ChemistryForm4Chapter2AtomStructure CHEMISTRYstudyofcomposition,structure,propertiesandinteractionsofmatter.

REMEMBER DEFINITIONS!

MATTERanythingthatoccupiesspaceandhasmass,madeupoftinyanddiscreteparticles. ATOMthesmallestparticleofanelementthatcanparticipateinachemicalreaction. MOLECULEgroupoftwoormoreatomschemicallybondedtogether. IONpositivelychargedornegativelychargedparticle DIFFUSIONmovementofparticlesofasubstanceinbetweentheparticlesofanother substance Fixedvol+shape Nocompress Packedcloseand ordered Strongforce betweenparticles Vibrateandrotate infixedposition Fixedvol,shapeof container Compressishard Packedclose,not ordered Forcebetween particlesweaker thansolids Vibrate,rotate, movethrough liquid,collide Nofixedvolorshape Easycompress Farapartinrandom motion Weakforcebetween particles Vibrate,rotate,move freely,morecollision

MELTINGwhensolidisheated,particlesgainkineticenergy(k.e)andvibratefaster.Astemp goesup,k.egoesupuntilovercomesforcesholdingthemtogether.Solidbecomesliquid. Temperaturewhenthishappensismeltingpoint. FREEZINGwhenliquidiscooled,particleslosek.eandvibrateslower.Whenparticlesdont haveenoughenergytomovefreely,liquidbecomessolid.Temperaturewhenthishappensis freezingpoint.

AmirFuhaira200820XX.Nakgunaboleh,nakcopymintaizin.Kalautakbolehblah.

ChemistryForm4Chapter2AtomStructure

The melting point graph

Graphtotheleftshowsheatingofsubstance X.Ata,Xissolid. Asitisheated,ab,heatenergyisabsorbed, theparticlesgaink.e.andvibratefaster,increasing temp. Atb(MoC),Xbeginstomelt,butthetempis constant,becausetheheatabsorbedisusedto overcomestrongforcestobecomeliquid.Frombc, Xissolidliquid. Atc,Xismeltedandturnedfullyliquid. Atcd,theparticlesabsorbheatasinab.

The Freezing Point Graph

GraphtotheleftshowscoolingofsubstanceX. Atd,Xisliquid. AsXcools,de,particleslosek.e,vibrate sloweranddropstemp. Ate(FoC),Xbeginstofreeze,buttemp.is constant,becauseheatlosstosurroundingsisbalanced byheatreleasedbyparticlesturningtosolid.Fromef, Xisliquidsolid. Atf,Xisfrozenandturnedfullysolid. Atfg,particlesloseheatasinde.

~The Atomic Structure~

JohnDaltonssmall,indivisibleatommodel. J.J.Thomsonspositivesphere withnegativeelectronsatommodel.

AmirFuhaira200820XX.Nakgunaboleh,nakcopymintaizin.Kalautakbolehblah.

ChemistryForm4Chapter2AtomStructure

ErnestRutherfordsatommodel.Protonsand mostofatomsmassinnucleuswithelectrons movingaroundit. NeilsBohrproposedshellsin whichelectronsmovearoundthenucleus. JamesChadwickshowedthatnucleihaveneutrons,a neutralparticle,whichisabouthalfoftheatoms mass.

Subatomic Particles
Atomshave3subatomicparticles.Inatom,noofelectrons=noofprotons. Electron Massis0.0005ofaproton. Electricalcharge=1 Proton Massis1xproton. Electricalcharge= +1 Neutron Massis1xproton. Electricalcharge=0

Proton, Nucleon Number and Element Symbol

PROTONNUMBERisthenumberofprotonsinanatom=electronnumberinatom. NUCLEONNUMBERisthenumberofprotons+neutronsinanatom.

Symbolofelements:

(whereXiselement,Aisnucleon,Zisproton)

Youcanalsodenoteelementsas(elementnucleon)Ex:Sodium23,Chlorine35,etc. AmirFuhaira200820XX.Nakgunaboleh,nakcopymintaizin.Kalautakbolehblah.

ChemistryForm4Chapter2AtomStructure

Isotopes and importance

Isotopesareatomswithsameprotonnumberanddifferentneutronnumber.Eg:Hydrogen1, Hydrogen2(Deuterium)andHydrogen3(Tritium). IsotopeUses: Cobalt60:Cancertreatmentinradiotherapy Cobalt60:Gammaraystodestroyfoodbacteria Carbon14:Carbondatingtodetermineageoffossilsandartifacts. Phosphorus32:StudyofplantmetabolismofphosphorususingP32fertilizers

[ atom electronic structure ]

Atomswithprotonnumbers120obeytheseshelllimits. Firstshell:2electrons Secondshell:8electrons Thirdshell:8electrons OutermostshellselectronnumberisValenceElectron.

AmirFuhaira200820XX.Nakgunaboleh,nakcopymintaizin.Kalautakbolehblah.