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Van Dyke: Hypersonic flow is flow past a body at high Mach number, where nonlinearity is an essential feature of the flow. Also understood, for thin bodies, that if is the thickness-to-chord ratio of the body, M is of order 1. Special Features Thin shock layer: shock is very close to the body. The thin region between the shock and the body is called the Shock Layer. Entropy Layer: Shock curvature implies that shock strength is different for different streamlines stagnation pressure and velocity gradients rotational flow
http://www.onera.fr/conferences/ramjet-scramjet-pde/images/hypersonic-funnel.gif
Altitude Typical re-entry case: Very little deceleration until Vehicle reaches denser air (Deliberately so - to avoid large fluctuations in aerodynamic loads and landing point ) Velocity
Atmosphere Troposphere: 0 < z < 10km Stratosphere: 10 < z < 50km Mesosphere: 50 < z < 80km Thermosphere: z > 80km Ionosphere 65 < 365 km NO+ NO+, O2+ NO+, O2+, O+ N + , O+ Contains ions and free electrons
60 <z < 85 km 85 <z < 140 km 140 <z < 200 km Z> 200 km
dp = " !gdz
!RT p= M
Neglect dissociation and ionization Molecular weight is constant Assume isothermal (T = constant) poor assumption
D
= " DCos!
m m m
d 2z dt d 2z dt 2
& m # $ $C S ! ! % D "
Assuming that the drag force is >> weight and that is constant because gravitational force is too weak to change the flight path much
&U # 1 )0CDS & ' gMz # !=' Loge $ exp$ ! $U ! 2 m sin( RT " % % e"
www.galleryoffluidmechanics.com/shocks/s_wt.htm
y http://www.scientificcage.com/images/photos/hpersonic_flow.jpg
Croccos Theorem:
Implies vorticity in the shock layer. Viscous Layer: Thick boundary layer, merges with shock wave to produce a merged shock-viscous layer. Coupled analysis needed. High Temperature Effects: Very large range of properties (temperature, density, pressure) in the flowfield, so that specific heats and mean molecular weight may not be constant. Low Density Flow: Most hypersonic flight (except of hypervelocity projectiles) occurs at very high altitudes Knudsen No. =
! L
Above 120 km, continuum assumption is poor. Below 60 km, mean free path is less than 1mm.
http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/x43/images/X-43HYPERX_7.jpg
r r U! n with
Shadow region:
Cp = 0
Remarks on Newtonian Theory: Poor in low speed flow. Predicts . Cl " ! 2 (1) Works well as Mach number gets large and specific heat ratio tends towards 1.0 Why? Because shock is close to surface, and velocity across the shock is very large most of the normal momentum is lost. (2) Tends to overpredict cp and cd (CD) see figure 3.11 (3) Works better in 3-D than in 2-D (4) In 3-D, works best for blunt bodies; not good for wedges, cones, wings etc.
Modified Newtonian Was proposed by Lester Lees in 1955, as a way of improving Newtonian Cp dependence on M! theory, and bringing in Mach Number and . He proposed replacing 2 with C p
max
Cp = Cpmax sin !
p pmax is the Here at the stagnation point. That is,
Cpmax
p02 " p! = 1 2 # !U ! 2
p02 p(
Then
$ $ %
+ 2)M( ! ) +1 ! "
(3.17)
2#
p02 "1 p! cp = # 2 M! 2
In the limit as
M! " !,
We get
" ! 1 .4 ,
" ! 1,
Exercise: Compute cp values for configurations shown on Figures 3.8, 3.6, 3.11 and 3.12 using Newtonian and Modified Newtonian theories. Biconvex Airfoil. y/c = 0.05 -0.2 (x/c)2
Where does freestream Mach number appear in the above? Only in the dependence of downstream pressure, density, temperature. As freestream Mach number becomes large,
$2 (# + 1) " $1 (# ! 1)
* 'U ' 2
p2
p2 p' & 2( 2 2 #& 1 # = = M' sin ) ! $ 2! p' * 'U ' 2 $ ( + 1 % " % (M ' "
Why nondimensionalize by " !U ! 2 Because p2 ~ O " !U ! 2 And it allows cancellation of Mach number Examine other relations for properties downstream of the shock freestream Mach number does not appear anywhere.
The blast wave theory argues that the sudden addition of energy to the fluid by the body is equivalent to a high explosive of energy E being exploded at time t=0. A shock wave associated with the explosion spreads away from the origin with time
x t= U!
Hypersonic Shock & Expansion Relations Why? 1. Simpler than exact expressions - for analysis 2. Key parameter is seen to be M where is the flow turning angle, for M>>1 and <<1 Oblique Shock Relations
tan $ = 2 cot " tan $ ! 2 cot # M12 # + cos 2 " + 2 M12 (" + 1) M12 sin 2 " ! 1
M12 sin 2 #
M1 >>1, small
Next
Also
$2 (# + 1) " $1 (# ! 1)
Then
T2 p2 $2 2(" ! 1)M12 sin2 # = = T1 p1 $1 (" + 1)2
4Sin 2 " Cp = ! +1
M1 >> 1
Hypersonic Shock Relations in the Limit of Large but Finite Mach number and small turning angle We define a similarity parameter
K = M1!
becomes
* ) +1 ' + ( 4
/ =
For
M1 >> 1
Also
tan'1(x ) =
# +
# =
Then
* = ) 2 ')1 =
p2 ' 1 + (( =% p1 % 1 + (( &
2( $ ( !1
Mach Number Independence Consider flow over a blunt body: Where does freestream Mach number appear in the above? Only in the dependence of downstream pressure, density, temperature. As freestream Mach number becomes large,
$2 (# + 1) " $1 (# ! 1)
* 'U ' 2
p2
p2 p' & 2( 2 2 #& 1 # = = M' sin ) ! $ 2! p' * 'U ' 2 $ ( + 1 % " % (M ' "
Why nondimensionalize by " !U ! 2 Because p2 ~ O " !U ! 2 And it allows cancellation of Mach number Examine other relations for properties downstream of the shock freestream Mach number does not appear anywhere.
This Mach number independence is also observed in experiments. Sphere drag coefficient, for example.