GEOLOGY Basic Petroleum Technology - BPT Discipline: Introductory and Multi-Discipline Training Level: Basic Instructors: Dr.

Kirk E. Boatright, Mr. Eric A. Foster, Mr. Ron Hinn, Mr. Scott B. Randolph, Mr. Gerry H. Ross, Dr. Helmy Sayyouh, PetroSkills Specialist, Dr. Michael I. Treesh Close

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DESIGNED FOR Secretarial, administrative, management, field support, accounting, purchasing, economics, legal, finance, human resources, drafting, land and data processing personnel, as well as investors and royalty owners Participants involved at the technical level of the industry, particularly engineers, technicians or others with mathematics background through basic calculus, should register for the Basic Petroleum Engineering Practices course.

YOU WILL LEARN Basic geology as related to oil and gas reservoirs Reservoir fluid and rock properties Basics of seismic technology Reservoir definition and development; production and recovery Unconventional gas (tight shale gas) Fundamentals of drilling, well completions and production operations Basic concepts of primary and enhanced recovery operations Surface operations Terminology of exploration and production (language of the oil field)

ABOUT THE COURSE This course presents a non-technical, practical understanding of petroleum industry technology in an interesting, effective, and efficient manner. Included are the basics of the industry from terminology through basic technology and from geology through processing of the petroleum product. Participants are placed in the position of Reservoir Engineer, and Our Reservoir is defined, analyzed and put in production. Next, drill sites are chosen. Participants are then placed in the position of Drilling/

Completion Engineer, and the drilling/completion programfor Our Well is analyzed. Participation results in greater job confidence, enthusiasm and productivity.

COURSE CONTENT Reservoir fluid properties Petroleum geology The petroleum reservoir Unconventional gas (tight shale gas) Exploration technology Drilling technology Well completion and workover Production operations Recovery Surface processing Offshore operations

Exploration and Production Process Basics: Understanding the Petroleum Industry Value Cycle EPB Discipline: Introductory and Multi-Discipline Training Level: Basic Instructors: Dr. Omar Barkat, PetroSkills Specialist, Dr. Michael I. Treesh Close

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DESIGNED FOR Newly-hired engineers and geoscientists

YOU WILL LEARN Exploration/production overview Basic petroleum geology and geophysics principles

Log interpretation basics Drilling basics Basic reservoir, production and facilities engineering Business principles governing E/P

ABOUT THE COURSE This workshop describes the petroleum value chain from prospect identification, to project commissioning and to final abandonment. Participants will leave this course with a firm understanding of the petroleum industry including, the knowledge and tools necessary to understand the relationships and dependencies across the E&P industry. The course offers a fresh look at a range of critical, inter-related topics and will be taught with the modern learner in mind. Multiple tools, such as peer-based learning, internet resources, hands-on exercises, in-depth team workshops, and group discovery sessions, will be used to ensure learning retention and recall. Participants work as members of multi-disciplinary teams using real oil-field data in interactive workshops that illustrate technology/business concepts. Each team will be accountable for the results of their interpretations in a safe, constructive learning environment. Other skills will be learned in short hands-on exercises that reinforce the lectures. Lecturers are widely-experienced oil field professionals who can share experiences from a number of technical settings and organizational approaches to give the students a broad view of the industry and its participants. The extended workshops conducted during the course include an exploration/discovery workshop, an appraisal workshop to define the static and dynamic models for a new discovery and a facilities workshop in which the students fit the facilities to their newly-defined discovery. Uncertainties, risk management, business practices and project management lessons are learned through these team events.

COURSE CONTENT Opportunity identification Elements of petroleum environment Play to prospect to field technologies Concessions and contracts Find and define an asset Appraise an opportunity Build a field development plan Facilities: gas, oil, design, construction, processing, maintenance, decommissioning Building an effective team Company/industry processes and procedures

Basic Petroleum Geology - BG Discipline: Geology Level: Basic Instructors: Mr. John F. Dillon, Dr. D. Andy Link, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Petroleum industry personnel in need of basic geological training, including engineering, geophysical, technical support, and administrative personnel YOU WILL LEARN About plate tectonics and petroleum About geological time and history The fundamentals of rock formation and deformation The essentials of various depositional environments and the reservoirs created by them The distribution of porosity and permeability in reservoirs produced in different depositional environments How rock characteristics are related to modern geological processes and applied to the ancient record About petroleum reservoir and source rocks Of petroleum origin, migration, and trapping How to correlate electric logs and recognize depositional environments on logs How to make contour maps and cross sections Elements of geophysics and exploration How geology bears directly on engineering practices

ABOUT THE COURSE What is Basic Petroleum Geology? For all practical purposes it closely resembles the freshman level course that a non-science major at a university would take to satisfy the science requirement. Presentation is oriented toward topics of interest to the petroleum industry. While high school chemistry and physics might help in understanding a very few selected topics, the course is designed for those with no technical training (and those who studiously avoided science in school). Primary objectives of the course are to broaden your geological vocabulary, explain selected geological principles and processes, and describe how certain petroleum reservoirs and source rocks are formed. If you have had a geology course at the university level and remember most of it, this course is not for you. If you have had a geology course and dont remember much of it, then consider this course for a refresher. If you are an engineer, geophysicist, petrophysicist, geotech, lawyer, or financial analyst dealing with geologists and dont understand the geological terms used in discussions and/or do not know the characteristics of a point bar, barrier island, channel-levee complex, or some other reservoir, then this course may be for you. Read on. Geology is a visual science, and there are some 700 slides presented in class. Participants receive a three-ring binder with over three hundred 8.5X11 pages with annotated copies of the slides. Also provided is the textbook, Basic

