DALUARIU Scientific name: Acanthus ilicifolius Common names / Local names: Daguari, daluari, duluario, galura, lagiu-lagiu, takislakis,

tindoi, tinlui, tinglog (Tag.); dulauari (Pamp.); kasumba (Ilk.); titio (Bis.); holly leaved acanthus (Engl.) Constituents: Leaves alkaloids, glycosides Bark Saponin, glycosides Root Saponin, glycosides Chemical studies: 1) Tumour reducing and anticarcinogenic activity of Acanthus ilicifolius in mice B. H. Babu, B. S. Shylesh and J. Padikkala Abstract Alcoholic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius (250, 500 mg/kg b wt) was found to be effective against tumour progression and carcinogen induced skin papilloma formation in mice. The extract was found to be cytotoxic towards lung fibroblast (L-929) cells in 72 h MTT assay and the concentration required for 50% cell death was 18 g/ml. Oral administration of the extract (500 mg/kg b wt) reduced the tumour volume and administration of the same concentration increased the life span by 75% in ascites tumour (EAC cells) harbouring animals. The extract also significantly delayed the onset of dimethylbenzanthrazene DMBA/Croton oil induced skin papilloma in mice in a dose dependent manner.
(Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874101003476 in June 11, 2011) Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 79, Issue 1, February 2002, Pages 27-33

2) Chemical constituents of Acanthus ilicifolius L. and effect on osteoblastic MC3T3E1 cells Phan Van Kiem, Tran Hong Quang, Tran Thu Huong, Le Thi Hong Nhung, Nguyen Xuan Cuong, Chau Van Minh, Eun Mi Choi and Young Ho Kim Abstract A new coumaric acid derivative called acancifoliuside (1) and six known compounds as acteoside (2), isoacteoside (3), acanthaminoside (4), (+)-lyoniresinol 3a-O- -glucopyranoside (5), ()lyoniresinol (6), and -amyrin (7), were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and a comparison with the spectral data reported in the literature. The effects of the compounds on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were tested. Compounds 2, 3, and 5 (30 M) increased the growth and differentiation of osteoblasts significantly (P<0.05), indicating that A. ilicifolius leaves may help prevent osteoporosis.
(Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/jp846147221h8458/ in June 11, 2011) Archives of Pharmacal Research Volume 31, Number 7, 823-829, DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1232-

3) Lignan glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius Tripetch Kanchanapoom, Mohamed Salah Kamel, Ryoji Kasai, Kazuo Yamasaki, Chayan Picheansoonthon and Yoshikazu Hiraga

Abstract From the aerial part of Acanthus ilicifolius, two lignan glucosides, (+)-lyoniresinol 3a-[2-(3,5dimethoxy-4-hydroxy)-benzoyl]-O- -glucopyranoside, and dihydroxymethyl-bis(3,5-dimethoxy4-hydroxyphenyl) tetrahydrofuran-9(or 9 )-O- -glucopyranoside have been isolated, together with eight known compounds. The structural elucidations were based on the analyses of physical and spectroscopic data.
(Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942200003629 in June 11, 2011) Phytochemistry Volume 56, Issue 4, February 2001, Pages 369-372

Pharmacological studies: 1) Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. - Lesser Known Medicinal Plants with Significant Pharmacological Activities Amritpal Singh, Sanjiv Duggal, Ashish Suttee Abstract Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. (Acanthaceae) is relatively lesser-known, yet important medicinal plant of Herbal Materia Medica. The plant is used in traditional systems of medicine, including Traditional Indian Medicine (TIM) or Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The plant is reported to contain phytochemicals including alkaloid and wide range of glucosides (lignan and phenylethanoid). In traditional medicine, the plant is used in the treatment of diseases ranging from snake bite to skin diseases. Laboratory investigations on extracts of the plant have demonstrated significant pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-osteporotic and hepatoprotective. The review analyses traditional medicinal usage, and phyto-pharmacological investigations done on the medicinal plant.
(Retrieved from http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ebl/vol2009/iss4/1/ in June 9, 2011) Medicinal Plants with Significant Pharmacological Activities," Ethnobotanical Leaflets: Vol. 2009: Iss. 4, Article 1. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 120, Issue 1, 30 October 2008, Pages 7-12

