DETERMINATION OF WAVE sounds VELOCITY using kundt pipe

1.- INTRODUCTION Study of the interference pattern and resonance of acoustic waves in closed tubes. Kundt tube is a device for acoustic testing, which consists of a glass tube containing air and fine sawdust, cork inside. The vibrations are transmitted to saw dust in the air that is contained with in the tube. It is noted that when there is resonance in certain regions of the tube is a cork accumulation in some regions devoid of longitudinal vibration, these regions represent the nodes of the wave generated. Knowing the average distance between these deposits and the frequency of the wave generated, we can determine the velocity of sound in air in the tube. 2.- DEFINITION Elastic waves: We will call wave to the process by which a disturbance propagates with finite velocity from one point to another in space without producing net transport of matter. Waves occur when a periodic perturbation is applied to an elastic within the limits of elasticity of the material. In this case the system can be thought of as conservative and the disturbance propagates(no mass transport) unperturbed (without changing its shape) with a speed that depends on the environment. The disturbance can be perpendicular to the surface (longitudinal) in this case the direction of propagation of the shock coincides with that of disturbance or parallel to the surface (transverse) in this case the direction of propagation is perpendicular to the shock. Consider the environment as a long spring that he holds one end while the other is forced to make a simple harmonic motion. If after a time t the initial disturbance, we take a photo you would see that this spring would have taken the form shown in Figure 1, where we call wave length , , the minimum distance separating two points of the spring are oscillating in phase.

x (a)

DETERMINATION OF WAVE sounds VELOCITY using kundt pipe Transversal perturbation

(b)

The figure shows the bit position of the tip of the spring as a function of time. Call period, T, the time it takes the bit to return to the starting position (to make a full swing, review MAS) and frequency to the number of oscillations per second f = 1 / T. This type of wave motion in the direction of propagation is perpendicular to the direction of vibration called transversal Direction

Transverse disturbance If in stead of introducing a disturbance of this type we do is take the end of the coil spring and separate retaining all spring in a horizontal position when let go of the coils that are separated, they intend to return to its initial position and will occur disruption throughout the spring it will look like areas that come together and separate the turns on. In this case both the disruption to the progress of the same will be in the same direction, and we will have what is called a longitudinal disturbance. Longitudinal wave motion in the direction of vibration coincide and bubbling.

Direction.

Longitudinal perturbation.

DETERMINATION OF WAVE sounds VELOCITY using kundt pipe What if the spring is not very long and is tied to a fixed point? The disturbance to reach the end is reflected and a disturbance traveling in reverse. It shows this effect on a rope. By joining the two waves can occur if the amplitudes and frequencies are equal in some points of the string (or spring) is continuing to produce a vibration and in others the sum of both shocks are compensated. The photo shows that there are points that remain fixed in time, nodes, and the vibration amplitude depends on the distance to the node, being maximal for points equidistant from the nodes (or antinodes bellies).When this occurs we say that we are witnessing a wave.

Wave on a rope or rod with one end fixed. Standing waves are propagating waves, but the different modes(frequency) of vibration of a string, membrane, etc. (as seen in the experience 4). If the two ends of the string are fixed, such as in the case of a guitar string or piano at both ends must be a node. If the only set we say that string shakes in his natural state (the lowest frequency possible.) We will also have two nodes at the ends if the center is a third node, the first harmonic, or if two nodes are formed, second harmonic, etc.. Represents the oscillation patterns of several of the first harmonic or normal modes of vibration of a rope attached on both ends. The air columns can also enter vibration. Cane tubes or other hollow stem plants, were the first musical instruments. Blowing sound emitted at one end. The air in the tube went into making a sound vibration. Modern versions of these wind instruments are flutes, trumpets and clarinets, all developed so that the interpreter produces many notes in a wide range of acoustic frequencies. Several harmonics of a string of length L attached on both ends.