Petroleum Geology, a box of 16 common rocks and minerals, a small, pocket-size 10 power magnifier (handlens or loupe), and a number of exercises and handouts that go into the binder. Class participants from out of town should bring a suitcase with sufficient room to accommodate an extra thickness of some six inches (16cm) of class materials. To let you know what Basic Petroleum Geology covers, what follows is essentially a verbal agenda of the course. The first two days present geological materials along with fundamental geological processes and principles. We start with minerals important to the petroleum business and then move on to igneous and metamorphic rocks. Chemical stability of various kinds of igneous rocks is considered and how the stability relates to potential reservoir problems, a significant issue for reservoir and production engineers. The effect of igneous intrusions on reservoirs in the subsurface and a sequence of metamorphic rocks associated with increasing temperature and pressure are presented along with the effects on petroleum potential. After lunch on day one, we look at the rock and mineral box. Relationships between the minerals, rocks, and petroleum are examined, and participants learn how to use the 10X magnifiers. Clastic and nonclastic sedimentary rocks are of primary interest to the petroleum business. We go over the various grain sizes in clastic rocks with slides of the loose, unconsolidated sediments and the solid rock equivalents. Nonclastic rocks are classified and briefly illustrated. With porosity and permeability being the requisite properties for a reservoir, we consider the processes that affect these properties in sedimentary rocks, packing, sorting, fracturing, and diagenesis. Some of the properties are illustrated with slides of thin sections and scanning electron microscopy. Now that we know the various types of rocks (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary) and the properties needed to make a reservoir, we will put rocks into the regional context of plate tectonics. In this section we consider the interior structure of the earth, how the interior affects the surface, the differences between continental and oceanic crustal rocks, division of the Earths surface into a number of moving plates, and the different types of plate margins. We care about the plate margins because they generally control what rocks are found there and how the rocks are deformed. All this bears on where we look for petroleum. A short video of plate positions and movements over the last 750 million years and slides of various plate margins from Iceland, Africa, Asia, the US, and elsewhere support the presentation. Structure follows the session on plate tectonics, covering strike, dip, folds (anticlines and synclines), and six different kinds of faults. Slides, contour maps and seismic lines illustrate various structures. Exercises require participants to contour data to produce a structure map and locate faults on seismic lines. Time and stratigraphy come next. Relative and absolute (radiometric) times are presented along with ways to determine each. Both concepts lead to the relative and absolute geological time scales and the associated terminology. Three exercises are given to determine the relative timing of geological events as seen in cross sections. Correlation based on outcrops and well logs is presented and integrated into stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is subdivided into sessions on sequence stratigraphy (with the changes related to sea level rise and fall), lithostratigraphy and facies changes, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and the relevance and applications of each in the oil business. Exposure of the various types of rocks at the surface of the Earth leads to their weathering (breakdown) by both mechanical and chemical means. We examine agents and mechanisms of weathering, see resulting landforms and landslides from catastrophic failures of slopes, and take a quick look at some of the chemical reactions, Loss of rocks at the surface by weathering and erosion produces unconformities (breaks or missing data in the geological record). Three types of unconformity are defined and illustrated. Depending on class interest and questions, the first two days generally end on the topic of weathering. Sediments generated by weathering and erosion are ultimately delivered to basins and deposited in a variety of depositional environments. We care about and discuss these environments because this is where source rocks for petroleum and the reservoirs are created. Clastic depositional environments range from those closest to the sediment source (proximal) to those farthest from the sediment source (distal). Seven clastic environments are covered in class: alluvial fans; braided and meandering rivers; deserts; deltas; beach/barrier islands; and submarine fans. In each case, the modern environment is illustrated first, followed by examples of each environment exposed in outcrops and concluded with producing field examples.

The object here is to show what the environments look like on the ground today because that is the way they look in the subsurface. The rocks in outcrop or in cores illustrate further what the reservoirs are like and the rock properties (porosity and permeability distribution) should mimic those seen in the modern environment. Several environments are presented for nonclastic sedimentary rocks: ramp, rimmed shelf, and flat-topped shelf. Presentation follows the same format as that for clastic rocks, the modern environment, illustrations of the rocks, and producing field examples. With the reservoirs in place (we made them in the various environments of deposition), we next consider the generation of petroleum in the source rocks and migration from the source rocks into the reservoirs. And once the petroleum is in the reservoirs, we finally consider the traps into which the petroleum is localized or concentrated and from which we can extract it. In Denver there is a field trip. The object of a trip is to show various environments of deposition and reservoirs. What is seen on the surface looks the same as its equivalent in the subsurface. The field trip takes about 5.5 hours. It features a nonconformity, fractured granite, metamorphic rocks, granitic dikes, alluvial fan sediments, nonmarine and marginal marine sandstone reservoirs, an oil seep, and a visit to a government core laboratory. We return to the classroom after the field trip to cool off and for more class work. Past participants have given good reviews to the field trips. For venues where there is a field trip (Denver), you should plan to be in class until 5 PM or a bit later each day and until about 3-4 PM on Friday. At venues with no field trip, class will run to about 4:30 PM each day and to about noon on Friday. COURSE CONTENT Minerals and rocks Plate tectonics Geological times Weathering and erosion Deposition Diagenesis Reservoirs Structural geology and petroleum Origin, migration, and trapping of petroleum

Mapping Subsurface Structures - MSS Discipline: Geology Level: Foundation Instructors: Dr. Richard H. Groshong, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Development geologists and those exploring mature areas; early-career geologists and technologists who make structure maps; those who need to judge the validity of maps and cross sections

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Apply quantitative contouring techniques Recognize common contouring pitfalls Find thickness in deviated wells Use thickness maps to interpret structure Construct predictive cross sections Apply the best techniques for projecting data Map faults and integrate them into horizon maps Build a complete 3-D interpretation Recognize valid and invalid fault surfaces Interpret folds and faults from dipmeters Construct juxtaposition (Allan) diagrams for fault trap and seal analysis Map structures with multiple overlapping faults

ABOUT THE COURSE This course covers the techniques required to confidently map sub-surface structures in 3 dimensions from well data. Not just a collection of rules of thumb, this class presents the fundamental techniques used to reconstruct structures accurately and effectively in 3-D so that you will get the most out of your data. Techniques are taught in easy-tolearn forms for manual use with tracing paper, graphs, and a calculator, but the corresponding computer-mapping strategies are presented and illustrated throughout. Participants will be prepared to develop more accurate structural models of reservoirs, find new traps in old fields, extract the maximum information from exploration wells, and validate or recognize errors in existing interpretations. Experience and confidence is developed by applying the techniques in numerous practical exercises. Dr. Groshong's book, 3-D Structural Geology, is included with the course materials.