2) Anti-inflammatory activity of Acanthus ilicifolius K.T. Mani Senthil Kumar, Bapi Gorain, Dilip K. Roy, Zothanpuia, Samir K. Samanta, Mintu Pal, Prova Biswas, Amrita Roy, Dipan Adhikari, Sanmoy Karmakar and Tuhinadri Sen Abstract Acanthus ilicifolius Linn, is a perennial herb (Acanthaceae) widely found in the Sundarban mangroves and is popularly used for its wound healing effects. In the present study an attempt was made to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the Acanthus ilicifolius leaves. The methanolic fraction of Acanthus ilicifolius leaf extract produced significant inhibition of rat paw oedema, when administered both prior to and after carrageenan administration, in a manner similar to BW755C a synthetic cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor. The extract decreased protein exudation and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal fluid, thereby indicating its effectiveness towards inhibiting peritoneal inflammation. It also produced significant inhibition of COX (1 and 2) and 5-LOX activity. Preincubation of the extract inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF and IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The methanolic fraction of the extract was also found to possess significant free radical (DPPH, ABTS, superoxide and hydroxyl radical) scavenging activity. The extract on intraperitoneal administration augmented the endogenous antioxidant status, as evident from the significant increase of ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and total peroxyl radical trapping activity of plasma (TRAP).
(Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874108004017 in June 11, 2011)

3) Antimicrobial Activity of Acanthus ilicifolius (L.) S. Bose* and Arti Bose Abstract The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic, butanolic and chloroform extracts of leaves and roots of the plant Acanthus ilicifolius ware studied. Ampicillin and clotrimazole were used as standard antibacterial and antifungal agents respectively. The result of the study revealed that the alcoholic extract and chloroform extract of leaves exhibited strong inhibitory action against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger and moderate inhibitory action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris. The rest of the extracts showed moderate activity.
(Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040886/ in June 9, 2011) Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2008 Nov-Dec; 70(6): 821823.

Uses: Leaves

Bark/ stalk/ plant

Root

              

Antimicrobial Anti-Hepatic Cancer Anti-Inflammatory / Free Radical Scavenging Activity Emollient Emollient fomentation in rheumatism and neuralgia For snake bite Used in decoction as an antiasthmatic Antioxidant Anticarcinogenic Anti-Osteporotic Hepatoprotective Treatment for skin diseases Expectorant for coughs and asthma Used in decoction as an antiasthma Used in Leucorrhea and general debility when boiled in milk

Philippine medicinal plants. Retrieved from http://www.stuartxchange.org/Diluario.html in June 11, 2011. Quisumbing, Eduardo (1978). Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: Katha Pub. Co. Inc

Lubi-lubi Scientific name: Solanum nigrum Common name / Local names: amti (Bon., If.); anti (Bon., Tag.); bolagtab, hulablub (Bis.); gamagamatisan, kamkamatisan, konti, kunti, onti (Tag.); kamatesmanuk (S. L. Bis); muti (Sul., Buk.); natang-ni-aso (Ig.); nateng (Iv.); black nightshade, deadly nightshade, garden or common nightshade (Engl.) Constituents: Leaves mydiratic alkaloid, glycosides, saponin Bark Tropeine alkaloid plant saponin, alkaloid, tannin, flavonoids Chemical studies: 1) Hepatoprotective effects of Solanum nigrum Linn extract against CCl4-iduced oxidative damage in rats Hui-Mei Lin, Hsien-Chun Tseng, Chau-Jong Wang, Jin-Jin Lin, Chia-Wen Lo and Fen-Pi Chou Abstract Solanum nigrum L. (SN) is an herbal plant that has been used as hepatoprotective and antiinflammation agent in Chinese medicine. In this study, the protective effects of water extract of SN (SNE) against liver damage were evaluated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were orally fed with SNE (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 g kg1 bw) along with administration of CCl4 (20% CCl4/corn oil; 0.5 mL kg1 bw) for 6 weeks. The results showed that the treatment of SNE significantly lowered the CCl4-induced serum levels of hepatic enzyme markers (GOT, GPT, ALP, and total bilirubin), superoxide and hydroxyl radical. The hepatic content of GSH, and activities and expressions of SOD, GST Al, and GST Mu that were reduced by CCl4 were brought back to control levels by the supplement of SNE. Liver histopathology showed that SNE reduced the incidence of liver lesions including hepatic cells cloudy swelling, lymphocytes infiltration, hepatic necrosis, and fibrous connective tissue proliferation induced by CCl4 in rats. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that SNE could protect liver against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats, and this hepatoprotective effect might be contributed to its modulation on detoxification enzymes and its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects.
(Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009279707002621 in June 11, 2011) Chemico-Biological Interactions Volume 171, Issue 3, 15 February 2008, Pages 283-293

2) Antiulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum (L.) on experimental ulcer models: Possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation Mallika Jainu and Chennam Srinivasulu Shyamala Devi

Abstract Solanum nigrum, an herbal plant which is recommended in ayurveda for the management of gastric ulcers. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the antiulcer effect of Solanum nigrum fruits extract (SNE) on cold restraint stress (CRU), indomethacin (IND), pyloric ligation (PL) and ethanol (EtOH) induced gastric ulcer models and ulcer healing activity on acetic acid induced ulcer model in rats. The treatment with SNE at higher dose significantly inhibited the gastric lesions induced by CRU (76.6%), IND (73.8%), PL (80.1%) and EtOH (70.6%), respectively, with equal or higher potency than omeprazole. SNE showed concomitant attenuation of gastric secretory volume, acidity and pepsin secretion in ulcerated rats. In addition, SNE (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.) accelerated the healing of acetic acid induced ulcers after the treatment for 7 days. Further, to ascertain the antisecretory action, the effects of SNE on H+K+ATPase activity and plasma concentration of gastrin hormone in ulcerated rats were determined. SNE significantly inhibits H+K+ATPase activity and decreases the gastrin secretion in EtOH-induced ulcer model. The severity of the reaction of ulcerogen and the reduction of ulcer size by SNE was evident by histological findings. Toxicity studies of SNE have also been carried out for its safety evaluation. SNE, thus, offers antiulcer activity by blocking acid secretion through inhibition of H+K+ATPase and decrease of gastrin secretion. These results further suggest that SNE was found to possess antiulcerogenic as well as ulcer healing properties, which might also be due to its antisecretory activity.
(Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874105005945 in June 11, 2011) Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 104, Issues 1-2, 8 March 2006, Pages 156-163

3) Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by hairy root culture of Solanum nigrum Martina Mackova, Tomas Macek, Petra Kucerova, Jir Burkhard, Jarmila Pazlarova and Katerina Demnerova Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present in the commercial mixture Delor 103 were transformed by hairy root culture of Solanum nigrum. Plant growth regulators kinetin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzylaminopurin and/or naph-thaleneacetic acid, influenced the cells' growth and transformation of PCBs in a different manner. The cells were able to transform PCBs even if they ceased growing. Young inoculum (16 days) had a 20% lower PCB conversion than did older inocula (37, 68 days) while biomass increase was much higher using young inoculum. With increasing size of inoculum, transformation of PCBs was stimulated. After 30 days of incubation the average amount of residual PCBs was 40% of the controls at initial PCB concentration of 100 ppm.
(Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/nh36210853007940/ in June 11, 2011)

Pharmacological studies: 1) Neuropharmacological activity of Solanum nigrum fruit H. Sossa M, J.A. Perez L, L.M. Garcia D and R.M. Perez G Abstract The ethanol extract of the fruit of Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) was studied for its neuropharmacological properties on experimental animals. On intraperitoneal injection, the extract significantly prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, produced alteration in the general behavior pattern, reduced exploratory behavior pattern, suppressed the aggressive behavior, affected locomotor activity and reduced spontaneous motility. The observations suggest that the fruit of S. nigrum possesses potential CNS-depressant action.
(Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874198000592 in June 11, 2011) Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 62, Issue 1, August 1998, Pages 43-48

