Many Y12 Exam Q's Word

1.
A floating fire tender is testing its pumps. The hose in use is being directed vertically upwards
but the water is being blown to the left by a strong sideways wind.
The scale diagram below traces the path of one water droplet in the jet.
10 m
s c a le
h
10 m
s e a le v e l
Use the scale diagram to find h1, the height above sea level of the outlet of the hose.
........................................................
Use the scale diagram to find h2, the maximum height above sea level of the droplet.
........................................................
(2)
By considering the vertical motion of the droplet and ignoring the effect of air resistance.
La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School
(i)
show that the vertical velocity of the water leaving the hose is approximately 19 m s1
..............................................
..............................................
(2)
(ii)
calculate the time taken for the droplet to reach its maximum height.
..............................................
..............................................
Time = ...................
(2)
(iii)
calculate the time taken for the droplet to fall from maximum height to sea level.
..............................................
..............................................
Time = .................
(2)
Use the scale diagram and your last two answers to determine the average horizontal velocity of
the droplet.
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
Average speed = .................
(3)
It is suggested that the wind speed is the same as the average horizontal velocity of the droplet.
Comment on the validity of this suggestion.
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
2.
A shot putter asks an A level physics student to help improve his performance. The student
sketches the diagram shown below and makes some measurements.
u
A
The shot is stationary at position A.

The shot leaves the putters hand at point B.
(angle from horizontal at which shot leaves hand) = 34.5
u (speed at which shot leaves hand) = 12.9 m s1
Show that the initial vertical component of u is about 7 m s1.
(1)
Calculate the time between the athlete releasing the shot at B and it reaching C, the highest
point in its path.
Time =
(2)
The total time of flight of the shot, from it leaving B to landing at D, is 1.71 s. Comment on this
time in relation to your previous answer.
(2)
Calculate the horizontal distance travelled by the shot between B and D.
Horizontal distance =
(2)
The shot has mass 5.00 kg. Show that the shots kinetic energy as it leaves his hand at B is
about 420J.
(1)
The acceleration of the shot from A to B takes 0.229 s. The student suggests that the average
power the shotputter is developing during the putt might be calculated as follows:
Power
= energy transferred/time taken

= 420 J/0.229 s
= 1830 W
Suggest two reasons why this figure is lower than the actual power developed.
(2)
Suggest briefly how the student might have made the measurements of u.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
3.
When the driver of a car brakes hard, as in a traffic accident, the car may skid until it comes to
rest. The thermal energy generated by friction between the tyres and the road surface melts
some of the rubber, leaving a skid mark. The police often use measurements of the skid marks
to calculate the speeds of cars involved in accidents.
In order to determine the speed of a car involved in an accident, they must first find the
frictional force between the wheels and the ground. This is done using a test car which is put
into a deliberate skid.
These are the results obtained for a test car:

Speed when brakes applied = 11.5 m s1
Stopping time = 1.68 s
Mass of car = 1400 kg
Show that the deceleration of the car is about 7 m s2. Assume that the deceleration is constant.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
Calculate the frictional force between the wheels and the ground.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Frictional force = ................................................
(2)
At the scene of a car accident the length of the skid marks is 20.0 m. The speed limit is
18 m s1. Use a suitable calculation to show why the driver should not be charged with
speeding.
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(3)
State one assumption you made in the calculation above.

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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
4.
A student stands on some bathroom scales (which read weight in newtons). At t = 1.0 s she
starts to crouch down, taking 1.0 s to do so, and then remains stationary in that position. The
graph shows how the reading R on the scales changes.
1
R/ N
. 0
. 5
. 0
. 5
. 0
. 5
t/ s
State the students weight.

Weight ......................................................
(1)
Calculate the students mass.

..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Mass = .......................................................
(2)
Figure 1 shows the student standing still on the bathroom scales in the period t = 0 s to t = 1.0 s.
R and W represent the reaction force (the reading on the scales) and the students weight
respectively.
F
i g u
r e
i g u
r e
W
Complete Figure 2 to show the values of the two forces which act on the student at t = 1.2 s.
(2)
Calculate the students acceleration at t = 1.2 s.

..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Acceleration = .....................................................
(3)
Describe the motion of the students centre of mass in terms of its velocity and acceleration
during the period 1.3 s to 2.0 s.
t = 1.3 s to t = 1.5 s:
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
t = 1.5 s to t = 2.0 s:
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
5.
The graph below shows the altitude (height above sea level) of the space shuttle during part of
its descent after re-entering the Earths atmosphere.
9
A
l t i t u
0
d
02
03
03
04
04
05
05
5
T
06 0 06
i m
e
5
/
0
s
Use the graph to show that the vertical component of the shuttles velocity at 300 s is about
1
70 m s downwards.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(3)
10
The vertical component of the shuttles velocity at 400 s is 38.0 m s downwards.

Calculate the average vertical acceleration between 300 s and 400 s and state its direction.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Acceleration = ................................................
Direction = .....................................................
(3)
The shuttle has a mass of 2.0 10 kg. Calculate the average weight of the shuttle between
300 s and 400 s.
1
(Over this range of altitudes, average gravitational field strength, g = 9.6 N kg .)
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Weight = .........................................................
(1)
Calculate the average upward vertical force on the shuttle between 300 s and 400 s.
.................................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................................
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Average upward vertical force = ....................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
11
6.
The diagram shows a stationary cable car which is used to take passengers between different
areas in a theme park.
C a b le
2 .5
2 .5
C ar
Add labelled arrows on the diagram above to show the three forces acting on the car.
(2)
The weight of the car plus passengers is 18 000 N. Calculate the tension in the cable for the car
in the diagram.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Tension = ........................................................
(3)
A display outside the cable car station gives the following information:
Maximum speed of cars
4 m s1
Number of cars
54
Mass of empty car
1250 kg
Power of motor
500 kW
The cars are moved by a continuous loop of cable pulled by a motor.