COURSE CONTENT Contouring techniques Triangulation Using dip in mapping Different measures of thickness Thickness in deviated wells

Isopach and isocore maps Dip-domain cross sections Data projection Trend and plunge of folds on tangent diagrams Composite-surface maps Fault shapes and displacement distributions Heave and throw from stratigraphic separation Stratigraphic separation from structure contour map Constructing fault-plane maps Faults on isopach maps Combining fault and horizon maps Contouring across faults Structural quality-control techniques Multiple-surface map compatibility Map validation using implied fault contours Finding faults and fault orientations with SCAT analysis of dipmeters Juxtaposition diagrams for trap and seal analysis Fault-cutoff lines in computer mapping Soft linked and hard linked faults Relay and branching fault patterns Mapping sequential cross-cutting faults

Production Geology for Other Disciplines - PGD

This course now qualifies for credit toward a Masters degree in Petroleum Technology. Learn More >

Discipline: Geology Level: Foundation Instructors: Mr. Chris F. Bird, Mr. John F. Dillon, Dr. D. Andy Link, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Production/Completion/Reservoir Engineers, financial staff, professional staff from other Disciplines and Managers, involved with reservoir management, and development/production, who might require an extensive understanding of geological data, its variability, and the effects of the data on their projects and jobs YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Understand the sources of geological data and the interpretation of that data, including maps, crosssections, electric logs, and seismic sections Recognize the relationships between paleo-environmental interpretations and the practical application of these interpretations to field development Recognize, and appreciate uncertainty in geological and geophysical data/interpretation Recognize ways in which geological data are presented for evaluation in integrated asset teams Understand and realistically evaluate geological data and interpretation Understand how geological data impacts decisions made during production of a field

ABOUT THE COURSE Geological factors bear directly on and usually control engineering activities such as drilling, logging, testing, completion, development, production, as well as financial decisions associated with field development. This Course assumes the participant has had either a Basic Petroleum Geology Course, Geological coursework in University, or work experience that has offered some Geologic background. The course provides a minimal review of geological principles and environments of deposition, but the focus is on the practical impact of geological models and uncertainty on reservoir appraisal and development. Without a common understanding between geologists and engineers, there can be no real interdisciplinary communication or teamwork in reservoir development and production activities. Engineering, financial, and geological coordination and understanding are the objectives of this course.

COURSE CONTENT As applies to Production/Development Correlation and stratigraphy Structural geology Seismology Clastic/carbonate geology Reservoir geology Reservoir characterization and modeling Volumetrics Well planning Reservoir appraisal Field development Uncertainty Analysis

Sandstone Reservoirs - SR Discipline: Geology Level: Foundation Instructors: Dr. Bryan T. Cronin, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, reservoir and production engineers, exploration-production managers, all team members involved in reservoir characterization, technicians working with clastic reservoirs. The course provides a refresher in new concepts in this field for geoscientists at a foundation level.

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Interpret clastic depositional environments using data from cores, cuttings and wireline logs (including FMI) Apply new sequence stratigraphic concepts to clastic reservoirs Correlate wells using knowledge of depositional environment Predict reservoir size, shape, trend and quality

ABOUT THE COURSE This course is essential for geoscientists and engineers involved in the exploration and development of clastic reservoirs. It focuses on methods that can be used to improve the prediction of reservoir size, shape, trend and quality through detailed analysis of depositional environments. The sedimentary characteristics of each of the principal clastic depositional systems are presented in detail, using examples from recent environments, outcrops, cores, wireline logs and test/production data from oil and gas fields in various parts of the world (United States, North Sea/Atlantic, Africa, Middle East, Far East etc). Practical exercises are taken from each of the principal depositional settings and involve detailed mapping, interpretation of core and log characteristics, and integration of data from FMI logs. Emphasis is placed on the application of fundamental sedimentary principles (modern, ancient and subsurface) to actual subsurface data so that the participants can immediately use the information in their exploration and development activities.

COURSE CONTENT

Genetic stratigraphic analysis Depositional architecture Basins and units Wireline logs and conventional cores Seismic and sequence stratigraphy Recognition of depositional systems Process-response facies models Integrated genetic stratigraphy Analysis of clastic depositional systems Alluvial fan Fluvial Eolian Deltaic Shoreline Shelf Deep-water systems Incised sequences Shelf margins and linked downslope systems Characteristic log patterns Flow units Prediction of reservoir size, shape, trend, quality How to select optimum well locations Lateral continuity and quality of seals Sedimentary controls on porosity, permeability, saturation Reservoir exploration and production case histories

Carbonate Reservoirs - PCR Discipline: Geology Level: Foundation Instructors: Dr. Clyde H. Moore, PetroSkills Specialist, Dr. William J. Wade Close

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DESIGNED FOR Exploration and development geologists, exploration and development managers and geophysicists. Engineers with some geologic background will benefit.

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Recognize basic characteristics of the carbonate depositional system important to carbonate reservoir development Understand how sequence stratigraphy can be applied to carbonates and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems Understand the geologic and engineering characteristics of carbonate pore systems Recognize the nature of carbonate porosity modification by diagenesis and the role of sea level and climate in porosity modification and gross reservoir heterogeneity Develop viable exploration and exploitation strategies In a carbonate terrain by working with actual subsurface data sets

ABOUT THE COURSE This rigorous workshop is a must for geologists, geophysicists, exploration and production managers and engineers dealing with exploration for and exploitation of carbonate reservoirs. The course starts with a comprehensive overview of the basic characteristics of the carbonate depositional system important to carbonate reservoir development. The application of sequence stratigraphic concepts to carbonates as a predictive tool in exploration for and modeling of carbonate reservoirs will be stressed. The engineering and geologic aspects of carbonate pore systems will be explored. A geologic-based porosity classification useful in exploration will be developed and contrasted with an engineering-based porosity classification useful for detailed reservoir characterization and reservoir simulation. Carbonate porosity modification and evolution will be discussed in a sea level driven sequence stratigraphic framework. Problems of reservoir heterogeneity and carbonate reservoir modeling will be discussed. Case histories from around the world will be utilized throughout to illustrate important concepts. A major component of the workshop is a series of practical exercises utilizing actual subsurface data sets that include geophysical logs, core data, biostratigraphic data and seismic. These exercises will give the participant hands on experience in developing viable exploration and exploitation strategies for carbonate terrains. A new book entitled Carbonate Reservoirs was prepared by Dr. Moore specifically for this course and was published by Elsevier International, Amsterdam in 2001. A CD in which all book illustrations are available in color on the CD accompanies the book. This book and the companion CD will be furnished to all course participants and will be the main reference resource for the course. Current journal articles will be referenced where appropriate. The course syllabus will key the discussions to the appropriate sections of the book and contain miniatures of the illustrations used in the presentation with adequate space for notes. These miniatures will be keyed to the appropriate color illustrations in the CD. All presentations will be electronic.

