify that I have no objection and grant the rights to H K Institute of Management Studies and Research to publish any chapter/ project if they deem fit in Journals/Magazines and newspapers etc. without my permission.
Class Date
Certificate
This is to certify that the dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Management Studies of H K Institute of Management Studies and Research is a result of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. Aftab Mehboob Shaikh under my supervision and guidance, no part of this report has been submitted for award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar titles or prizes. The work has also not been published in any Journals/Magazines.
Date 20thFeb.2010
Project guide :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is difficult to acknowledge precious a debt as that of learning as it is the only debt that is difficult to repay except through gratitude. First and foremost I wish to express my profound gratitude to the almighty Allah and his prophet Mohummed Sallah ale wa salam, (Allah) the merciful & compassionate with those grace & blessings. I have been able to complete this work. It is my profound privilege to express my sincere thanks to K C Pandey, Director HKIMSR, for giving me an opportunity to work on the project and giving me full support in completing this project. I am very thankful to my guide P.K Bandkar for his full support. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents & my friends for their full cooperation & continuous support during the course of this assignment.
(Aftab Shaikh)
Table of Contents
Page No. CHAPTER 1 : 1.1 Executive Summary 01
CHAPTER 2
: 2.1
Introduction 02
: 2.1.1 Introduction to Shareholder Value Creation (EVA & MVA) : 2.1.2 Introduction to the Indian Steel Industry : 2.1.3 Literature Review : 2.1.4 Defining the problem
18 34 35
36 34 37
CHAPTER 3
: 3.1
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CHAPTER 4
: 4.1 : 4.2
Conclusions Bibliography
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56
CHAPTER: 1
Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Net Worth (RONW), Earning Per Share
measure of corporate performance that focuses on clear surplus in contrast to the For evaluation of the efficiency of any decision, value creation or value
addition aspect is of utmost importance in the present backdrop of corporate governance. Although adopting a holistic approach safeguarding the interests of all stakeholders is being emphasized and rightly so, it should be kept in mind that value corporate policy guidelines. If that is not satisfied, wrong signals will be emitted from
creation or value addition aspect is of prime consideration in the assessment of the securities market and the continuance of the operations of the entity will be at stake. In view of the above considerations, in the present paper an attempt has been made to analyze the financial performance of ten India steel companies by using E VA and MVA. The Study is based on secondary data and covers the period of 5 years ranging from 2005-2009. A sample of 10 steel and allied companies selected on random basis among the top steel companies. To analyze the data EVA and MVA linkages between EVA and MVA From the analysis it is seen out of five years MVA technique has been used. Further regression Analysis has been used to study and EVA were negative maximum wealth was destroyed in year 2009 which was due recession all over the world which crashed the market more than 50%.
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to decrease in price and demand of steel globally as well as there was deep
accountability from corporate executives. Manifestations of the increased assertiveness of shareholders include the necessity for executives to justify their compensation levels, and well-publicized lists of under performing companies and overpaid executives. * Business press is emphasizing shareholder value creation in performance rating exercises. * Greater attention is being paid to link top management compensation to shareholder returns. Defining Shareholder Value, and Wealth Creation From the economist's viewpoint, value is created when management generates revenues over and above the economic costs to generate these revenues. Costs come from four sources: employee wages and benefits; material, supplies, and economic depreciation of physical assets; taxes; and the opportunity cost of using the capital. Under this value-based view, value is only created when revenues exceed all costs including a capital charge. This value accrues mostly to shareholders because they are the residual owners of the firm. Shareholders expect management to generate value over and above the costs of resources consumed, including the cost of using capital. If suppliers of capital do not receive a fair return to compensate them for the risk they are taking, they will withdraw their capital in search of better returns, since value will be lost. A company that is destroying value will always struggle to attract further capital to finance expansion since it will be hamstrung by a share price that stands at a discount to the underlying value of its assets and by higher interest rates on debt or bank loans demanded by creditors. Wealth creation refers to changes in the wealth of shareholders on a periodic (annual) basis. Applicable to exchange-listed firms, changes in shareholder wealth are inferred mostly from changes in stock prices, dividends paid, and equity raised during the period. Since stock prices reflect investor expectations about future cash flows, creating wealth for shareholders requires that the firm undertake investment decisions that have a positive net present value (NPV).
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Although used interchangeably, there is a subtle difference between value creation and wealth creation. The value perspective is based on measuring value directly from accounting-based information with some adjustments, while the wealth perspective relies mainly on stock market information. For a publicly traded firm these two concepts are identical when (i) management provides all pertinent information to capital markets, and (ii) the markets believe and have confidence in management.
consider. Even for a firm that relies on some debt, the two measures will lead to identical insights provided there are no extraordinary gains and losses, the capital structure is stable, and a proper re-estimation of the cost of equity and debt is conducted. A market is attractive only if the equity spread and economic profit earned by the average competitor is positive. If the average competitor's equity spread and economic profit are negative, the market is unattractive. For an all-equity firm, both EV and the equity spread method will provide identical values because there are no interest charges and debt capital to consider. Even for a firm that relies on some debt, the two measures will lead to identical insights provided there are no extraordinary gains and losses, the capital structure is stable, and a proper re-estimation of the cost of equity and debt is conducted. A market is attractive only if the equity spread and economic profit earned by the average competitor is positive. If the average competitor's equity spread and economic profit are negative, the market is unattractive.