In the morning the system is started from rest, with all 54 cars being accelerated to a speed of 4
m s1.
Show that the total kinetic energy of all the empty cars is then about 500 000 J.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
12
Assuming all of the power of the motor is used to accelerate the cars, calculate how long they
will take to reach their maximum speed.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Time = ............................................................
(2)
Suggest a reason why they are likely to take longer than this to reach their maximum speed.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
7.
The skydiver in the diagram is falling with a constant velocity.
Mark and label the forces acting on the skydiver.

(2)
Discuss the forces acting on the skydiver when he is falling with constant velocity.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
13
The weight of the skydiver and parachute is about 690 N. Show that the mass of the skydiver
and parachute is about 70 kg.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
The skydiver falls 2000 m at a constant velocity. Calculate the gravitational potential energy
lost during this process.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Gravitational potential energy lost = ...............................................................
(2)
A student suggests We can use gravitational potential energy lost = kinetic energy gained
to calculate the constant velocity of the skydiver.
Comment on this suggestion.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
14
8.
An exciting new ride in a theme park is described as follows:

1
The vehicle plus riders takes only a few seconds to accelerate to a spine-tingling 53 m s .
Then (with motor off) it shoots vertically upwards to the height of a forty-two storey building
and pauses.
The mass of the vehicle plus riders is 1800 kg. Calculate the kinetic energy of the loaded
1
vehicle at a speed of 53 m s .
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Kinetic energy = .............................................
(2)
Show that from a starting speed of 53 m s , the theoretical maximum height the vehicle could
reach with the motor off would be about 140 m. Ignore resistive forces.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(3)
The actual height reached is 126 m. Show that the total loss of energy from the vehicle during
5
the vertical climb to 126 m is about 3 10 J.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(2)
15
Calculate a value for the average resistive force acting on the vehicle during the climb.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Average resistive force = ...............................
(2)
Calculate the time for the vehicle plus riders to make the vertical climb to 126 m. State an
assumption that you make.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Time = ............................................................
Assumption: ...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
9.
Two of the worlds biggest roller-coasters are Apollos Chariot in Busch Gardens, USA, and
The Big One in Blackpool, England. The principle of all roller-coasters is that gravitational
potential energy possessed by the vehicle at the top of a track is converted into kinetic energy at
the bottom.
In Apollos Chariot the vehicle drops a vertical distance of 64 m from rest.
1
Show that the expected speed of the vehicle at the bottom of the track is about 35 m s .
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
16
State one assumption you have made in this calculation.

...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
The Busch Gardens brochure states that the speed of Apollos Chariot at the bottom is in fact
1
1
32.5 m s . Suggest and explain one reason why the speed might be less than 35 m s .
...............................................................................................................................................
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(2)
Calculate the efficiency of this energy conversion as the vehicle runs down the track.
...............................................................................................................................................
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Efficiency = ...............................................
(3)
Vehicles on The Big One fall through an almost identical vertical distance to those on Apollos
1
Chariot; but the owners of The Big One claim that the speed at the bottom is 38 m s .
Assume their claim is truthful, and that the vertical falls are the same. Suggest how the vehicles
1
on The Big One could have a speed of 38 m s at the bottom.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
17
10.
On the River Rhone there is a spectacular series of hydroelectric power plants at Gnissiat in the
French Jura mountains. At the visitor centre, the following information is given about the
biggest of the seven hydroelectric power plants:
Electrical energy supplied in one year
Height through which water falls
Maximum output
Average daily capacity
15
6.1 10 J
64.5 m
6
420 10 W
6 3
28 10 m
Show that the amount of water described as average daily capacity can provide energy of
13
about 2 10 J as it passes through this hydroelectric power plant.
3
(1 m of water has a mass of 1000 kg.)
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
(2)
Calculate the efficiency of the system over one year.

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Efficiency = .........................................................
(3)
Calculate the average electrical power output over the whole year. (1 year = 3.16 10 s)
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Power = ...............................................................
(2)
18
Suggest a reason why the power output varies over the course of a year.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
11.
Information given about a ski lift states the following:

This lift transports 2800 people to the top each hour
The vertical rise is 420 m
The cable travels at 5.0 m s1
The maximum power consumption of the motor is 364 000 W
Assume throughout this question that the average mass of a skier plus equipment is 90 kg.
Show that the rate at which energy is converted to gravitational potential energy is about
300 000 W.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(3)
Show that the total kinetic energy given to the skiers on the lift in one hour is about 3 106 J.
.........................................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................................
(2)
19
Calculate the rate, in watts. at which energy is converted to kinetic energy.

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Rate of energy conversion = ............................................... W
(1)
A student is asked to explain why the motor power consumption (364 000 W) is considerably
more than the rate at which energy is converted to gravitational potential energy
(about 300 000 W). His answer is kinetic energy and heat.
Discuss each of his answers in more detail.
Kinetic energy: ................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Heat: ...............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
20
12.
The passage below is taken from the marketing material supplied by a manufacturer of
electrically heated showers.
Most electric showers draw cold water direct from the main supply and
heat it as it is used day or night. Not only are they particularly useful for
those who do not have a stored water supply, but they are versatile because
every home can have one.
Write a word equation to describe the energy transfer which takes place in an electric shower.
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
(2)
Rewrite the equation using the appropriate formulae.