2) Antitumor activity of crude polysaccharides isolated from Solanum nigrum Linne on U14 cervical carcinoma bearing mice Jian Li, Qingwang Li, Tao Feng, Tao Zhang, Kun Li, Rui Zhao, Zengsheng Han, and Dawei Gao Abstract Solanum nigrum Linne (SNL) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries because of its diuretic and antipyretic effects. The present study examined the effect of the crude polysaccharides isolated from Solanum nigrum Linne (SNL-P) on tumor growth. SNL-P had a significant growth inhibition effect on cervical cancer (U14) of tumor-bearing mice. Further analysis of the tumor inhibition mechanism indicated that the number of apoptotic tumor cells increased significantly, the expression of Bax increased and the expression of Bcl-2 and mutant p53 decreased dramatically in cervical cancer sections after oral administration of SNL-P for 12 days. Moreover, SNL-P treatment decreased the level of blood serum TNF- . These results indicated that the tumor growth inhibition of SNL-P administration might correlate with the reduction of TNF- level of blood serum, which resulted in a massive necrosis in tumor tissues and the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and mutant p53 gene expression, which triggered apoptosis in tumor cells. These findings demonstrated that the SNL-P is a potential antitumor agent.
(Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.2163/abstract in June 11, 2011) Phytotherapy Research Volume 21, Issue 9, pages 832840, September 2007

3) Antiulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum (L.) on experimental ulcer models: Possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation Mallika Jainu and Chennam Srinivasulu Shyamala Devi Abstract Solanum nigrum, an herbal plant which is recommended in ayurveda for the management of gastric ulcers. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the antiulcer effect of Solanum nigrum fruits extract (SNE) on cold restraint stress (CRU), indomethacin (IND), pyloric ligation (PL) and ethanol (EtOH) induced gastric ulcer models and ulcer healing activity on acetic acid induced ulcer model in rats. The treatment with SNE at higher dose significantly inhibited the gastric lesions induced by CRU (76.6%), IND (73.8%), PL (80.1%) and EtOH (70.6%), respectively, with equal or higher potency than omeprazole. SNE showed concomitant attenuation of gastric secretory volume, acidity and pepsin secretion in ulcerated rats. In addition, SNE (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.) accelerated the healing of acetic acid induced ulcers after the treatment for 7 days. Further, to ascertain the antisecretory action, the effects of SNE on H+K+ATPase activity and plasma concentration of gastrin hormone in ulcerated rats were determined. SNE significantly inhibits H+K+ATPase activity and decreases the gastrin secretion in EtOH-induced ulcer model. The severity of the reaction of ulcerogen and the reduction of ulcer size by SNE was evident by histological findings. Toxicity studies of SNE have also been carried out for its safety evaluation. SNE, thus, offers antiulcer activity by blocking acid secretion through inhibition of H+K+ATPase and decrease of gastrin secretion. These results further suggest that SNE was found to possess antiulcerogenic as well as ulcer healing properties, which might also be due to its antisecretory activity.
(Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874105005945 in June 11, 2011) Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 104, Issues 1-2, 8 March 2006, Pages 156-163

Uses: Leaves

Bark/ stalks

Root

Plant

                                   

Antiseizure Sedative & healing properties as Poultices To alleviate neuralgic pains as Alcoholate Alleviate the pain in the inflammation of kidneys and bladder in virulent gonorrhea For yaws as Lotion For rheumatic & gouty joints as Poultices Remedy in skin diseases For Dropsy For Heart diseases For Piles For gonorrhea For inflammatory swellings For chronic enlargement of liver & spleen For fevers as syrup, To promote perspiration For painful & swollen testicles To induce sleep in infants To allay pain as Poultices For wounds and cancerous sores, & as an astringent, diuretic For wounds For cancerous sores astringent Diuretic Remedy for bubonic plague For the relief of lumbago wounds and cancerous sores astringent diuretic Narcotic Antispasmodic Dilates the pupil For sore eyes, various skin diseases Native remedies for local application of anthrax pustules Healing and cleaning foul ulcers, Headaches As diuretic & emetic Internally For Malaria, black water fever & dysenteries Applied externally as a cooling agent, as a vulnerary (in the form of fomentations) & for vaginal irrigation

Philippine medicinal plants. Retrieved from http://www.stuartxchange.org/Lubi-lubi.html in June 11, 2011. Quisumbing, Eduardo (1978). Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines: Katha Pub. Co. Inc