COURSE CONTENT

The basic nature of carbonate sediments and sedimentation The efficiency of the carbonate factory and its influence on cyclicity and platform development Carbonate platform types Carbonate facies models Basic concepts of sequence stratigraphy including eustasy, relative sea level, accommodation model, and sequence stratigraphy as a predictive tool Relationship of stratigraphic patterns to changes in subsidence rates as driven by regional and earth scale tectonic processes Sequence stratigraphic models including the ramp, the rimmed shelf, the escarpment margin, the isolated platform and the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic shelf The characteristics of carbonate pore systems and their geologic and engineering classifications including petrophysics and rock fabric Sea level, diagenesis, porosity evolution and its distribution at the time of burial The fate of early formed porosity during burial in a hydrotectonic framework Carbonate reservoir modeling Case histories from the Americas, Africa, Europe and Asia Exercises from the US and Europe based on actual data sets Exploration and exploitation strategies in carbonate terrains

Petroleum Geochemistry: Tools for Effective Exploration and Development - MGT Discipline: Geology Level: Foundation Instructors: Dr. Colin George Barker, Dr. Mark A. McCaffrey, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Development and exploration geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, petroleum engineers, managers, and technical personnel

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Quantify charge risk during exploration by: identifying petroleum systems, predicting regional variations in organic facies; predicting source maturity, petroleum volumes, gas/oil ratios, and risk of oil degradation Model source rock maturity and timing as key factors in the petroleum system Integrate geochemical, geological, and engineering data to optimize field development by characterizing reservoir compartments, allocating commingled production, identifying completion problems and monitoring water flood progress Recognize pitfalls in geochemical interpretations

ABOUT THE COURSE Geochemistry can solve a wide range of problems during petroleum exploration, development, field production, and field decommissioning. Participants learn basic concepts of generation, migration, accumulation, petroleum composition, and how to dramatically improve exploration success. Participants will learn to use tools such as geochemical logs, vitrinite reflectance, pyrolysis, organic facies variations, biomarkers, quantities generated and expelled, and distribution of source rock maturities. Quantitative computer modeling techniques provides information about the timing and efficiency of generation and migration. The course stresses the integration of geochemical data with geological and engineering information to identify reservoir compartments, allocate commingled production, and monitor flooding. Geochemical applications are illustrated with numerous worldwide case studies. No previous background in geochemistry is needed.

COURSE CONTENT Source rock quality, maturity, and potential Migration efficiency and direction Maturation and degradation Correlation: oil-to-oil, oil-to-source rock, gases Temperature, time and quantitative modeling of maturity for systems with unconformities, changing gradients, and faulting Reservoir continuity, lateral and vertical changes in gravity and viscosity, contributions from discrete zones Worldwide exploration and production case studies Project planning using actual problems

Structural Styles in Petroleum Exploration - ST

Discipline: Geology Level: Foundation Instructors: Dr. James W. Granath, Dr. Richard H. Groshong, PetroSkills Specialist

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DESIGNED FOR Exploration geologists, geophysicists, engineers, and geoscience managers YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Recognize all the different hydrocarbon-bearing structural styles in map and cross-section Distinguish the characteristics of each structural style on seismic reflection profiles Recognize the arrangement of structural styles and traps within structural families Apply mechanical-stratigraphic concepts to understand and predict trap geometry Use restoration and balance to validate an interpretation and show the structural evolution

ABOUT THE COURSE Even with the best of data, the correct interpretation of a subsurface structure usually requires recognition of the fundamental characteristics of the assemblage in which it occurs and the range of trap styles to be expected. This course provides an overview of all hydrocarbon-bearing structural assemblages and their associated trap types. The processes that produce the structures and control their styles are interpreted in terms of basic rock-mechanical principles. Classic outcrops, physical models, 2-D and 3-D seismic, and mature-field log-based interpretations from around the world provide analog examples for practical interpretation. Participants will learn the major structural trap geometries and the structural concepts for predicting the geometry where data are absent, misleading, or conflicting. The principles of section balancing and restoration are covered as tools for validating interpretations and for documenting structural evolution. Practical interpretation skills are developed in numerous exercises, most of which use seismic data. COURSE CONTENT Comparative structural geology Structural families and styles Mechanical principles governing fold and fault geometry Predicting structure from stratigraphy Folding vs. faulting Palinspastic restoration of cross sections Structural validation criteria

Sequential restoration and growth history Regional arches and domes Compaction and substratal solution Wrench faults: simple, convergent, and divergent Conjugate and domino-style strike-slip regimes Thin-skinned fold-thrust belts Fault-related folds Duplexes Basement-involved contraction Vertical and rotational block uplifts Inversion: dip-slip to strike-slip Thin-skinned extension Basement-involved extension Half-graben and full graben rift systems Domino-style extension Diapirs Salt sheets Roho and counter-regional pseudoextensional fault systems Plate-tectonic habitats of structural assemblages Tectonic synthesis and exploration project

Sequence Stratigraphy: An Applied Workshop - SQS

Discipline: Geology Level: Foundation Instructors: Dr. Clyde H. Moore, PetroSkills Specialist, Dr. William J. Wade Close

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DESIGNED FOR Geologists, geophysicists, biostratigraphers and engineers (with some knowledge of geology) needing a fundamental understanding of the principles and applications of sequence stratigraphy. YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Identify stratigraphic sequences Interpret seismic reflection geometries Relate sequence stratigraphy to basin architecture, relative sea levels and history Build predictive stratigraphic model

ABOUT THE COURSE Sequence stratigraphy, based on sedimentary response to changes in relative sea level gives the explorationist and the development geoscientist a powerful new predictive tool for regional basin analysis, shelf to basin correlation and reservoir heterogeneity. Perhaps most importantly, sequence stratigraphy gives the geoscientist a superior framework for the integration of geologic, geophysical and engineering data and expertise. We will develop the basic concepts of sequence stratigraphy such as the integration of eustasy and tectonic subsidence which gives rise to the basic cycle hierarchy that can be observed in the geologic record. Using these basic concepts we will build a general predictive stratigraphic model emphasizing the petroleum system and particularly stressing shelf to basin correlation. The particular strength of this seminar is the application of these basic principles to actual subsurface data sets gathered into a series of well-founded exercises. In recent courses the data sets included Miocene delta complexes in Venezuela Cretaceous incised valleys in the US, Paleozoic mixed carbonate clastic basin floor fans and low stand prograding complexes in the US and Jurassic basin floor and slope fans in France.