........................................................
........................................................
(1)
The technical data supplied by one manufacturer states that their most powerful shower system
is fitted with a 10.8 kW heating element and can deliver up to 16 litres of water per minute.
Show that the showering temperature is about 25 C if the temperature of the mains water is 15
C and the shower is used at its maximum settings.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg1 K1

Mass of 1 litre of water = 1.0 kg)
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
(3)
21
The marketing material includes the statement:

Please remember that during the colder months, flow rates may need to be
reduced to allow for the cooler temperature of incoming cold water.
Calculate the flow rate required for an output of 40 C when the incoming water temperature
is 10 C.
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
Flowrate = .................
(2)
The maximum steady current drawn by the unit is about 45 A. However, when the shower is
first turned on the current is much higher for a short time. Suggest a possible explanation.
........................................................
........................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
22
13.
Next to the 3000-year-old Drombeg circle in Ireland is a stone-lined pit known as a Fulacht
Fiadh. It is believed that this was used as a cooking place for meat caught by hunters. The pit
was filled with water. Large stones were heated in a fire and then placed in the water to bring it
to the boil and cook the meat.
In experiments to test this idea it was found that the water in the pit started to boil after twentytwo heated stones had been added. The total mass of the added stones was 198 kg and the mass
of water was 513 kg.
Show that this gives a minimum temperature for the fire of about 900 C.
Specific heat capacity of water
Average specific heat capacity of stone
Initial temperature of water
Temperature of boiling water
= 4200 J kg C
1
1
= 1100 J kg C
= 18 C
= 100 C
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(4)
Explain why the temperature of the fire would be higher than the calculated value.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
23
14.
The diagram shows a sky diver.
Sketch the airflow around the sky diver on the diagram.

(1)
Add three labelled arrows to the diagram to identify the forces acting on the sky diver.
(2)
What is the relationship between these forces when the sky diver is falling with terminal
velocity?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
24
For some falling objects it is possible to use Stokes law to help estimate the terminal velocity.
State why this would not be appropriate for this sky diver.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
Show that the upthrust force is about 4 N.

3
Volume of sky diver = 0.35 m .

3
3
Density of surrounding air = 1.2 kg m (i.e. 1 m of air has a mass of 1.20 kg).
...............................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
Comment on the size of this force and its effect on the sky divers terminal velocity.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
The sky diver slows her descent by opening her parachute. Give one word which describes the
airflow after the parachute has opened.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
25
15.
The process of turbulence was described in verse by the British meteorologist,

Lewis F. Richardson:
Big whorls have little whorls,
Which feed on their velocity,
And little whorls have lesser whorls,
And so on to viscosity.
Suggest what the author means by the word whorl.
(1)
Draw diagrams in the boxes below to show laminar and turbulent flow.
Describe these flow patterns.
Laminar flow
Description:
(2)
26
Turbulent flow
Description:
(2)
Turbulence can be used to reduce the rate of flow of a fluid.

Explain this statement in terms of energy transfers.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
27
16.
A one-person spherical submarine called Explorer is used for underwater exploration.

EXPLORER SPHERICAL SUBMARINE
Diameter: 1.60 m
Mass of empty submarine: 2000 kg
Maximum mass of contents including water in buoyancy tanks: 110 kg
BUOYANCY
Buoyancy tanks can be flooded with sea water and emptied by
compressed air.
VIEWING
Thick acrylic viewports provide visibility.
Young modulus of acrylic is 3.0 109 Pa.
Use the information given above to answer the questions below.
Calculate the weight of the submarine when carrying maximum load.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Weight = ........................................................
(1)
The submarine is at rest just above the seabed.

(i)
State the magnitude of the upthrust on the submarine.

....................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Give a reason for your answer.

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
28
The weight of the submarine is adjusted so that it rises with a constant velocity of 0.5 m s1.
(i)
How would this change in weight of the submarine be achieved?

....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Calculate the viscous force on the submarine using Stokes Law. Viscosity of water = 1.2
103 kg m1 s1.
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....................................................................................................................................
Viscous drag force = ..............................................
(iii)
The actual viscous drag force will be much greater. Suggest why.
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
At the operating depth, the pressure of water causes a stress on the viewports of 1.1 106 Pa.
Calculate the strain which would result from this stress.
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(2)
Acrylic is a polymer. Describe its molecular structure.

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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
29
17.
Some people think that all raindrops fall at the same speed; others think that their speed
depends on their size.
Calculate the speed of a raindrop after it has fallen freely from rest for 0.2 s.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Speed = .
(1)
The raindrop falls for longer than 0.2 s. Explain why its acceleration does not remain uniform
for the whole of its fall.
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...............................................................................................................................................
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(2)
Show that the mass of a 0.5 mm diameter spherical raindrop is less than 1 107 kg.
1.0 m3 of water has a mass of 1.0 103 kg
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(2)
30
Calculate the raindrops terminal velocity. Assume that the upthrust from the air is negligible.
Explain your working clearly.
Viscosity of air = 1.8 105 kg m1 s1.
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Terminal velocity =
(3)
Sketch a graph to show how the raindrops velocity increases from rest to terminal velocity.
Add a scale to the velocity axis.
V e lo c ity
T im e
(3)
Explain how the terminal velocity would be different for a larger raindrop.
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...............................................................................................................................................
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)
31
18.
The diagram shows part of a theme park ride.

P a s se n g e r s h u ttle
T rack
30 m
N o t to s c a le
S tu d e n t
G ro u n d le v e l
Tunnel
25 m
T rack
The ride commences with a vertical fall which starts from rest 30 m above ground level.
It then continues a further 25 m down a vertical tunnel before levelling out.
Calculate the speed at the bottom of the vertical tunnel.
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Speed = ..
(2)
State one assumption you have made.