2. ALCAR APPROACH
The Alcar group Inc. a management and software company, has developed an approach to value-based management which is based on discounted cash flow analysis. In this framework, the emphasis is not on annual performance but on valuing expected performance. The implied value measure is akin to valuing the firm based on its future cash flows and is the method most closely related to the DCF/NPV framework. With this approach, one estimates future cash flows of the firm over a reasonable horizon, assigns a continuing (terminal) value at the end of the horizon, estimates the cost of capital, and then estimates the value of the firm by calculating the present value of these estimated cash flows. This method of valuing the firm is identical to that followed in calculating NPV in a capital-budgeting context. Since the computation arrives at the value of the firm, the implied value of the firm's equity can be determined by subtracting the value of the current debt from the estimated value of the firm. This value is the implied value of the equity of the firm.
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To estimate whether the firm's management has created shareholder value, one subtracts the implied value at the beginning of the year from the value estimated at the end of the year, adjusting for any dividends paid during the year. If this difference is positive (i.e., the estimated value of the equity has increased during the year) management can be said to have created shareholder value. The Alcar approach has been well received by financial analysts for two main reasons: * It is conceptually sound as it employs the discounted cash flow framework * Alcar have made available computer software to popularize their approach However, the Alcar approach seems to suffer from two main shortcomings: (1) In the Alcar approach, profitability is measured in terms of profit margin on sales. It is generally recognized that this is not a good index for comparative purposes. (2) Essentially a verbal model, it is needlessly cumbersome. Hence it requires a fairly involved computer programme.
3. McKINSEY APPROACH:
McKinsey & Company a leading international consultancy firm has developed an approach to value-based management which has been very well articulated by Tom Copeland, Tim Koller, and Jack Murrian of McKinsey & Company. According to them: Properly executed, value based management is an approach to management whereby the company's overall aspirations, analytical techniques, and management processes are all aligned to help the company maximize its value by focusing decision making on the key drivers of value. The key steps in the McKinsey approach to value-based maximization are as follows: * Ensure the supremacy of value maximization * Find the value drivers
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EVA Computations
EVA is a measure of value created/destroyed that compares the returns from operations with the cost of financing those operations. It is the only performance measure that links directly with the intrinsic value of the business. Stewart defined EVA as NOPAT subtracted with a capital charge. It represents residual income that remains after all costs have been recognized including the opportunity cost of the equity capital employed. EVA = NOPAT - Cost of Capital * (Economic Capital) ...(1) Hence, EVA depends on both operating efficiency as well as balance sheet management. Without efficiency, operating profits will be low resulting in lower EVA and without careful balance sheet management, too many assets and too much capital will exist resulting in higher than necessary capital costs, leading to a lower EVA again (Gopenski, 1996). As a departure from conventional accounting, where accounting profit is derived after deducting interest charges, EVA is derived after subtracting cost of all capital that includes debt, preference and equity capital. Charging for capital is just the beginning; EVA also eliminates the potential distortions present in the Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (GAAP) based accounting. Actually, GAAP is ridden with anomalies that misrepresent the true economies of a business (Ehrbar, 1999). So, Stewart recommended a series of 164 adjustments to be made in GAAP-based accounts to convert the accounting numbers into economic numbers. Many researchers and EVA proponents generally use between 5-15 adjustments. Hence, the present study considers the adjustments for non-recurring income and expenditure, Research and Development (R&D) costs, goodwill amortization, interest, Non-interest Bearing Current Liabilities (NIBCL), investments in marketable securities, cash operating taxes, revaluation reserve. Finally, NOPAT and economic capital have been defined as: NOPAT = (PAT + non-recurring expenses + revenue expenditure on R&D + interest expense + goodwill written-off + provision for taxes) - nonrecurring income - R&D amortization - cash operating taxes Economic Capital = net fixed assets + investments + current assets (NIBCLs + miscellaneous expenditure not written-off + intangible assets) + (cumulative non-recurring losses + capitalized expenditure on R&D + gross goodwill) - revaluation reserve - cumulative non-recurring gains
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The most difficult component of EVA calculations (as per Equation 1) is to estimate the total cost of capital, which is denoted as the combined rate of return expected by both lenders and shareholders. It is the minimum acceptable return on economic investment or the cut-off rate required for value creation. This cost of capital has three primary applications and can be used as:
A capital charge rate for computing EVA (i.e., value creation); A hurdle rate for assessing return on capital employed; and A minimum target rate for accepting new projects.