COURSE CONTENT Historical framework Seismic geometries Unconformities Relative sea level Eustasy Parasequences and their stacking patterns Parasequences as a correlation tool Relationship of stratigraphic patterns to changes in subsidence rates as driven by regional and earth scale tectonic processes Cycle hierarchy World-wide cycle chart and its application The sequence stratigraphic model

LST sequence boundaries, diagenesis related to unconformities, incised valleys, slope fans, basin floor fans and prograding complexes illustrated by slide presentation and individual exercises TST incised valley fill, two phase sedimentation pattern, source rock and reservoir seal illustrated by slide presentation and individual exercises HST alluvial, deltaic, shoreline complexes and shelf sands illustrated by slide presentation and individual exercises Exploration and production scaled case histories and strategies

Operations Geology - OG Discipline: Geology; Petrophysics Level: Intermediate Instructors: Mr. E. John Keasberry, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR All geoscientists, petroleum engineers, well engineers and technical personnel who in the course of their career will attend or direct subsurface and wellsite operations

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Plan and prepare for a drilling location and for geological services Identify drilling operations and geological drilling hazards Understand and apply logging services Understand well testing services Evaluate drilling reports Describe drilling cuttings and cores

Evaluate the impact on the field development plan Prepare and compile operations reports

ABOUT THE COURSE At the end of the integrated course participants will be able to contribute effectively to the preparation of planned wells and their concurrent operations during the exploration, appraisal and development phase. As geoscientists, petroleum engineers, well engineers and production technologists are increasingly assembled in asset, project or operational teams they must not only understand each other in technical matters, but should also contribute to each others efforts in these aspects: a driller should know why it is important to cut a core or log a particular interval despite potential drilling problems and geoscientists should understand drilling operations and their inherent hazards and problems. All should be able to understand and prepare daily drilling reports with a full appreciation of the various subjects. Cuttings, cores, logs and well tests should be analyzed, cross-correlated and compiled to mesh with prognoses and existing data to effectively manage the impact on the field development plan. Correct procedures in tendering and contracting should be followed to minimize the duration of the operations and to maximize the quality of the operations services provided. Understanding of all operations should greatly improve the effectiveness of the Operations Geologist.

COURSE CONTENT Petroleum geology and its systems Operations geology: prospect to well planning, provision of geological services Wellsite geology: geological sampling, sample analysis and well stratigraphy, cutting and core description Structural geology: fractures, faults, borehole geology Drilling Operations: bits, fluids, casing and cement, drilling problems and well control, directional drilling, geosteering Logging operations: acquisition, tools, quick look interpretation, MWD/LWD, geosteering Well testing & fluids: reservoir properties, rock and fluid interaction, permeability, averaging, data gathering and interpretation Impact on FDP: case histories Tendering and contracting Reporting: geological data, petrophysical data, pressure data Exercises: cores, cuttings, quick look, pressures, daily drilling report

Note: A basic knowledge of geology and/or petroleum geology is advisable if not required to fully appreciate the course contents

Development Geology - DG

Discipline: Geology Level: Intermediate Instructors: Mr. Andrew S. Harper, Dr. Howard D. Johnson, Dr. John S. Sneider, PetroSkills Specialist

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DESIGNED FOR Reservoir, development and exploration geologists; geophysicists; petrophysicists; log analysts; petroleum engineers; and experienced technicians

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Select optimum drillsites for field development Use log and rock data to identify reservoir rock, non-reservoir rock and pay Determine fluid distribution in a field and identify reservoir compartments Estimate field reserves through the life of a field Characterize carbonate and clastic rocks by productivity Construct geologic reservoir models Determine field drive mechanism Apply seismic analysis to reservoir development Determine which depositional characteristics impact reservoir behavior and use this information to optimize development Compile a development plan Use economic techniques to evaluate different development plans

ABOUT THE COURSE Knowing the controls on reservoir pore space distribution is critical to the appraisal, development, and efficient management of reservoirs. Participants learn, through hands-on exercises, to compile a development plan for a field that emphasizes optimal recovery. Emphasis is placed on the selection of rock, log and test data to distinguish reservoir and non-reservoir rocks, and to determine the lower limit of pay. Structural, stratigraphic, deposition and diagenetic concepts are used to locate drillsites and describe reservoirs. The input required to construct a geologic reservoir models is reviewed. Participants learn the importance of modifying development plans as a field becomes more mature and more data is available. Techniques for mature field rejuvenation are discussed, and case histories are used to illustrate successful application of various techniques.

COURSE CONTENT Geologic characteristics that impact field development Appraisal: Determining recoverable hydrocarbons Reservoir fluid properties and saturation Influence of capillarity on hydrocarbon distribution and fluid contacts Reserve and resource evaluation Volumetric reserve estimation and calculation Stratigraphic influence on field production Depositional and digenetic controls on reservoir rock, barriers, and hydrocarbon distribution Describing reservoir rock to understand reservoir behavior in carbonate and clastic rocks Determining if hydrocarbons can be recovered from in a given field, what is pay? The impact of drive mechanism: aquifer characterization, distribution, and mapping Seismic applications in appraisal and development Development drilling: How to optimize hydrocarbon recovery Economic impact on field development Subdividing the reservoir into working units Reservoir pore space configurations and mapping Building a static reservoir model using deterministic and stochastic techniques Key factors affecting the development of Fractured Reservoirs Steps in building a geologic reservoir model Impact on barriers on field development Secondary and tertiary field development Rejuvenating mature and marginal fields

Prospect and Play Assessment - PPA

Discipline: Geology Level: Intermediate Instructors: Mr. Erich Ramon Ramp, PetroSkills Specialist, Dr. Michael I. Treesh Close

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WHO SHOULD ATTEND All exploration team members and leaders including geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, analysts, reservoir engineers, economists, planners and managers who make business decisions based upon exploration data

