10/7/2010 11:03:00 AM 4 main kinds of verbs 01. actiontransitive reports action that is changed to a recipient 02.

actionintransitive report action but there is no recipient 03. non action copular cop BE= is, are, am, was, were, been connect obj to compliment 04. non action copular linking =became remain, appear, smell, feel, seem(connect the subject to a description in the predicate) Main verb: expresses the action of state of being Appears to the right of all the auxillaries Furtherest verb to the right Determines the t, I, b, l, nature of the verb Auxiliaries: helping verbs, use to form the proper tense of another verb in the clause. Change tense and voice but not transitivity 3 primary auxilaries: be do have be: use for progressive tense show continuing action -used for passive voice: subject is acted upon active- goldielocks broke the chair passive- the chair was(auxbe) broken(mainv) by goldielocks 2. aux DO: asks questions when main verb is not BE ex. Do(auxdo) you live(mainv) here? -for negation -for emphasis -optional ex. I did (aux DO) walk the dog! = I walked the dog

3. Aux haveused to form the perfect tense ex. I have(aux have) already(adverb) eaten(main verb) there are other aux modalauxilaries: used in combo with the primary aux. = can, could, shall, should, will, would,may, might, must, used to, ought to what do they do for you? Express obligation and advice, abilities, conditions, permissions, possibilities, politeness Ex. You write your homework You should write your homework Be careful: BE, Do, HAVE, can also be used as the main verb in a sent. Ex. Do(main verb no aux) your homework! Ex. He has(mainverb) a huge collection of legos 4 FORMS verbs

4 forms: 1.finate:conjugated 2. infinite: =to +verb 3. present participle = ing 4. past participle= -ed(most verbs/-en(execptions bought, caught) voice=direction of the action

why do writing teachers tell you to avoid passive voice: makes your writing more wordy/cumbersome you might choose passive voice to draw attention to the recipient, or delay revealing the agent. Ex. the money was stolen by none other than the treasurer himself. or 2. Dont want to reveal the agent 3. dont know the agent (ex. mistakes were made./ may car was stolen. /That style was copied everywhere. Tenses 6 major tenses simple: present: past future perfect: present perfect past perfect future perfect +progressive perfect=12 Simple: No auxiliary Exception: Simple future takes the auxiliary well 2. perfect = aux-HAVE+ past(ed) part

3. progressive= aux be +pres part (ing) also known as continuous express ongoing action simple(no aux) perfect(have+ed/en progress (be+ing) perf(hve+bn+ing) present: she watches she has watched she is watching she has been watching

past she watched watching

she had watched she was watching she had been

future will she will watch she will have watched she will be watching will have been watching tv for 2 hrs

she

don had drunk! (not drank!) Austrailia accent is dended to look down upon (passive. Dont use!) one tends Rules of thumb: Simple present and past= NO AUXIL Simple fut=will Progressive tenses= be +ing Perfect tenses= need have + ed (if its regular)/en Perfect progressive= have+ been+ing

Participals are not conjugated! See below!

Ex. the clown wearing cowboyboots scared the children ( verb is scared not wearing)

Conjugated verb= Inflected (changes) to indicate tense, person, and number in agreement with the subject. Regular verb= Conforms the way most verbs do Add s or es to the 3rd person singular present tense Simple past and past participle take ed/d ending Ex. play Irregular verb: does not conform to the expected conjugation pattern. In English usually occurs in the past tense and/or past participle Mood: of the sentence shows speakers attitude about trughfullness, desireablity, or likely hood

Indicative mood: used to report a fact Ex. popeye eats spinach Imparitive mood: command Ex. (you) Eat! Intergoative: questions Subjunctive: speaker finds highly unlikely/untrue Also used in dependant clauses after request/demand/requirement Modals: type of aux verb Express: possibilities, abilities, obligations , conditions

Gerund: A verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Gerund phrase: A gerund with its objects, complements, and modifiers A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an ing word, and might include other modifiers and/or objects. Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects, subject complements, or objects in the sentence, e.g.: Eating ice cream on a rollercoaster can be a messy experience. subject complement is a phrase or clause that follows a linking verb (copula) and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former, a renaming noun (or sometimes a pronoun), is technically called a predicate noun or predicatenominative (or in some cases, a predicate pronoun). The latter, a describing adjective, is called a predicate adjective. In other words the predicate nominative is in a way mirroring the subject. Subject complements are used only with a class of verbs called linking verbs or copulative verbs, of which to be is the most common. Unlike object complements, subject complements are not affected by the action of the verb, and they describe or explain the subject. Examples of sentences with subject complements: The lake was a tranquil pool. "Was" is a linking verb that links the subject complement (predicate noun modified by an adjective) "tranquil pool" to the subject "lake." The lake is tranquil. "Tranquil" is a predicate adjective linked through the verb "is."[1] Direct object: A noun, pronoun, or group of words serving as the receiving end of an action, such as the ball in Tabitha hit the ball. A direct object can be a word, phrase, or clause: Sam chose Rusty to play shortstop; I will never understand why he came home. (Compareindirect object.)

Indirect object: A word or phrase in a sentence referring to the person or thing receiving theaction of a transitive verb. For example, in English, in mail the letter and call him, letter and him are direct objects. Object of preposition: In "We listened to the radio", radio is the object of the preposition to, and the prepositional object of the verb listened. It can correspond to a variety of cases and complements.

10/7/2010 11:03:00 AM

10/7/2010 11:03:00 AM