The cost of capital has four drivers namely, after-tax cost of debt, cost of preferred stock, cost of equity capital and cost of retained earnings. These drivers are all about the trade-off between risk and return. The greater the risk, the higher will be the required rate of return, resulting in higher cost of capital and vice versa. The overall cost of capital also known as WACC, equals the sum of the cost of each of the component of capital, i.e., equity, debt and preferred stock, weighted for their relative proportion in the company's capital structure. The after-tax cost of debt is simply the bond's yield to maturity times one minus the firm's marginal tax rate (Abdeen and Haight, 2002). For example, if a company's yield to maturity is 12% and marginal tax rate is 35%, then its after-tax cost of debt will be 7.8%, i.e., 12% (1 to 0.35). Since interest on debt is tax deductible, this adjustment must be made to properly reflect the true cost of debt component. Further, cost of preferred stock is calculated by dividing the annual dividend paid to preference shareholders with the average preference capital. As dividend is not tax deductible but subject to the appropriation from profits of a company, no tax adjustment is required in this case. The most critical component in WACC calculation, i.e., cost of equity is usually defined with CAPM. The CAPM assumes that equity shareholders require return equal to the return on a risk-free asset (e.g., government securities) plus a premium to compensate them for additional market risk. The equation for the cost of equity is as follows:
where,
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Rj = Expected return on security j Rf = Risk-free rate Rm = Market rate of return = Beta, i.e., sensitivity of the return on scrip j to the changes in market index The risk-free rate (Rf) is the theoretical rate of return attributed to an investment with zero risk. It represents the interest that an investor would expect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time. In practice, however, no investment is risk-free, as even the safest investments carry a very small amount of risk. In the present study, weighted average of annual yield on 364 days treasury bills, as issued by Reserve Bank of India, has been taken as a surrogate of the risk-free rate. The risk premium for a given company equals the market risk premium the return equity shareholders expect over and above the risk free rate denoted as(Rm - Rf) times a beta coefficient that represents the volatility of that company's stock relative to the volatility of the market index (Young, 1997), such as BSE Sensex in this case. After estimating the individual costs of all the components of capital structure, the final step is to calculate the WACC by the formula: WACC = ke we + kd(1 - t) wd + kp wp
where, ke = Cost of equity shareholders' funds kd = Cost of debt kp = Cost of preference capital t = Tax rate
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E = Book value proportion of average shareholders' funds D = Book value proportion of average total borrowings P = Book value proportion of average preference capital WACC, hence, uses the financing side of the balance sheet in the form of the targeted debt to capital ratio and provides a basis for weighing the total cost of capital for the purpose of EVA calculation.
5 MVA Computation
MVA measures the value added by the management over and above the capital invested in the company by its shareholders and lenders. It is the cumulative amount by which a company has enhanced or diminished shareholder wealth. It is the perfect summary assessment of corporate performance that shows how successful a company has been in allocating and managing resources to maximize the value of the enterprise and the wealth of its shareholders. While the EVA of a company is a historical figure based on the efficiency with which it used the resources at its disposal in a particular year, its MVA is the market assessment of its ability to create wealth in future. MVA is obtained by subtracting the economic capital of a corporation (book value after adjusting for economic anomalies) from its total market value, i.e., what investors can take out of the company. MVA = Market Value of the firm - Economic Capital Hence, the way in which the shareholder wealth is maximized is by increasing the difference between the company's market value and its economic capital. The market value of a firm as represented by market value of its equity is arrived at by multiplying stock price by the number of outstanding shares of the firm. Taking share price at the end of the financial year for calculation
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of the market capitalization can be biased. Hence, in the present study, a 364 day average market cap has been taken as proxy for the market value of equity. Market value of the firm has been taken as the sum of book value of debt and 364 days average market capitalization. The book value of debt is assumed to be equal to its market value. The reasons behind this assumption are:
Determining the market value of most corporate debt issues is difficult, as they are not actively traded; Debt market values are usually relatively close to book values; Such assumption is made to assess the additions to shareholder's wealth; and The market value of an organization's debt is more closely related to interest rates' movements than to managerial actions that influence shareholder wealth (Gapenski, 1996).
The economic capital as already mentioned above is arrived at after adjusting for equity equivalents. In addition to the above, the financial statement users must also recognize that maximizing wealth (MVA) is not the same as maximizing market value. A firm can increase its market value just by raising and investing as much capital as possible, which actually increases the size of the company and therefore benefits managers. Such strategy will benefit if capital raised is invested in the projects that earn positive EVA. The proposed study aims to achieve the following objectives:
To define and discuss the measurement of EVA and MVA; To calculate EVA and MVA of sample companies after adjusting for the required equity equivalents; To rank sample companies on the basis of EVA and MVA generated or lost; To statistically examine the variations in EVA and MVA figures of sample companies; and To empirically test the strength of the relationship between EVA and MVA.
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The countries like China, Japan, India and South Korea are in the top of the above in steel production in Asian countries. China accounts for one third of total production i.e. 419m ton, Japan accounts for 9% i.e. 118m ton, India accounts for 53m ton and South Korea is accounted for 49m ton, which all totally becomes more than 50% of global production. Apart from this USA, BRAZIL, UK accounts for the major chunk of the whole growth.
Imports increased in 2005 by 8% and it is likely that India will continue to import in many segments over the medium term. According to Deutsche Bank Research,1 the three biggest steelmakers in India have a combined output of almost 20 million tons and have a domestic market share of 51%. Their domestic competitors are numerous medium-sized and smallish companies and more mergers can be expected between these companies as these firms need to improve their position with regard to the powerful suppliers of raw materials.