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Calculate geological risk and uncertainty in exploration prospects Determine prospect volumes Assess reserve distribution in a play Predict the number and estimated sizes of future fields Describe/calibrate risks associated with finding a successful play

ABOUT THE COURSE Exploration professionals and managers must manage their time and resources carefully in the modern business world. Key to this management process is a full understanding of exploratory opportunities and their potential impact on the organization. Assessment of plays and prospects is an important tool in managing financial and human resources. This fully revised and updated course evolved from an approach created through the work of Dave White into a fully modern approach to defining prospect and play volumetrics, the uncertainties in defining these volumes and the risk that the accumulation exists. It is a practical course, easy to adapt directly in the workplace. During the course, students learn evaluation techniques applicable in any assessment scheme that an organization might use. The course evaluates other published approaches and contrasts them with the recommended procedures allowing the participants to choose the very best approach to resource evaluation. It is significant to note that this course offers the industry the only quantitative play assessment procedure that is repeatable from play to play and offers measures of the play prospectiveness (size and number of future fields); no other published play assessment offers anything more than qualitative judgments. Important techniques to sum multiple prospective zones and adjacent prospects are developed. The course objectives are: (1) to provide knowledge and unique tools for practical, systematic, predrill assessment of potentially recoverable oil and gas; (2) to use the best available methods, trap volumetrics and hydrocarbon charge for prospects, and potential numbers and sizes of prospects for plays; (3) to quantify all geologic risks and uncertainties using hand calculations; and, (4) to provide insights for managers and reviewers in evaluating assessments, avoiding pitfalls, high-grading exploration opportunities, and planning selectively for the future. It focuses on the exploration concepts and models that are essential to effective assessments. The concepts and techniques learned in the course are applied to real industry examples in exercises and workshops. The unique tools include comprehensive assessment forms for prospects and plays, and graphs, data tables, and guidelines for making all assessment decisions. These tools help participants estimate risks and success ratios, fieldsize distributions, field and prospect densities, trap geometry corrections, multiple reservoir factors, porosities, permeabilities, saturations, formation volume factors, gas/oil ratios, formation temperatures, oil and gas recovery efficiencies, API gravities, gas gravities, NGL ratios, and oil and gas yields from source rocks. The forms and procedures are easily adaptable for internal usage in any oil and gas organization adoption of a consistent assessment

scheme will allow for equitable comparisons of opportunities across the company and can serve as a basis for benchmarking company exploration performance. All factors can be handled in either metric or English units. Calculations are simple, but participants will find a basic scientific hand calculator helpful.

COURSE PROFILE The table below summarizes the course and illustrates the focus of the course. Included in this profile are the skills learned in the course, level of the skills learned, number of examples, time committed to exercises, case histories demonstrated and number of PowerPoint slides shown by topic.
Topic Skill Learned Skill Level Lecture Exercise Case PowerPoint Exercises Hours Hours Histories Slides 6 Defining Plays, Prospects, Leads Recognize a play as a group of prospects or leads sharing common controls (petroleum system) Petroleum Basin Formation, Dynamics Regional Geological Principles Techniques Basin Analysis Principles, Techniques Distinguish and characterize plays by controlling parameters - geologic setting, economics, water depth, etc. Fault and Fracture Characterization Trap Analysis Risk Analysis-Prospects Geostatistical Approaches Establish risk and uncertainty measures and to Risk Assessment understand geological controls on distributions and their shapes through multiple simulation techniques Risk Analysis-Plays Principles of Geological Risk and Uncertainty Calculate dependant (play-wide) risk factors that may prevent play success Volumetrics - Prospects Volumetrics - Plays Prospect Volume Calculation Predict number and size distribution of prospects in a play. Choose representative prospect(s) in which to test the play. Basic/Skilled Basic/Skilled Basic/Skilled 3 3 5 68

Introduction

Awareness/Basic Awareness/Basic Awareness/Basic Basic/Skilled

Awareness/Basic Awareness/Basic 3 1 2 0 3 0 3 2 16 8 Basic/Skilled

Principles of Geological Risk and Uncertainty Basic/Skilled

Basic/Skilled Basic/Skilled

37

3 2

3 2

5 2

6 5

66 22

Hydrocarbon Charge Assessment Principles of Organic and Inorganic Geochemistry Source-rock Deposition, Characterization Hydrocarbon Generation, Expulsion, Migration Review of Industry Techniques of Prospect and Play Assessment Prospect Assessment Workshop Play Assessment Workshop Business Aspects of Prospecting Prospects and Play NOT DEFINED Awareness/Basic Awareness/Basic Awareness/Basic Awareness

12

25

NOT DEFINED NOT DEFINED Structuring and Proposing and Oil and Gas Deal NOT DEFINED

Skilled Skilled Basic

0 0 2 1

1 1 0 0

4 4 0 0

0 0 4 6

12 13 12 22

Perspectives

Totals*

19

16

313

* Note: Time may total more than the 35 hours of class time because some skills are learned contemporaneously

COURSE APPROACH Instructors should be responsive to the needs of the students, our customers/clients; this is reflected in the course content and the delivery. Practical business aspects are the primary focus of the course. During the week, participants find this time spent together valuable learning experience and exchange of knowledge. A common theme is to reconsider the participant's identity. For example, rather than considering himself a geologist, I hope to point out to the student that he is actually a business man who uses his geological skills to solve business problems. This perspective allows the participant to return to work with a renewed commitment to the organization and a set of tools to make decisions within the context of solving a business problem not just accomplishing a detailed technical task or interpretation. This will allow the geologist (or geophysicist, or engineer, or petrophysicist) to finally understand the level of detail necessary to solve the problem. She will then understand that a 60% solution is adequate - saving two months over evolving a 90% solution that was the expected standard. A second key approach is to allow the students input into course content. Each course starts with an exercise called "Expectations". This exercise allows the students to list their expectations for the week that are used to focus the course to their desires. At the end of each learning section, a form allows the students to categorize their learning. Topics include: Major lessons Principles and theories considered Major capabilities Organizational and personal strategies to exploit capabilities Major limitations Organizational and personal strategies to avoid limitations Business implications Questions for instructor

