Unit 5: Quantitative Research Design and Methodology

Lesson 1: Quantitative Research Design

Evaluate

A.

1. Mr. Araullo is a faculty member at Acacia High School, who wants to know the career preferences
of their senior high school students. He asked all the students and found out that that they have
varying career preferences according to their academic track.
- Descriptive Research Design
2. Maria wants to know whether caffeine has an effect on the concentration level of college
students. She randomly assigned her participants to two treatment conditions. One group was
given regular coffee, while the other group was given a decaffeinated coffee. She then
administered a concentration task to compare whether there is a difference between the two
groups.
- Experimental Research Design
3. Kian and his group mates are college students, who want to know if there is a relationship
between the personality type and burnout levels of healthcare workers in public hospitals around
Metro Manila. They administered questionnaires to the healthcare workers and analyzed whether
there is an association between the variables.
- Correlational Research Design

B.

1. Why is a quasi-experimental design cannot be considered as a true experiment?

- A true experiment assigns participants to either the treatment or control groups at random,
whereas a quasi-experiment allocates subjects based on non-random criteria. Therefore, a
quasi-experimental design cannot be regarded as a true experiment.
2. What is the main difference between correlational and experimental research designs?
- In an experimental design, an independent variable is manipulated and the effect on a
dependent variable is determined. Other factors are controlled such that they will have no
impact on the result. In a correlational design, variables are measured without being altered
in any way.
3. What are the similarities and differences between the different types of research under the
descriptive research design?

Survey, Demographic, and Epidemiological Research do not necessitate the development

of hypotheses from the researcher because it merely seeks basic facts on the group of
interest. Furthermore, all of these do not include the manipulation of variables or the
allocation of individuals to various conditions.

However, these three types of descriptive research design have different purpose and
uses. Survey research is used to investigate patterns in the behaviors, attitudes, traits, and
perspectives of a group of individuals representing a population by means of a survey
questionnaire. Meanwhile, demographic research is used to describe and comprehend life
events such as mortality rates, unemployment, and the household size. Epidemiological
research, on the other hand, focuses on identifying and understanding illness prevalence in
populations.
Lesson 2: Sampling Procedure for Quantitative Research

Evaluate

A.
1. What are some of the differences between probability and nonprobability sampling?
- Probability sampling includes random selection, enabling researchers to develop statistically
significant inferences about the overall population. Everyone in the target population has an
equal probability of being chosen for the sample. Non-probability sampling entails non-
random selection based on parameters, allowing researchers to acquire data more efficiently.
This strategy is more practical and efficient and convenient.
2. What are the things to consider when deciding on your sample size?
- The sample size is critical for obtaining accurate, statistically meaningful results and
effectively complete the research. To select the appropriate sample size, the researcher/s
must analyze a variety of different elements affecting your research and obtain a basic
understanding of the statistics relevant to the study, such as the design of the research study,
population size, margin of error (confidence interval, confidence level, and standard
deviation.
3. What specific example of snowball sampling could be done?
- If a study requires responses from ex-convicts, it will be challenging to find a sufficient number
of persons ready to participate. However, if the researcher could invite a few ex-convicts in
the study, they could be able to put the researcher in touch with others in their group.
B.
1. Toni is a business management student, who wants to study the different trends of the food
industry on Maginhawa Street. She listed down all the restaurants and food stores in the area
and divided them according to different categories such as a cafe, desserts, Japanese food,
Filipino food, etc. She then picked three stores per category to meet her target sample size of
60 restaurants. What sampling technique did Toni use?
- Nonprobability: Quota Sampling
2. Mr. Bautista is a sociology instructor, who is currently studying the motivators and
experiences of working students in a state university. He recruited participants who are
working students. Then, he asked them whether they know someone who can participate in
his study. What sampling technique did Mr. Bautista use?
 - Nonprobability: Snowball Sampling
3. Nadia listed the names of all her classmates in strips of paper and put them inside a box. She
is going to ask the first 20 names that she will draw out to answer a survey for her research
paper. What sampling technique did Nadia use?
- Probability: Simple Random Sampling – Manual selection

Lesson 3: Research Instruments for Quantitative Research

Evaluate

A.
1. Bianca is a preschool teacher. She doesn’t use numerical grades for her students given that the
level she is teaching involves identifying developmental milestones. Instead, she prepares a list of
actions that her students were already able to accomplish.
- Performance Measures
2. Renzo is a restaurant manager, who recently opened another branch in Quezon City. He needs to
hire new personnel for his restaurant. He designed an instrument, which measures work
indicators of prospective employees’ likelihood to succeed in their job.
- Behavioral Observation Checklist
3. Justine is a market researcher, who is currently involved in a project involving the product
development of a new brand of milk specially catered for pregnant women. She wants to know
the opinion of expectant mothers about this new product.
- Attitudinal Measures
B.
1. Can a measurement procedure be reliable but not valid? Valid but not reliable? Explain.
- A valid test is always reliable but a reliable test is not always valid. A valid measurement is
generally reliable: if a test yields correct findings, they should be reproducible. A reliable
measurement is not always valid: the findings may be reproducible, but they are not always
accurate.
2. Why is it important to establish first the objectives of a study to determine the quality of the
research instrument to be used?
- The researcher must first define the objectives or study questions that they want to address
because it is a prerequisite for building a high-quality research instrument.
3. What makes construct validity more sophisticated compared to other types of validity?
- Construct validity is the most advanced sort of validity among all the others because the
technique of acquiring construct validity entails comparing the scores of the instrument to be
examined to those of other instruments.

Lesson 3: Planning Data Collection and Analysis

Evaluate

A.
1. Lyn is a developmental psychologist who wants to study the effects of early exposure to gadgets
of children ages one to three years old. She developed a tool to note the remarkable behaviors of
her participants.
- Quantitative Observation
2. Athena uses e-commerce to sell beauty products. She wanted to know how satisfied her
customers are when it comes to the service she provides and the quality of her products. She
prefers to use an online tool where her customers can respond on their own.
- Questionnaires
3. Ella is a nutritionist who wants to find out whether a certain food supplement called SuppleBun,
which is believed to help in the weight gain of underweight children, has indeed had an effect on
the weight of children.
- Experiment

B.

1. What makes hypothesis testing an integral part of quantitative research?

- Hypothesis testing enables the researchers to assess if the data from the sample is
statistically significant. In any scientific investigation, hypothesis testing is among the most critical
phases for determining the validity and reliability of results.

2. How important is the evaluation of the data collection procedure of a study?

- Evaluating data collection procedures of a research study is vital to ensure that it is
ethical, standardized, and anticipate threats.
3. How can you determine what type of data collection method must be used in a study?
- The data collection method a researcher chooses depends on the subject matter of the
research. Factors such as the research goal, statistical significance, time frame, sample size, and
quantitative or qualitative data are to be considered when deciding for the research methodology.
You will be able to select the appropriate research approach if you have an overview of the data
that you seek at the conclusion of the research paper.