DEMAND (in m t) GROWTH IN % 34.444 36.037 40.471 43.062 45.387 50.257 58.45 4.625 12.32 6.4 5.4 10.73 16.3
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MAJOR CONSUMERS OF INDIAN STEEL INDUSTRY Support from dynamic economy India is the economic region that has enjoyed the worlds most sustained boom. The Deutsche Bank Research Formel-G econometric model forecasts average real GDP growth of 5.5% p.a. for India between 2006 and 2020 O followed by Malaysia (5.4%) and China (5.2%). In all, the analysis covered 34 economies that generate some 85% of global GDP. The growth drivers are population growth, human capital, opening of the economy and rising investment. Despite the sharp increase in Indias population, per-capita GDP in purchasing power parity terms should rise by nearly 4% per year until 2020. Since the model does not take sufficient account of the countrys major initiatives in the infrastructure area, average growth until 2020 might turn out to be even closer to 6%. In fact, by the end of the decade India could replace Japan as the worlds third biggest economy after the US and China
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Positive stimuli from construction industry The steel companies are pinning their hopes largely on the expanding construction industry. The industry is one of the key drivers of Indias economic growth. Up to 10 million new homes need to be built each year until 2030. Strong population growth, rising incomes and decreasing household sizes are forcing comprehensive measures to be taken in the housing sector. The pent-up demand for housing is estimated at around 20 million units by the Indian Construction Association; the Ministry for Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation claims that no less than 31 million dwellings are needed. The hosting of the Commonwealth Games in New Delhi in 2010 should generate additional stimulus for the construction industry and thus boost demand for steel. In addition to the sports facilities, accommodation for competitors and visitors is planned. The government has announced that some 40 hotels with a total of 15,000 beds are to be built. The Indian office market is benefiting from the ongoing off shoring activities of industrial nations. Indian insurers are concentrated in the software development and software product segments. Their second main business area is assuming the responsibility for entire support processes, or business process outsourcing (BPO). These segments still look set for growth.6 Furthermore, the construction sector is benefiting from major infrastructure projects. Capital expenditure is to be focused on road building and the rail network, as well as on the construction and expansion of ports and airports. Strong growth in mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering output has increased some 10% p.a. over the past five years. Thanks to the march of technological progress the prospects for domestic suppliers should improve going forward, while import growth is slightly crimped. Demand is greatest for building machinery and plastic-moulding machines as well as machine tools and textile machinery. Since the domestic textile and apparel industry, for example, is focusing further up the value chain, firms have to make numerous investments in modernising and expanding their machinery
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portfolios Makers of building machinery are benefiting from the largescale infrastructure projects planned by the Indian government, while machine-tool makers are being buoyed by the upturn in the automobile and auto parts industries for example. Exports by the Indian mechanical engineering industry rose recently by nearly 30% to USD 10 bn. By comparison, German mechanical engineering firms exported products worth close to USD 117 bn, including machinery to the value of about USD 1 bn to India. Germany claims a particularly large share of Indian imports of Woodworking machinery and machine tools as well as pumps and compressors. The demand for foreign machinery comes from customers requiring especially high standards of performance and precision. The Engineering Exports Promotion Council (EEPC) forecasts that Indian exports will be worth USD 30 bn (+32% p.a.) by 2008; nevertheless the volume is still very low by international standards. Booming automobile industry The automotive industry may consume a relatively small proportion of steel output, but its growth rate is the highest of the most important clients for the steel industry. In India a small but flourishing automobile industry has now developed that sees its future primarily in the budget price segment and views the domestic market and other emerging nations as potential markets.7 Vehicle ownership (cars and trucks) in India at 11 per 1,000 inhabitants are even less widespread than in China with its very low figure of 21. The growth of the Indian automobile industry is being driven by healthy domestic demand. The consumption minded, fast-growing middle class is a major factor. The continuing increase in incomes and low-cost financing facilities are boosting sales. However, it is not uncommon for cars to be used for 20 years (Western Europe: 12 years), with vehicles that have been taken off urban roads often being driven for longer in rural areas. The populations steadily growing demand for mobility and sharply rising traffic volumes will continue to generate strong demand for cars in the future. At the same time Indias automobile sector is establishing itself as an exporter to international markets. Hyundai, for example, uses the country as an export base for small cars, and Ford manufactures vehicles there for South Africa and other markets. However, competition between
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automakers has intensified markedly. Whereas in 1995 there were just five carmakers in India the figure has now reached 10. The biggest are Maruti Udyog Ltd., Hyundai Motor India and Tata Engineering (Telco). The Tata group is even trying to gain a foothold in the European market with new models. India currently produces a total of 711,000 cars each year (Germany: 5.4 million).
4% (Germany managed an increase of just under 1%p.a.) Although India is the worlds eighth largest steel producer, its3%-plus share of global steel output is still very low; it is roughly the same as Ukraines share of world steel production. China, the worlds biggest steelmaker, produces nearly ten times as much as India.In 2005 Indias crude steel output of 46.5 million tons was 8%higher than in 2004; only in China was the growth rate considerably higher at 15%. By contrast, production volumes fell in the US and the EU-25 by nearly 5% and roughly 4% respectively. In the first five months of 2006 Indian steel production continued to expand unabated, rising 10% yoy.
GROWTH IN %
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We forecast a significant increase in output by the Indian steel industry over the medium term. The entire industrys contribution to gross domestic product should rise in the coming years to more than 30% compared to just under27% at present. The growth drivers are the expanding client industries Automotive engineering (production up 16% p.a. between 2000 and 2005), mechanical engineering (up 10% p.a.) and construction (up 6% p.a.).