COURSE CONTENT

Geological controls of oil and gas occurrence: Their impact on exploration risk and success Review of common assessment methods: Selection of the most practical approach Applications of volumetric prospect assessments: Techniques, comparative data, and graphs to estimate input
factors, such as trap volume, porosity, net/gross saturation, hydrocarbon fill fraction, formation volume factors, and recovery efficiencies techniques

Probability methods: The expression of uncertainty for input factors and results including Monte Carlo Risk analysis: Principles and practice Hydrocarbon charge assessment: Procedures for estimating possible amounts of oil and gas generated,
migrated, and trapped in prospects

 Prospect assessment workshop: Projects supplied either by the instructor or by participants, worked by teams
and reported to the entire group

Play assessment techniques: Estimating the possible numbers, sizes, and associated risks for potential fields,
with useful data on field densities, field-size distributions, oil versus gas relationships, and dependent versus independent risks favorable areas with minimal geologic risks reported to the entire group

Play recognition and mapping: Play classification and subdivision, and play maps that high-grade the most Play assessment workshop: Projects supplied either by the instructor or by participants, worked by teams and Aggregation of assessment results: Summing, de-risking, and preparing for economic analysis Limitations, pitfalls, uses, and discovery concepts: The philosophy of judging and using assessment results
and the importance of basic geologic concepts

EXAMPLES The instructor of this course is willing to accept examples from your company for analysis in the class as one of the demonstration exercises. Please contact PetroSkills Training for a list of the information and support data required, as well as the necessary lead time.

Basin Analysis Workshop: An Integrated Approach - BA

Discipline: Geology Level: Intermediate Instructors: Dr. John D. Pigott, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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WHO SHOULD ATTEND Geoscientists who require a practical familiarity with the application of a variety of state-of-the-art conventional and unconventional tools of hydrocarbon evaluation to sedimentary basins

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Systematically assess the evolution of a basins petroleum system criticals through space and time through a non-linear parallel approach integrating geology, geophysics, and geochemistry Deconstruct a basin through space and time and build predictive basin models useful in exploration Evaluate the geomechanical fundamentals controlling a basins burial history through tectonic subsidence analysis Determine the thermal history of a basin and its importance upon source maturity dynamics Relate organic source quantity and quality to sedimentary processes and environments Delineate migration pathways through space and time Characterize the essentials of reservoir and seal quality Construct and analyze Petroleum events chart Geovalidate the model Rank and quantify petroleum system risk deterministically and stochastically using Monte Carlo methods Construct and analyze a decision tree Classify basins for optimizing their exploration and development

ABOUT THE COURSE Basin analysis demands an integrated approach from explorationists. It can be both inappropriate, and misleading, to suggest that the tectonic-thermal-sedimentologic evolution of any one basin is an established fact, or even that all basins submit to the same simple and equivocal models. This five-day course provides the theory, methods, and practice for participants to develop and optimize their own individual basin evaluation and modeling modus operandi. Incorporated as practical problems for workshop analysis and significant group discussion are case histories from throughout the world utilizing geologic, geophysical, and geochemical data. Areas for analysis are selected from the Middle East, West Africa, the Gulf of Mexico, Mid-Continent U.S., South America, and South East Asia. In addition, students construct and interpret their own geohistory subsidence curves using BASINMOD, the industries standard computer software for basin modeling. Each participant should bring a hand calculator to class. When this course is presented as an In-house two-week format, it includes a rigorous geophysicalpetrophysical workshop for sequence stratigraphy and reservoir characterization-development geology. One personal computer is provided, at additional cost, for each two participants.

COURSE CONTENT Introduction to the Petroleum System and Petroleum System Criticals Geomechanical Fundamentals of Basin Formation Burial History Curve Tectonic Subsidence Analysis Geothermics: Steady State and Rifting Organic Geochemistry: Quantity, Quality, and Maturity Migration Pathways Reservoir-Traps-Seals and Analogs

Critical Points Basin Classification Quantifying Uncertainty, Minimizing Risk, and Making Decisions Synthesis

Deep-water Turbidite Depositional Systems and Reservoirs - DWT

Discipline: Geology Level: Intermediate Instructors: Dr. Bryan T. Cronin, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Exploration and production geologists and geophysicists, stratigraphers, reservoir engineers and petrophysicists

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Interpret turbidite depositional environments using data from cores, cuttings and wireline logs Prepare predictive facies maps Apply modern stratigraphic concepts to turbidite reservoirs Predict reservoir size, shape, trend and quality

ABOUT THE COURSE The course provides a unique opportunity to examine modern, ancient and subsurface examples of data from turbidite reservoirs. The process of iteration of data types, including analog data that was collected expressly to solve subsurface issues, will be offered to validate subsurface interpretations. The course combines review, state-ofthe-art and historical theories for turbidite and debris-flow deposition and process including many case studies of

reservoir architecture and sand-body quality and distribution, an introduction to new concepts, ideas, and methods in turbidite reservoir geology. Participants will be introduced to the limitations of conventional models for turbidite reservoirs and taught how to build enhanced predictive models using a combination of subsurface, outcrop and modern sea-floor data. Through practical exercises and discussions, participants will experience the relative importance of a broad range of subsurface data, including the merits of different wireline log data for distinguishing lithostratigraphic units. 3D seismic data from a range of locations will illustrate the quality and level of reservoir resolution possible when using modern data. Modern sea floor data from several turbidite basins will be available and participants will receive instruction on interpretation, especially where sea floor data can be used as a proxy of sand distribution in reservoirs. Criteria for identification and interpretation of injected sandstones will be discussed, including explanation of their mechanisms of formation, and the understanding of their influence on reservoir characteristics

COURSE CONTENT Review of turbidite settings, processes, models Turbidite systems at outcrop Rock analogs for the subsurface (including injected sands) Modern deep-water systems Alternative reservoir geometrics Seismic character of deep-water systems Borehole/wireline characteristics ? significance and use of various tools Correlation of reservoir units Predictive models for sand distribution Critical data input to reserve models Definition of pay

Geochemical Techniques for Solving Reservoir Management and Field Development Problems - GTS

Discipline: Geology Level: Intermediate Instructors: Dr. Mark A. McCaffrey, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Development geologists, petroleum engineers, managers, and technical personnel

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Use mud gas isotopes to identify and characterize pay zones Use the geochemistry of produced fluids (oil, gas, water) and/or core material to: identify missed pay, assess reservoir compartmentalization, allocate commingled production, identify completion problems (tubing leaks, poor cement jobs, etc.), characterize induced fractures (e.g., fracture height), monitor the progression of floods (water, gas, or steam) predict vertical and lateral variations in fluid viscosity and gravity; identify the geological processes which control fluid properties in a given field. Use certain key software packages (including, PeakView, ReserView, OilUnmixer, Excess Pressure calculations, etc.)