...............................................................................................................................................
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(1)
32
A student decided that this would be a good opportunity for a large-scale experiment to
measure g, the acceleration of free-fall due to gravity.
She stood near the tunnel entrance and used a stop-watch to measure the time for the passenger
shuttle to fall to ground level. The measured time was 2.1 s. Show that this gives a value for g
of about 14 m s2.
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...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
Suggest why this result is very different from the accepted value. Explain your answer.
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(2)
Suggest two ways in which the student could have improved this experiment.
1. ...........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
33
The data sheet for the ride says Maximum g-force = 4.5. This means that the maximum
acceleration of the shuttle is 4.5g. Calculate the maximum resultant force on the shuttle.
(Mass of shuttle = 5000kg)
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Maximum force = ..
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
19.
Nomlas is a new material intended for fishing rods.

R od
L in e
W a te r
su rfa c e
34
Complete the table below for the four other properties of materials listed.
Property
Desirable
for rod
Strong
Not desirable
for rod
Reason
Needs a large force before

it breaks
Elastic
Brittle
Hard
Tough
(Total 8 marks)
35
20.
Oil is used as a lubricant in a car engine. The viscosity of the oil is one property that determines
the best oil to use under particular conditions.
A student uses the apparatus shown to investigate the flow rate of engine oil at different
temperatures. She finds that her results give a straight line graph if she plots the log10 of the
flow rate against temperature as shown below.
Log
10
( f lo w r a te )
T h e rm o m e te r
O il
T e m p e ra tu r e
H e a tin g c o il
S to p c lo c k
Give one reason for choosing to plot the log10 of the flow rate.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
What does the graph tell you about the effect that heating the oil has on its flow rate?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
How is viscosity related to the flow rate?

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
36
Multigrade oils have now been developed to overcome the need for changing engine oil with
seasonal temperature changes. This involves adding special polymers to the oil.
Explain the term polymer.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
These polymers curl up at lower temperatures but open up and take up more space at higher
temperatures. Suggest how adding the polymers enables the same engine oil to be used all year
round.
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...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
The type of flow of oil in the engine will vary from laminar to turbulent depending on the
temperature, the flow rate and the shape of the tube the oil is flowing through. Use diagrams to
explain what is meant by the terms laminar flow and turbulent flow.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
37
The student needs to make the heating coil for her apparatus. She calculates that it requires a
resistance of 1.2 and plans to use nichrome wire with a diameter of 5.0 104. Calculate the
length of wire she will need for the heater.
(Resistivity of nichrome = 1.1 106 )
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Length of wire = ........................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
21.
A nylon tow rope used for towing a car has the force-extension graph shown below.
4
F o rc e /k N
3
0
0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
E x te n s io n /m
0 .6
38
Mark the graph with two crosses labelled:

P at the limit of proportionality,
Y at the yield point.
(2)
The 4.0 m long rope has an effective cross-sectional area of 3.0 105 m2. Calculate the Young
modulus of the nylon.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Young modulus = .....................................................
(3)
On the graph grid, draw lines to show how force would vary with extension if the nylon rope
had
(i)
twice the length (label this graph L),
(ii)
three times the cross-sectional area (label this graph A).
Explain your reasoning in each case.

(i) ..........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(ii) .........................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(4)
39
In use the original rope stretches by 0.20 m. Calculate the energy stored in the rope.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Energy stored = ............................................
(2)
Explain why a longer rope would be less likely to break when used for towing.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
22.
For many years surgeons have used metal implants to repair broken bones and joints. It is
important to understand how the properties of the implant materials compare with bone so that
comfortable and long-lasting repairs can be made.
One important property of the implant material is its stiffness. How is stiffness calculated?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
Explain the difference between stiffness and the Young modulus.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
40
The picture shows an X-ray of a hip joint after surgery to replace the weakened joint with
an implant
A woman needs a hip replacement operation. Calculate the stress in the bone just below her hip
when she is standing still.
Assume that the mass supported by this hip is 30 kg and that the bone just below her hip is of
circular cross-section with radius = 2.0 102 m.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
41
A manufacturer of hip replacements is considering using a new polymer of Young modulus

2 109 Pa. Explain whether this is a suitable material for hip replacements.
The Young modulus of bone is 1 1010 Pa.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
23.
The following passage shows part of a students revision notes which contain several errors.
Identify four of the errors in the students notes and suggest corrections for the errors.
W a v es
A l l w a v es r eq u i r e a m ed i u m t o t r a v el i n . W a v es c a r r y t h e m ed i u m
f r o m p l a c e t o p l a c e. T h e h ei gh t o f t h e c r es t o f a w a v e, o r t h e d ep t h o f
t h e t r o u gh , i s c a l l ed t h e a m p l i t u d e. T h e d i s t a n c e b et w een t w o c r es t s i s
t h e w a v el en gt h . T h e n u m b er o f w a v es p er s ec o n d i s t h e f r eq u en c y .
W a v el en gt h
A m pl itu d e
C r es t
T r o u gh
1 .0 s
e. g. H er e t h er e a r e 3 w a v es i n o n e s ec o n d , s o t h e f r eq u en c y i s
3 k i l o h er t z .
Error ......................................................................................................................................
Correction ..............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
42
Error ......................................................................................................................................
Correction ..............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Error ......................................................................................................................................
Correction ..............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Error ......................................................................................................................................
Correction ..............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
24.
In a railway system the rails are exposed to high stresses which can lead to the development of
small cracks. For safety the regular testing and monitoring of rails in service is a vital
requirement. Ultrasonics can be used as a method of quick, non-destructive testing without
removing the rails.
Give one reason why it is important to have a quick, non-destructive method of testing rails
without removing them.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
43
Ultrasonics involves the use of sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz, the maximum
frequency usually audible to human beings.
Describe sound waves passing through a steel rail in terms of the displacement of the particles
in the steel.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
The speed of sound in steel is 5900 m s1 and the frequency used is 4.0 106 Hz.
Show that the wavelength of the ultrasonic waves is about 1.5 103m.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
What is meant by
frequency? ............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
wave1ength? .........................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
44
Ultrasonic fault detectors are mounted on a special coach which can carry out testing at high
speeds. The velocity-time graph below records the motion of the coach while testing a length of
track.
1
V e lo c ity /m s
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
T im e /s
Use the graph to find the length of track tested.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Length = ...............................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
45
25.
Extract from The Last Word, New Scientist magazine.

