2815/03

ADVANCED GCE

CHEMISTRY
Environmental Chemistry
MONDAY 25 JUNE 2007

Morning
Time: 50 minutes

Additional materials:

Scientific calculator
Data Sheet for Chemistry (Inserted)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Write your name, Centre number and Candidate number in the boxes above.
Answer all the questions.
Use blue or black ink. Pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only.
Read each question carefully and make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer.
Do not write in the bar code.
Do not write outside the box bordering each page.
WRITE YOUR ANSWER TO EACH QUESTION IN THE SPACE PROVIDED.
ANSWERS WRITTEN ELSEWHERE WILL NOT BE MARKED.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

FOR EXAMINERS USE

The number of marks for each question is given in brackets [ ] at the end of
each question or part question.
Qu.
Max.
Mark
You will be awarded marks for the quality of written communication where this is
indicated in the question.
1
8
You may use a scientific calculator.
A copy of the Data Sheet for Chemistry is provided as an insert with this
2
15
question paper.
You are advised to show all the steps in any calculations.
3

11

11

TOTAL

45

This document consists of 10 printed pages, 2 blank pages and a Data Sheet for Chemistry insert.
SP (SJF4130/CG) T21313/4

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2
Answer all the questions.

The composition of solid household waste in Eire during 2001 is shown in Fig. 1.1 below.
others
21%

paper and card

22%

glass
4%

plastic
12%
metal 4%
textiles 4%

organic waste
33%
Fig. 1.1

(a) Thirty years ago plastics made up less than 2% of the waste. Suggest a reason for the
increase since then.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Solid waste may be disposed of by incineration.
(i)

Identify three constituents of waste in Fig. 1.1 that would produce carbon dioxide during
incineration.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii)

State two advantages of incineration.

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...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(iii)

Explain the importance of temperature control during incineration.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Outline the importance of dissolved oxygen in each of the following.

(i)

The support of aquatic life.

...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii)

The treatment of domestic effluent (sewage).

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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

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2

The exhaust gases from aircraft include CO2, CO, H2O, and NO.
(a) (i)

Explain the formation of CO and NO in aircraft engines.

CO .....................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
NO .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii)

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the outer shell electrons in an NO radical.

[1]
(b) Nitrogen monoxide, NO, affects the equilibrium between oxygen and ozone in the
stratosphere.
(i)

What do you understand by the term stratosphere?

...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii)

Explain the benefit to mankind of an ozone layer in the stratosphere.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii)

Using equations, outline the oxygen only model for the formation of ozone in the
stratosphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(iv)

Explain how NO in the stratosphere reacts with ozone and with oxygen.
ozone .................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
oxygen ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c)

In the troposphere, nitrogen monoxide, NO, leads to the formation of low level ozone and
photochemical smog.
(i)

Outline the role of free radicals in this process.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii)

The residence time of NO in the atmosphere is four days. Explain what is meant by the
term residence time.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]

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3

This question is about the 2:1 clay mineral bentonite, which is used for cat litter in Japan.
(a) (i)

Draw diagrams to show the shapes of the silicate and aluminate units which make up
clays.

[2]
(ii)

Draw a simple labelled diagram to show the arrangement of silicate and aluminate sheets
in a single layer of a 2:1 clay such as bentonite.

[1]
(b) In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar.
Explain, in terms of structure, why 2:1 clays such as bentonite are more effective at absorbing
water than 1:1 clays.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
Quality of Written Communication [1]
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(c) Explain how aqueous potassium ions in the soil water can be replenished from reserves in
clay when they have been used up by plants.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 11]

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4

This question is about dissolved carbon dioxide and hard water.

(a) Power stations produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. One strategy for preventing this
carbon dioxide reaching the atmosphere is to inject it deep into the oceans. The gas is more
soluble at depth.
(i)

Suggest two reasons for the increased solubility of carbon dioxide in oceans at depth.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii)

Increasing the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide at depth will increase the acidity
of the water.
Explain, with equations, why solutions of carbon dioxide are acidic.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The presence of dissolved carbon dioxide in rain can lead to the formation of temporary
hardness in some natural waters.
(i)

Explain how this happens.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii)

Explain the chemistry involved in the softening of temporary hard water by boiling.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) Using equations, explain why the presence of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the
formation of sulphate ions, SO42, in the rainwater.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 11]

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