ABOUT THE COURSE During field development and production, numerous problems can be solved through integration of geochemical, geological, and engineering data (see bullets above). Geochemical approaches for solving these problems are appealing since: 1) They provide an independent line of evidence that can help resolve ambiguous geological or engineering data. Example: geochemical data can reveal whether small differences in reservoir pressure reflect the presence of a barrier between the sampling points. 2) They are far less expensive than engineering alternatives. Example: geochemical allocation of commingled production costs only 1-5% as much as production logging. 3) They have applicability where other approaches do not. Example: geochemical allocation of commingled production can be performed on highly-deviated or horizontal wells and on wells with electrical submersible pumps - well types not amenable to production logging. This course explains how geochemistry complements other reservoir management tools. Case studies and exercises illustrate key points. Computer-based exercises illustrate the utility of certain key software packages. Sampling pitfalls and sources of contamination are discussed. The course will NOT cover PVT (Pressure-VolumeTemperature) relationships or equation of state calculation One personal computer is provided, at additional cost, for each two participants.

COURSE CONTENT Using fluid compositions as "natural tracers" for tracking fluid movement and compartmentalization Understanding processes that cause compositional differences between fluids (e.g., differences in source facies, source maturity, biodegradation, water washing, evaporative fractionation, etc.) Integrating geochemical, geological, and engineering data to identify missed pay, characterize reservoir compartmentalization, allocate commingled production, identify well completion problems, predict fluid viscosity/gravity, and monitor floods

Basics of oil, water, gas and mud gas compositional analyses

Analysis of Structural Traps in Extensional Settings - ESS

Discipline: Geology Level: Intermediate Instructors: Dr. James W. Granath, Dr. Charles (Chuck) F. Kluth, Dr. Catalina M. Luneburg, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Exploration and development geologists, geophysicists, engineers, and managers responsible for the interpretation and drilling of extensional structures

YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Distinguish the characteristics of extensional and transtensional deformation for both basement-involved and thin-skinned styles Apply mechanical-stratigraphic principles governing the formation and evolution of extensional structures and apply restoration and balancing techniques Predict structural geometry from sparse or inconsistent data using kinematic models Recognize typical extensional and transtensional petroleum-trapping geometries

ABOUT THE COURSE Extensional structures provide some of the world's largest known oil reservoirs and remain one of the major frontier plays of the immediate future, both onshore and, particularly, in deep water offshore. 3-D seismic has revolutionized structural mapping. However, the most realistic geologic interpretation of these structures is only as good as our ability to recognize and exploit the fundamental characteristics of the forms that are possible. This course presents outcrop, subsurface, seismic sections, and model analogs that will provide the starting point for structural

interpretation in a wide range of extensional environments. Interpretations are validated by restoration and comparison to balanced models. This course covers the latest restoration techniques and the use of predictive kinematic models appropriate for rifted and other extensional and transtensional areas.

COURSE CONTENT Extensional structural styles and their plate, tectonic habitats Models for rifting and passive continental margin evolution Transtensive structures Detached and basement-involved styles Map patterns Half grabens and full grabens Footwall uplift Pre-inversion normal faults Ramp-flat and listric-fault related structures Rotated block with keystone graben style Structural validation criteria Selecting the best balancing and restoration technique Flexural-slip restoration and predication Vertical and oblique simple shear Rigid-block restoration Area-depth technique for section validation, depth to detachment, bed-length changes and fault prediction Effect of detachment-zone thickness Transition from horizontal to vertical displacement Extensional drape folds Trishear models of drape folds Sequential restoration of growth structures Fracturing in extensional structures

*Las sesiones ha realizarse tanto en Buenos Aires como en Ciudad de Mxico sern dictadas en espaol EXAMPLES The instructors of this course are happy to accept examples from your company for analysis in the class as one of the demonstration exercises. Please contact PetroSkills Training for a list of the information and support data required, as well as the necessary lead-time

Compressional and Transpressional Structural Styles - CPST

Discipline: Geology Level: Intermediate Instructors: Dr. Steven E. Boyer, PetroSkills Specialist Close

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DESIGNED FOR Geologists, geophysicists, engineers, and managers responsible for the interpretation and drilling of compressive and transpressive structures YOU WILL LEARN HOW TO Distinguish the characteristics of compressional and transpressional deformation including distinguishing thinskinned and basement-involved styles Identify the fundamental characteristics of the wrench assemblage Identify the characteristics of inversion structures Use the area-depth relationship to validate cross sections and predict sub-resolution structures Apply mechanical-stratigraphic principles to predict the formation and evolution of structures Apply restoration and balancing techniques Predict structural geometry from sparse or inconsistent data using kinematic models Recognize typical oil-field locations and geometries in compressional and transpressional structures

ABOUT THE COURSE

Compressional and transpressional structures provide some of the world's largest known hydrocarbon reservoirs and remain major frontier plays. 3-D seismic has revolutionized structural mapping, but making the most realistic geologic interpretation of these structures requires an ability to recognize and exploit the fundamental forms. This course presents outcrop, subsurface, seismic sections, and model analogs that provide structural interpretation in a wide range of compressional and transtensional environments. Interpretations are validated by restoration and by comparison to balanced models. This course covers the latest restoration techniques and the use of the predictive kinematic models for thrust-fold belts. COURSE CONTENT Compressional structural styles and their plate-tectonic habitats Wrench assemblage Transpressive structures Detached (thin-skinned) styles including forearc, backarc, collisional, and deep-water thrust-fold belts Basement-involved styles including compressional drape folds, predictive models for rotated blocks and subthrust plays Inversion Structural validation criteria Selecting the best balancing and restoration technique Flexural-slip restoration Area-depth technique for section validation, depth to detachment, bed-length changes and fault prediction Fault-bend folds Fault-tip folds Fault-propagation folds Detachment folds Buckle folds and the break-fold model Duplexes Triangle zones Growth folds Fracturing in compressional structures Summary of oil and gas fields