Company Profile
Tata Steel
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Tata Steel (BSE: 500470), formerly known as TISCO and Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited, is the world's sixth largest steel company, with an annual crude steel capacity of 31 million tonnes. It is the largest private sector steel company in India in terms of domestic production. Ranked 258th on Fortune Global 500, it is based in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It is part of Tata Group of companies. Tata Steel is also India's second-largest and secondmost profitable company in private sector with consolidated revenues of Rs 1,32,110 crore and net profit of over Rs 12,350 crore during the year ended March 31, 2008. Its main plant is located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, with its recent acquisitions; the company has become a multinational with operations in various countries. The Jamshedpur plant contains the DCS supplied by Honeywell. The registered office of Tata Steel is in Mumbai. The company was also recognized as the world's best steel producer by World Steel Dynamics in 2005. The company is listed on Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India, and employs about 82,700 people (as of 2007).
Bhushan Steel
Bhushan Steel is the largest manufacturer of auto-grade steel in India and is spending Rs. 260 billion to expand its capacity to 12 million tonnes annually, from the present installed capacity of around one million tonnes. Financials and management Gross sales of Bhushan Steel grew from Rs. 500 crore in 2001 to Rs. 4000 crore in 2007. It earned net profits of Rs. 313 crore in 2007 and exported goods worth Rs. 1,257 crore. Its exports include steel for both the automotive and white goods industry and the list of countries it is exporting to includes several developed countries.
Existing plants
The Khopoli plant in Maharashtra was commissioned in 2004 and has been producing colour coated sheets, high tensile steel strappings, hardened and
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tempered strips and precision tubes. In addition to these, the Khopoli plant has recently launched the Galume value added steel (aluminium and zinc coated sheet) for the first time in India. At its Sahibabad plant in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, it has a 1700 mm mill, which produces the widest sheets in India for the automotive industry. It has highly automated systems. At its Meramandali, Dhenkanal plant in Orissa, Bhusan Steel produces hot rolled coils and has mills for hot rolling. Construction of the first phase is being carried out. Bhushan Power and Steel Limited has seven plants at four locations Chandigarh, Derabassi in Punjab, Bangihatti, near Dankuni in West Bengal, and Thelkoloi in Orissa.
investment of US$ 1.5 billion, the company plans to invest an additional US$ 2.1 billion over the next eight years in the South American country.[1] Savitri Jindal, the widow of O. P. Jindal, is ranked as the 19th richest Indian person according to Forbes. The Jindal family established Vidya Devi Jindal School, a residential school for girls in Hisar, India, in 1984. Although not marketed as such, it is widely known to cater to the wealthy through its private location and remarkable array of activities. The school's student body comprises girls from affluent business and political families of India.
Resources PLC. HZL is the world's second largest zinc producer. It's FY2008 revenues were Rs. 85.47 billion per year. History: HZL was established in 1966 as a government-owned corporation. Operations: Mining HZL operates the world's third largest open-pit mine in Rampura Agucha, Rajasthan. Other mines it operates are located in Sindesar Khurd, Rajpura Dariba and Zawar, also in Rajasthan. HZL may also the world's lowest cost zinc producer. Smelting: HZL operates Zinc and Lead smelters and refineries at Chanderiya and Debari in Rajasthan, and at Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
ISMT limited
ISMT limited: It is largest integrated specialized seamless tube manufacturer in India. One of the most diversified manufacturers of specialized seamless tubes in the world, producing tubes in the range of 6 to 273 mm OD. One of the most modern alloy Steel plants in India that produces a wide range of alloy steels from 20 to 225 mm diameter. Specialized teams provide end to end solutions to industry-specific customers. The Indian Seamless Metal Tubes Limited was promoted in 1977 by a group of technocrats to produce specialized seamless tubes in India. Beginning with an installed capacity of 15,000 metric tons per annum, ISMT commenced production in 1980 with the installation and commissioning of an Assel mill in technical collaboration with Mannesman Demag Meer of Germany. Subsequently, in 1990 the production capacity was raised to 50,000 metric tons per annum with the addition of a second Assel Mill. In 1995 The Indian Seamless Metal Tubes limited promoted another company, Indian Seamless Steels and Alloys Ltd. (ISSAL), to produce alloy Steel,
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the raw material used in the manufacture of seamless tubes, giving ISMT better control over product quality as well as deliveries. In 2008 ISMT added a brand new PQF Mill. With this addition, ISMTs tube making capacity increased from 150,000 MT/ annum to 450,000 MT/annum. Simultaneously, steel making capacity has also increased from 250,000 MT/annum to 350,000 MT/annum with the addition of a second Ladle refining furnace.
ADHUNIK METALIKS
Adhunik Metaliks was incorporated on November 20, 2001 as Neepaz Metaliks Private Limited under the provisions of the Companies. Act,1956 with its registered office at 14, N.S. Road, Kolkata 700001. Subsequently, the Company converted into a public company pursuant to a special resolution passed on February 18, 2004 and filed the statement in lieu of prospectus as required under the section 44(2) (b) of the Companies Act , 1956. The name of the Company was changed from Neepaz Metaliks Limited to Adhunik Metaliks Limited pursuant toa special resolution passed by the shareholders of the Company at a meeting held on July 22, 2005. As on the date of filing this Draft Red Herring Prospectus, our Promoters hold 5,16,85,642 Equity Shares of our Company representing 80.51 of our pre - Issue issued equity capital and the Promoter Group holds 46,83,770 Equity Shares of our Company representing 7.29 of our pre - Issue issued equity capital. As on the date of filing this Draft Red Herring Prospectus, six of the Directors on our Board represent the Promoters, 1 of the Directors is an executive director and 3 of the Directors are independent directors. In 2007-Adhunik Metaliks Ltd has informed that the Company has acquired Orissa Manganese & Minerals Pvt Ltd as 100% subsidiary.