Question: While listening to the radio tuned to a frequency of
94.6 MHz (1 MHz= 1 106 Hz), I realised that I could either make
the radio signal loud or reduce it almost to nothing by moving
about the room or simply by leaning backwards or forwards. What
caused this problem?
Answer: The reason for your problem is that radio signals, of
wavelength about 3 metres, are being reflected off the walls, floor
and ceiling of the room - and, of course, off you. The signals
therefore reach the radio by at least two different paths. This leads
to an effect called superposition. By trial and error you can place
your body in a position to cause this cancellation effect and then by
moving by about 75 cm you can hear the signal clearly.
What is meant by superposition?

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
Explain why the body in one particular place can cause a cancellation effect.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
46
Explain why stepping forwards by 75 cm could be enough to change the effect from
cancellation to a loud signal.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
26.
A childs vibrating toy is made to work by pulling and releasing a string. The toy vibrates,
making a buzzing sound, as the string rewinds. A student investigates the action of the toy.
She pulls the string and attaches the free end to a support. When released, the toy climbs up the
string, vibrating the string as it rises.
S
t r i n
o t
t o
r t
s c a l e
The diagram shows the appearance of the string when its length is 0.24 m. At this position the
vibrations show maximum amplitude.
47
The student observes that standing waves have been set up at this position of the toy. Explain
how standing waves are produced.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(3)
Mark one antinode on the diagram.

(1)
The student then takes the toy apart and records these results.
Length of string
Mass of string
Weight of toy
= 0.24 m
4
= 1.5 10 kg
= 0. 17 N
State the tension in the string when supporting the toy as shown in the diagram.
Tension = ............................................................
(1)
Calculate the mass per unit length of the string.

..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Mass per unit length = ........................................
(2)
48
Show that the speed of the wave produced on the string in the diagram is about 20 m s .
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(2)
Calculate the frequency of the vibration of the string in the diagram.

..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Frequency = ........................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
27.
A recorder, a common musical instrument, can be modelled as a tube of air open at both ends.
The air at both ends therefore remains at normal air pressure. The diagrams below show how the
air molecules in the recorder are displaced at two different moments during one cycle of the
fundamental note. The two moments are separated by T/2, where T is the time period.
N
D
o
i s p
m
r m
l a c e m
o l e c u
a l
a i r
r e s C s ou mr e p
r e s s i o
n N
r m
a l
a i r
r e s
r m
a l
a i r
r e s
e n t
l e s
l
N
r m
a l
a i r
r e s R s au r r e e f a c t i o
T
l a t e r
2
49
Explain whether the ends of the recorder have nodes or antinodes for pressure.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(2)
Write down a relationship between the length l of the recorder and the wavelength of the
fundamental note it produces.
.................................................................................................................................................
(1)
The length l of the recorder is 0.28 m. Calculate the fundamental frequency of the note it
1
produces. Speed of sound in air = 330 m s .
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Frequency = ....................................................
(3)
Calculate the period T of the fundamental note.

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Period = ..........................................................
(2)
50
State one other frequency which might be present in the note produced by this recorder. Explain
your choice in terms of nodes and antinodes for pressure along the recorder.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
28.
When a person is looking at a distant object, all the refraction of light can be assumed to be
taking place at the cornea (the front surface of the eye). The lens is used to help the cornea bring
nearer objects into focus.
Explain the phrase refraction of light.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(1)
State the cause of refraction.

..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(1)
A person is looking at a distant object. A clear image is formed on the retina which is 2.0 cm
from the cornea. Calculate the power of the cornea.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(2)
51
As people get older, the lens in an eye can develop a cataract. The lens can then be removed in
an operation and replaced by a plastic lens of fixed focal length. Explain the effect that this
operation will have on a persons normal range of vision.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(2)
A new device is being developed which contains six overlapping lenses as shown in diagram A.
This device will replace the single eye lens. As the muscles in the eye contract when looking at
something close up, the six lenses overlap more as shown in diagram B.
The maximum combined power produced by this device and the cornea is 54 D. Calculate the
closest distance at which an object can be placed and still be clearly seen. Assume the device
and cornea are 2.0 cm from the retina.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(3)
52
State and explain the advantage this device has compared to a conventional plastic lens
replacement.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
29.
A three-year-old child at a barbecue was heard to remark: The trees look like jelly theyre all
wobbly. She was looking at the trees over the top of the hot barbecue. Heated, less dense air
was rising from the barbecue in uneven layers, changing the direction of the light from the trees
in a varying pattern.
Name this process of changing the direction of the light by air of different densities.
.................................................................................................................................................
(1)
The diagram shows a ray of light from the trunk of each tree reaching the child before the
barbecue is lit.
A
i e w
a b o v
f r o
e
i l d
53
After the barbecue is lit, a layer of hotter, less dense air is between the child and the trees.
Complete the diagram below to show a ray of light from each of the trees A, B and C reaching
the child. The ray A has been started for you.
A
V
i e w
a b o v
f r o
e
i s t a n
t r e e s
a i r
i l d
(3)
Complete the diagram below to show the apparent position of the tree trunks as viewed through
the layer of hot air.
(2)
54
Explain why the trees look all wobbly.