DETERMINATION OF WAVE sounds VELOCITY using kundt pipe In the same way that standing waves occur on a string can be produced in a tube whether it is open at both ends or closed at one. If the tube is open at both ends of the air vibrates with maximum amplitude at the ends. In next figure, represent the first three vibration modes Several harmonic tube length L. a) open at both ends: L =n / 2, n = 1, 2, 3, b) closed at one end: L = (2n +1) / 4, with n = 0,1, 2, 3 ,

(a)

(b)

3.- MATERIALS A tube with a membrane at one end and a piston in the other. Filings dry cork. A shoe with resin. A tape measure. Approximations and assumptions (to be checked): The pressure and temperature remain constant throughout the experiment. Schematic of experimental device

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DETERMINATION OF WAVE sounds VELOCITY using kundt pipe 4.- PROCEDURE AND CALCULATIONS He rubs the metal rod so as to induce an elastic disturbance if the rod is securely fastened at some point assumes that it is in two points. These points behave as nodes. Both ends of the rod are assumed to be free, what is right and the left actually is attached to a membrane so that it can be assumed not to disturb the motion of the much greater density. The speed of sound in a rod can be shown that is given by V = (E / ) where E is Young's modulus and the material density.

Membrane attached to the rod also vibrates and transmits the vibration of air column tube. Changing the length of the column of air in the tube can get it from going into resonance, to vibrate at a frequency of its own (it would behave like a tube open at one end(membrane) and closed at the other (piston). Cork filings follow the movement of air molecules. Therefore also points where the filings will remain at rest (nodes) and points where the amplitude will move more (belly) ..

DETERMINATION OF WAVE sounds VELOCITY using kundt pipe

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rubs his rod and the piston moves up the column of air into resonance. The piston should move centimeter by centimeter upstanding waves are displayed full-mind set, that is, patterns which are clearly visible from the sows and the nodes. This will happen when the distance, x, between the piston and the membrane is a whole number of half wavelengths. x = n air / 2 x is measured with the tape. Also measure the temperature to calculate the speed of sound in air, according to the expression: Vair = 331.5 {1 + [t ( C) / 273]} 1 / 2m / s

EXPERIMENTS RESULTS Velocity of sound waves in air at temperature t is determinate by the formula: V = V0 * (1 + * t) = V0 * (T / To) Where: Vo = velocity of sound in air at 0 C, = expansion coefficient of air temperature T = absolute temperature. Accepted: Vo = 331 m/s We have:

= 1/273C = 0,004 l/C =2*a

T0 = 273 K

Finally, we have the formula for the speed of sound waves in the test bar: Vx = (L/a) * V0 * ( 1 + * t)

DETERMINATION OF WAVE sounds VELOCITY using kundt pipe Wave vel (m/s) 3000 5000

Material Metal Steel

L (m) 1.60 1.60

l (m) 0.495 0.5

n 3 4

a = l/n (m) 0.165 0.125

Vmetal = ( 1.60 / 0.165) * 331 * (1 + (0.004 * 20) = 3335.60 m / s

Vsteel = ( 1.60 / 0.125) * 331 * (1 + (0.004 * 20) = 4403,01 m / s

5.- CONCLUSIONS The speeds we get are different due to reading errors in length,small changes to find the exact point to reflect the wave, the vibrations that we make are not constant ... Why wave forms at some point? We studied in this experiment a standing wave. The formation of acoustic waves depends on the frequency and length of the tube. Hence, when rubbed on a tube or other longwaves that are changing. In the closed tube, in order to form the wave, the disturbance must reach the end at the zero point to be reflected and cause adisturbance traveling in reverse. It is formed by the interference of two waves of the same naturewith the same amplitude, wavelength (or frequency) that move in opposite directions through the tube. By joining the two waves can occur if the amplitudes andfrequencies are equal at some points is continuing to produce a vibration and in others the sum of both shocks are compensated. When this occurs we say that we are witnessing a wave.