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Ductile Iron THE NATURAL CHOICE Electrosteel Castings (UK) Ltd a wholly owned subsidiary of Electrosteel Castings Ltd, India offers a comprehensive range of Ductile Iron pipes and fittings for use in the water and sewerage industry. Offering the end user total versality Ductile Iron provides a broad range of solutions to specific pipeline application or installation demands in both above and below ground applications. The product range covers the diameters 80mm to 1000mm with a choice of jointing types , fitting types and protection systems for use in most applications. Operating under BS EN ISO 9001 Quality Management System and ISO 14001 Environmental Management System products are manufactured in a state of the art facility in Kolkata, India. Quality is viewed as an essential aspect of the product supply and all pipes and fittings are manufactured and tested in accordance with the requirements of both BS EN 545 for potable water and BS EN 598 for sewerage. In addition as a part of the supply package we recognise that occasionally on site unexpected requirements occur that need either a special or short lead time solution. Electrosteel Castings (UK) Ltd offer both Fabricated Flanged Pipe and Steel Fabrication facilities geared to responding to these demands and assisting our customers in resolving problems.
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Most studies dealing with shareholders value creation have focused on comparison of traditional measures (earning, cash flow, productivity parameters, net present value, etc.) and value based measures (EVA, MVA as percentage of capital employed, etc.). The purpose of such an exercise was to identify the most significant explanatory variable that best measures the shareholder value ; but, the existing literature on the underpinnings of the share holder value creations is not well developed. Most companies in India still are in dark about what exactly they are supposed to do for managing the shareholder but virtually all of them say the are doing it. The real key to create message a business enterprise has to earn economic return to its owners for its economic survival. In marketdriven economy, there are number of firms that create wealth whereas other destroy it. EVA as well as MVA being a value based measure assist investors in wealth discovery & company selection process. IN the present study& attempt has being made to explain the application of EVA principles for the evaluation of companies. It highlights and explains all the elements that finds in EVA computation like calculation on net operating debt cost of equity , Cost of preference capital and finally ,EVA. Thus, the proposed study make an original contribution towards literature since it is pioneering and comprehensive effort to calculate EVA & MVA of Indias valuable companies, exactly as per the methodology developed by Stern Steward & CO.(founders of EVA concept) for a long period . I t helps strategic investor, academic, researcher, portfolio managers and corporate decision maker to dig below the surface to interpret the economic realities of these big business houses. The present study defines and discusses the EVA computations & outlines the measurement of MVA. It, then, explains the research design & methodology, and presents the results with discussions, followed by summary of the findings.
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Corporate management has been placed under growing pressure to implement financial strategies that create value for its shareholders. Although maximizing shareholder wealth has become a paramount corporate mission, how this mission is to be achieved is much less certain. For many years, company executives and shareholders have relied to standard accounting measures are not reliably linked to increasing the value of a companys shares. This occurs because earnings do not reflect changes in risk factor, nor do they take account of the cost of equity capital. So, the conclusions drawn on the basis of such measures create value is to earn sufficient economic returns to its shareholders. Two measures of financial performance that account properly for all ways in which value can be added or lost are Economic Value Added (EVA) and Market Value Added (MVA).
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2.2 Objectives
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2.3 Methodology
The Study is based on secondary data and covers the period of 5 years ranging from 2005-2009. A sample of 10 steel and allied companies selected on random basis among the top steel companies. EVA techniques are used. MVA techniques are used. Further, Regression Analysis has been used to study linkages between EVA and MVA.
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The project is based only on secondary data. Data was available for 5 years only.
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TABLE 1
TABLE: 1 Year-wise EVA and EVA based ranking of sample companies for the period 2009 through 2005 (in crores) Company Names EVA ADHUNIK METALIKS AJMERA REALTY BHUSHAN STEEL ELECTROSTEEL HINDUSTAN ZINC ISMT LTD ISPAT INDS. JINDAL STEEL JSW STEEL TATA STEEL Total EVA 2009 Rank EVA 2008 Rank EVA 2007 Rank EVA 2006 Rank EVA 2005 Rank
34.32 -0.21 291.81 -15.57 -545.72 95.43 597.26 282.52 725.77 263.29 1728.88
7 8 3 9 10 6 2 4 1 5
12.38 22.59 148.31 7.16 -500.20 11.08 -33.37 453.11 260.34 164.61 546.00
6 5 4 8 10 7 9 1 2 3
2.23 13.12 142.93 -12.28 -56.30 48.42 1058.52 217.09 289.98 242.22 1945.93
8 7 5 9 10 6 1 4 2 3
2.56 11.33 155.62 0.62 16.63 31.84 327.83 155.02 -13.17 317.82 1006.10
8 7 3 9 6 5 1 4 10 2
1.04 15.68 140.18 -14.71 -40.88 34.06 -216.84 103.41 184.83 242.28 449.04
7 6 3 8 9 5 10 4 2 1
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Table 1 depicts the year-wise EVA created by sample of companies for period of 5 years and their respected ranking for the said period. It is evident from the table that in year 2009, 7 out of 10 companies reported positive EVA. The companies gained top three positions were JSW Steel, ISPAT INDS and Bhushan Steel, respectively where as Hindustan Zinc, Electro Steel and Ajmera Realty were the worst performer and got the last three position in EVA ranking. Hindustan Zinc reported negative EVA for four years except 2006. Tata Steel lost it ranking position from no1 to no5 from year 2005 to 2009.