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
30.
A student decided to carry out an investigation using a Pulfrich refractometer. Her uncle was
diabetic and she thought he would find it useful to know the sugar concentration of various
drinks.
The diagram shows the refractometer she used.
X
I n c i d
r a y
e n
a m
l e
r i n
i r
l a s s
Label the critical angle C on this diagram.

(1)
55
One of the samples studied was found to have a refractive index of 1.09 between the liquid and
the glass. Show that the critical angle for light in the refractometer is about 67 for this sample.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
A black line is drawn on the glass block at position X. When looking through the glass block
from different angles this black mark is not always seen. Explain why this is the case.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
These are some of the results obtained by the student.

Drink sample tested
Refractive index between

liquid and glass
Orange Squash
1.05
Summer Fruits
1.10
Which has a higher concentration of sugar, Orange Squash or Summer Fruits? Explain your
answer.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
56
31.
When the Moon is full, bright moonlight makes it difficult for astronomers to study the stars.
Moonlight is scattered by atoms in the atmosphere causing it to become plane polarised.
Draw labelled diagrams to show how the polarised light differs from unpolarised light.
Polarised light
Unpolarised light
(2)
Explain how an astronomers telescope could be adapted to overcome the problem of the bright
moonlight.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
32.
Explain what is meant by the term polarisation when referring to light.

..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(2)
57
Sugar is produced from plants such as sugar cane. The stems are crushed and the juice
extracted. The concentration of sugar in the juice is used to value the crop.
The concentration can be determined using polarised light.
Explain how to measure the angle of rotation of polarised light when it passes through a sugar
solution.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(4)
A student has carried out this experiment and obtains three results. He has plotted them on the
graph below. He takes three more results and tabulates them.
Angle of rotation/degrees
Concentration of solution/
kg per litre
17
0.25
33
0.50
50
0.75
58
Add these results to the graph.

(3)
6
A
l e
/
5
e g
r e e
0
0
. 2
C
0
o
. 4
c e n
. 6
t r a t i o
. 8
1
s o
l u
. 0
t i o
Use your graph to determine the concentration of an unknown sample which gives a rotation
of 38.
Concentration: .............................................................................................................. kg per litre
(1)
59
The sugar produced is dissolved in water and then heated. It turns brown and becomes thick and
viscous. If it is heated for a long time and then cooled it becomes hard and brittle.
What is meant by the terms viscous and brittle?
Viscous ............................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Brittle ..............................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
33.
Read the following passage and answer the questions which follow.
Diffraction
Light bends when it passes around an edge or through a slit. This effect is
called diffraction. The angle through which the light bends is proportional
to the wavelength of the light. Red light bends about 50% more than blue
light.
The pattern of light and dark created when light passes through two slits
shows that light has wave properties. The light waves that go through the
slits spread out, overlap and add together to produce the pattern. In fact, the
spacing between two adjacent dark bands in the pattern is inversely
proportional to the slit separation.
Adapted from the website of the Exploratorium San Francisco
60
Use diagrams to explain how two waves overlap to produce a dark band.
(2)
Use the information in the passage to calculate an approximate wavelength for red light.
Assume that the wavelength of blue light equals 460 nm.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
Blue light is shone through two slits separated by 0.10mm and adjacent dark bands in the
pattern are 8.0 mm apart.
How far apart will the dark bands be if the slit separation is doubled?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
61
The website also states that the diffraction pattern produced when sunlight passes through a
feather consists of bands of light with coloured edges. Explain how this pattern occurs.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
34.
The screen of a laptop computer makes use of polarised light.

Draw labelled diagrams to show what is meant by unpolarised and plane polarised light.
(2)
The screen contains a polarising filter. The dark parts of an image are formed where polarised
light is blocked by this filter; the light parts are where unpolarised light gets through.
As a security measure, the images on the screen can be made invisible by removing the
polarising filter from the front of the screen.
State the appearance of a computer screen whose polarising filter has been removed.
.................................................................................................................................................
Explain your answer.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(2)
62
The computer operator would wear glasses containing polarising lenses. The glasses can do the
same job as the polarising filter. State and explain what a computer operator wearing the glasses
would observe if he tilted his head from side to side while looking at the screen.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(2)
It has been suggested that this security measure could be defeated by anyone wearing a pair of
simple 3-dimensional movie glasses. These have a horizontal polarising filter on one eye and a
vertical filter on the other.
Comment on this suggestion.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
35.
A food packaging factory is moving soup through a 0.075 m diameter pipe when an obstruction
occurs in the pipe. An ultrasound probe, connected to an oscilloscope, is moved along the pipe
to find the obstruction (figure 1). The oscilloscope trace is shown below
(figure 2).
Figure 1
U ltra s o u n d p ro b e
d ir e c tio n o f
m o tio n
Soup
O b s tru c tio n
P ip e
63
Figure 2
1 .0 c m
Oscilloscope time base = 20 106 s cm1.

On figure 2, pulse A is the outgoing signal from the probe and pulse B is the reflected signal
from the other side of the pipe
Calculate the speed of the ultrasound in the liquid in the pipe.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Speed = .............................................................
(2)
State one way in which the oscilloscope trace will change when the ultrasound probe is above
the obstruction.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
64
After the obstruction has been cleared, a Doppler ultrasound probe is used to measure the
speed of the soup in the pipe. Describe the principle of this method.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
What must be measured to determine the speed of the soup?

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
Someone says that this would be easier if the soup contained lumps like vegetables. Comment
on this suggestion.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
65
36.
An accurate thermometer was made from very thin metal wire connected to a circuit which
measures resistance. A student measures the resistance R of this thermometer over a range of
temperatures . The graph below shows the line of best fit for the results.
R /
3 .2
2 .8
2 .4
2 .0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
/ C
Use the graph to determine the equation of the line plotted.
Equation is:
(4)
State the units for the gradient of this line.
(1)
66
Suggest why very thin wire was used to make this thermometer.
(1)
It is very important to maintain the temperature of a boiling sugar mixture when making sweets
such as toffee. The thermometer was used to check the temperature of the mixture and gave a
reading of 3.1 . Estimate the temperature of the mixture.
(1)
What assumption have you made in this estimate?
(1)
If the temperature is too high, toffee becomes too hard and very brittle. Describe one of these
properties and explain why it might not be desirable in toffee.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
67
37.
A rechargeable battery for an electronic game is marked with the following information:
Output 3.0 V, capacity 1.5 amp hours
Explain why amp hours is a unit of charge.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
Show that the charge equivalent to 1.5 amp hours is about 5000 C.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
Calculate the energy stored in the battery when it is fully charged, assuming the output voltage
remains constant at 3.0 V.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Energy stored = ...............................................................
(2)
To recharge the battery a supply voltage of 3.1 V is used with a current of 0.30 A. The battery
takes 6 hours to charge fully.
Show that the electrical energy supplied in charging the battery is about 20 000 J.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
68
Calculate the overall efficiency of the process of charging the battery and then using it to play
the game.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Efficiency = ...............................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
38.
The following notes are taken from some laboratory instructions for using an ohmmeter to
measure resistance.
Ohmmeters should be zeroed. To do this, touch the leads together and adjust the meter to
read zero ohms.
The ohmmeter works by placing a small voltage across the resistor. The current that
flows in response to this voltage determines the ohmmeter reading.
Do not measure the resistance of a resistor while it is in a circuit.
Explain why touching the leads together allows the meter to be zeroed.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(1)
An ohmmeter is connected across a resistor. The ohmmeter applies a voltage of 0.54 V.

The current through the meter is 0.0081 A. Show that the resistance being measured is about
70 .
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(2)
69
Explain why, when using an ohmmeter, the resistance of the resistor should not be measured
while it is in a circuit.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(2)
By connecting the ohmmeter across a coil of thin copper wire, temperature changes can be
detected.
Explain how, as the temperature rises, changes in the copper lead to changes in the meter
reading.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
39.
An electric eel has the ability to generate an e.m.f. and hence drive current through the
surrounding water. Its body can be modelled as a battery containing a large number of cells.
Such a battery has 20 parallel rows, each with 6000 cells connected in series. Each cell has an
e.m.f of 40 103 V and an internal resistance of 0.70 .
6 0 0 0 c e lls
20
ro w s
H ead
T a il
70
When the eel is in the water, current can pass from its head to the tip of its tail through the
water, stunning any other fish near it.
Calculate the total e.m.f. of one row of 6000 cells in series.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
e.m.f. = ..........................................
(2)
Calculate the total internal resistance of this row of cells.

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Internal resistance = ..........................
(1)
Calculate the current which passes through the seawater if the eel is able to activate just one of
its rows of 6000 cells. (Assume the resistance of seawater is zero.)
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Current = .....................................
(2)
In fact, all 20 rows of cells drive current at the same time. Calculate the total current which
passes through the seawater.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Current = ...................................
(1)
71
If you could connect a voltmeter across the eel from head to tall when it is delivering the total
current, its reading, would not equal the total e.m.f. Explain why.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(2)
State the voltmeter reading while the eel is delivering current through the seawater.
Voltmeter reading = ....................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
40.
A student wants to provide lighting for a model house which she has made. She needs 3.0 V for
her lamps but only has a 9.0 V battery, so uses a linear resistor AB in the circuit below. The
linear resistor is made from a high resistance uniform conductor.
A
9 .0 V
S lid in g c o n ta c t
L in e a r
r e s is to r
B
What is the name of the device AB when it is used in this manner?

...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
State the voltmeter reading when the sliding contact is at:

A .................................
B .................................
(2)
72
The student moves the sliding contact until the voltmeter reads 3.0 V.
Add an arrow labelled X to the diagram to show where the sliding contact must be placed.
(1)
The student replaces the voltmeter with a 3.0 V lamp but the lamp does not light. Explain why
the lamp does not light.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
41.
Radar is the use of radio waves to detect the position and speed of an object. Air traffic control
uses radar in this way to track the position of aircraft.
e f l e c t e d
E
a v
i t t e d
e s
a v
a d
e s
a r
t e n
Diagram from: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radar.htm
73
A short pulse of high frequency radio waves is transmitted from the control tower and is
reflected back from an aircraft. There is an interval of 48 s between the transmitted pulse and
the detected echo. Show that the distance of the aircraft from the control tower is about 7 km.
6
[1 s = 1 10 s]
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Distance = ....................................
(2)
Give two reasons why pulses of radio waves are needed.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
The Doppler shift of the reflected radar signal can be used to measure the speed of the moving
aircraft. Describe the principle of this method and how it can be used to determine the aircrafts
speed.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
74
42.
A student carries out an experiment to determine the resistivity of iron using the circuit shown
below.
2
I r o
i r e
V
He uses iron wire with a diameter of 0.50 mm.
Show that the cross-sectional area of this wire is about 2 10 m .