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TABLE 2
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Table: 2 Shows the EVA based frequency Distribution of sample of companies. The highest wealth destroyer companies were 3 in year 2005and 2009. In 2006 there was only one EVA negative company. On an average about 22% of companies stated negative EVA through out the study period. Around 34% of companies generated EVA upto 100 crores, 38% succeeded into generate EVA between 100 to 499 crores, 6% hand EVA above 500 crore.
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Table 3
TABLE: 3 Year wise MVA and MVA based ranking of sample companies for the period 2009 through 2005 Company Names MVA ADHUNIK METALIKS AJMERA REALTY BHUSHAN STEEL ELECTROSTEEL HINDUSTAN ZINC ISMT LTD ISPAT INDS. JINDAL STEEL JSW STEEL TATA STEEL Total MVA -33.12 -204.18 -336.42 -834.90 4546.44 -192.50 403.41 13167.00 -3312.08 -9116.33 4087.32 2009 Rank MVA 4 6 7 8 2 5 3 1 9 10 921.80 1517.22 1019.84 101.83 10398.09 278.65 3155.12 28150.54 7968.47 28512.51 82024.06 2008 Rank MVA 8 6 7 10 3 9 5 2 4 1 56.29 2130.84 967.04 -21.80 16176.21 533.20 995.07 4821.32 2790.92 12151.62 40600.72 2007 Rank MVA 9 5 7 10 1 8 6 3 4 2 191.40 1839.86 -129.02 3.95 18677.18 1083.30 1182.10 3997.02 676.88 19938.31 47460.97 2006 Rank MVA 8 4 10 9 2 6 5 3 7 1 160.98 128.61 106.36 138.86 5105.45 105.24 542.30 1906.18 1806.93 15136.93 25137.85 (in crores) 2005 Rank 6 8 9 7 2 10 5 3 4 1
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Table 3 represent the year wise MVA and MVA-based ranking of sample companies. It is observed that wealth is destroyed in 2009 showing negative MVA around 70 % of companies were negative. Top three gainers in 2009 are Jindal Steel, Hindustan Zinc and ISPAT INDS and top three losers were Tata Steel, JSW Steel and Electro Steel. There was consistent growth in MVA which tremendously dropped in year 2008-09 to 4087.32 crore as compared to year 2007-08 from 82024.06 crore. The MVA fall in year 2008-09 was basically because of Global Meltdown and recession in the global economy which crashed the share market more than 50% globally.
Table: 4 MVA-Based frequency distribution of sample of companiesNumber of Companies Year MVA Negative 0-999 1000-2499 2500-4999 5000-9999 10000-14999 15000-19999 Above 20000 Total 2009 7 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 10 2008 0 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 10 2007 1 4 1 2 0 1 1 0 10 2006 1 3 3 1 0 0 2 0 10 2005 0 6 2 0 1 0 1 0 10 Total 9 17 8 5 2 3 4 2 50 Average 1.8 3.4 1.6 1 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 10 % 18 34 16 10 4 6 8 4 100
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Table :4 Shows the MVA based frequency Distribution of sample of companies. The highest wealth destroyer company was observed to be 7 in year 2008-09. In 2006 there was only one EVA negative company. On an average about 18% of companies stated negative EVA through out the study period. Around 34% of companies generated MVA upto 1000 crores, 30% succeeded into generate EVA between 1000 to 9999 crores, 18% hand MVA above 10000 crore.
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Year
Mean
Median
sum
Table 5:Descriptive Statics Panel A:Profile of EVA for Entire Sample Minimum Maximum Std.Deviation Skewness Kurtosis Range
2005 44.90 24.87 449.04 2006 100.61 24.23 1006.10 2007 194.59 95.67 1945.93 2008 54.60 17.48 546.00 2009 172.89 179.36 1728.88
0.74 459.12 -0.47 341.00 6.56 1114.82 2.94 953.31 1.16 1271.49
Table 5:Descriptive Statics Panel B:Profile of MVA for Entire Sample sum Minimum Maximum Std.Deviation Skewness Kurtosis Range 25137.85 105.24 15136.93 4705.53 2.60 7.06 15031.69 47460.97 -129.02 19938.31 7771.47 1.69 1.23 20067.32 40600.72 -21.80 16176.21 5600.38 1.63 1.59 16198.01 82024.06 101.83 28512.51 11147.86 1.41 0.53 28410.68 4087.32 -9116.33 13167.00 5651.94 0.95 3.19 22283.33
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Table 4 provides descriptive statics for both EVA (in Panel A) and MVA (in Panel B). Here the results have been described as measures of central tendency (Mean, Median) Measures of variability (Range, Standard deviation) and measures of shape (Kurtosis and Skewness). Panel A reveals positive mean EVA for all years but it was less in 2008 as compared to other years. It was due to huge drop of demand for steel in that year. Almost the similar behavior is exhibited by median EVA values.The minimum values are negative , ranging between Rs. -13.17 to Rs. -545.72 and maximum values being positive throughout are found to be between Rs. 242.28 and 3539.25. The value range show volatility, i.e, the difference between the smallest and the largest value. The standard deviation measures the variation of the data points from the mean value. Here, large standard deviation values of EVA in panel A indicate that data points are distant from the mean value and the mean is not representative one. It points the big difference between EVA values of best and worst performing companies in each year under study example, e.g., JSW Steel reported positive EVA worth Rs. 725.76 cr in year 2009, where as Hindustan zinc, in same year, eroded shareholder wealth and reported negative EVA worth Rs. -545.72cr . similar behavior of large standard deviation were also observed for MVA (in panel B) during the entire study period. Further skwness quantifies the extent of departure from symmetry and indicates trhe direction in which the departure takes place.
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Table 6: EVA and MVA of sample companies (Aggregates, Averages and Ranks)and their Respective Directions
(In Crores) Company Name Total ADHUNIK METALIKS AJMERA REALTY BHUSHAN STEEL ELECTROSTEEL HINDUSTAN ZINC ISMT LTD ISPAT INDS. JINDAL STEEL JSW STEEL 52.53 62.50 878.85 -34.78 -1126.47 220.83 1733.39 1211.15 1447.75 EVA Average 10.51 12.50 175.77 -6.96 -225.29 44.17 346.68 242.23 289.55 8 7 5 9 10 6 1 4 2
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Rank
(In Crores) MVA Total 1297.35 5412.35 1627.81 -612.06 54903.37 1807.88 6278.00 52042.05 9931.13 Average 259.47 1082.47 325.56 -122.41 10980.67 361.58 1255.60 10408.41 1986.23
Rank
Directions
1230.21 5675.95
246.04 1135.19
66623.04 199310.92
13324.61 39862.18
1 E+M+
Table 5 provide the aggregate as well as average values of both EVA and MVA created/eroded by sample companies during the entire study period. It also provides their ranking on the basis of EVA as well as MVA. Taking average EVA as the base, the top three wealth creating companies are ISPAT IND , JSW STEEL and TATA STEEL, where as ADHUNIK METALIKS, ELECTROSTEEL, HINDUSTAN ZINC. From the MVA perspective, TATA STEEL , HINDUSTAN ZINC and JINDAL STEEL got top three position in value creation, where as BHUSHAN STEEL, ADHUNIK METALIKS and ELECTROSTEEL have been placed in top three value destroyer list. Thus a mere 8 out of 10 companies steel most valuable companies list boasted overall EVA during the entire study period. On other hand 9 out of 10 companies reported an overall positive MVA.
Quite obviously, EVA and MVA value of sample companies dont always move in the same direction. Thus, the sample features depicting direction of EVA and MVA are presented in figure 1.
Figure 1
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It shows around 80 % of the companies have positive EVA and positive MVA (category A). And around 10% have Negative EVA and Negative MVA (category B). Conversely , around 10% have Positive EVA and Negative MVA (category C) whereas, there is no company to represent where EVA positive and MVA shows Negative value (category D).Of the above category C & D require some more explanation, that is when MVA does not follow EVA. Such difference between MVA & EVA often seperates strategic investors from the value investors & also explains why the market often react to a corpqarate announcement in a surprising way. Suppose the company has just announce lay-off of its hubdred R&D employees to improve its cash flow & firther to enhance its EVA. If the stock market feels that the employees were not doing useful, the share price will move higher.On the other hand contrary the stock would drop, If the lay-off has being taken has the managements permission about the company future prospects. Category C (E - M+): Some of the important players falling in this category are 3M India Ltd., HCL, Infosys Technologies, Satyam Computer Services
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Ltd., Tata Tea Ltd., etc. Among these, one company, i.e., Reliance Industries acquired place in the top five wealth creator list from the MVA perspective whereas, it has got third rank from bottom, when observed through the EVA angle. Possible reasons of such contradiction might be:
Companies in this category have gained the confidence of the strategic investors and hence, their stock is overpriced; Markets expect an increase in their EVA. This is based on the assumption that MVA is the present value of future EVA (Ramana, 2004); Huge asset base; and Substantial investment being made in the project which cascades not into immediate returns, but into long-term returns.
Hence, the companies in this category need to achieve a positive EVA by improving their operational efficiency and balance sheet management. Moreover, what matters more is that such companies should go for a substantial capital investment only when they are sure that they can raise their return on capital employed by upping the utilization of their existing assets or by stimulating demand for their products and services. Category D (E+M - ): In the present study, there is no company portraying a picture where EVA gives positive and MVA reports negative numbers; but in a market-driven economy, such companies may exist. Possible reasons for such a situation might be:
Companies though capable in generating wealth, may have underpriced stocks; Market expects a major fall in EVA that may be due to announcements of future investments in some projects that don't seem to be justifiable; Improper market valuation techniques; and Failure to communicate company's strategies effectively.
Actually, the market price of scrip is not a function of its fundamental strengths, but of investors perceptions that often have no quantitative basis. Ramana (2004) has given suggestions that such companies need to build confidence and awareness among investors and the market about their wealth generating abilities. To see the signaling effects on share prices,
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companies can also offer benefits like dividend declarations and bonus issue to its existing investor's base. In addition, an announcement of a hot new product or an attractive deal can also have influential effects.
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Bibliography:
* Pandey I. M. "Financial Management", Vikas publishing house New Delhi * Chandra Prasanna "Financial Management Theory and Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi Fifth Edition. * www.Valuebasedmanagement.com
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