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
75
The table shows the results he obtained.

Resistance /
Length / m
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.10
0.14
0.20
0.18
0.30
0.24
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.36
0.60
0.42
0.70
0.48
0.80
Length area /10 m
76
Complete the third column and use the data to plot a graph of resistance against length area on
the grid below.
0
R
. 5
e s i s t a n
c e
. 4
. 3
. 2
. 1
0
0
. 0
. 0
. 0
L
4 . 0
.
e n. g t h
5
6
. 0
1
a r e a
/
(3)
Draw the line of best fit and use this to calculate the resistivity of iron.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Resistivity = ....................................
(4)
77
Suggest an explanation for the anomalous results obtained in this experiment.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
43.
A student read that a lemon could be used to power a clock. He made an electrical cell using a
lemon and placed it in this circuit. The table shows the readings he obtained. The first reading
was taken with switch S open. To obtain the others he closed S and varied the resistance R.
A
R e a d in g
C u rre n t/n A
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
5
1
1
5
1
2
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
V o lta g e /m V
11
8
7
5
3
2
0
3
4
7
5
0
The prefix n, as in nA, means 109.

What does the prefix m, as in mV, mean?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
Calculate the value of R for reading 3.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Resistance = .............................................................
(2)
78
Calculate the power being supplied by the cell to resistance R for reading 4.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Power = ....................................................................
(2)
The student plotted his results on a graph like the one shown. Points for readings 4, 5 and 6 have
already been plotted. Complete the graph.
V /m V
100
50
100
200
300
400
I/n A
Predict the current that would flow from the cell if it were short-circuited, that is, if R were
reduced to zero.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
79
State what the experiment suggests for the value of the e.m.f. of the cell.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
Explain why the voltage across the cell falls as R is reduced.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
80
44.
A student models a stage lighting system using a circuit-drawing computer package and a
spreadsheet. He starts with a power supply of e.m.f. 120 V, and internal resistance 15 . He
assumes that each lamp has fixed resistance 60 . He is interested in the effect of turning on the
lamps one at a time, so that the number of lamps switched on increases from one to six. His
circuit and part of his spreadsheet are shown below.
A
X
Number of
lamps
switched on
Net
resistance
of lamps/
Total
current
from
supply/A
p.d. across
lamps/V
Power to
all
lamps/W
60
1.6
96
154
30
2.7
80
213
20
3.4
69
235
15
4.0
60
240
12
4.4
53
10
4.8
48
230
The student has assumed that the voltmeter would have no effect on any of the values he has
calculated. Explain why this is an appropriate assumption.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(1)
81
When 6 lamps are on (row 8), how much current flows through lamp X?
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Current through X = ...............................................
(1)
Calculate the value missing from cell E7.

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Value = ..................................................................
(1)
The lamp marked X is the first to be switched on. Explain how lamp X would appear as
successive lamps are switched on.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(3)
What would be a suitable formula for calculating cell C6?

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(2)
82
Comment on how the internal resistance of the power supply affects the way in which the
values in column E vary.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
45.
Scientists from Leeds University are involved in an experiment at the South Pole to look for
cosmic radiation from a supernova observed in 1987. Cosmic radiation consists of high energy
particles from space.
Their equipment involves the following:
C o s m ic r a d ia tio n
T ra n sp a re n t
p la s tic b lo c k
L ig h t
C o m p u te r
P h o to m u ltip lie r
Cosmic radiation causes this plastic block to emit light. If this light enters the photomultiplier,
photoelectrons are released and the signal is sent to a computer which records the event.
83
A photomultiplier which has a photocathode made from antimonycaesium has a threshold

wavelength of 700 nm. Explain why a photocathode has a threshold wavelength.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(4)
Show that the work function of antimony-caesium is about 3 1019 J.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
The scientists generator at the South Pole produces a voltage of 600 V and the photomultiplier
needs potential differences of 200 V, 400 V and 600 V. Draw a circuit to show how a series of
resistors could provide all of these potential differences from one 600 V supply.
(2)
84
Suggest why cosmic radiation from the supernova was not detected at the same time as the
supernova was observed.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
46.
Astronomers can identify different gases present in the outer parts of stars by analysing the line
spectra of the starlight.
Explain the meaning of line spectra.
(2)
Explain how line spectra provide evidence for the existence of energy levels in atoms.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
85
47.
X-rays are used in hospitals to aid diagnosis. The X-ray image is formed because more X-ray
photons are absorbed by denser materials such as bones, thus changing the intensity of parts of
the image.
The principal method of absorption of X-rays is the photoelectric effect.
The photoelectric effect is also observed when light falls on a clean metal surface. It is only
observed when the frequency of the light is above a threshold frequency. Explain why this is so.
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
(2)
X-rays of a frequency of 1.70 1018 Hz can be used to form an image of a bone. The energy
required to free a tightly bound-electron from a calcium atom in bone is 9.61 1016J.
Calculate the maximum kinetic energy with which one of these electrons is emitted from the
calcium atom.
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
........................................................
Kinetic energy = .................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
86
48.
Many modem cameras have built-in exposure meters. These can detect the intensity of light
falling, on to the film and automatically adjust how long the film is exposed to the light. One
type of device that can be used is the photocell below.
E le c tr o n s
L ig h t
ra y s
S e c tio n th ro u g h
c u rv e d c a th o d e
(p ro d u c e s e le c tro n s )
A n o d e (c o lle c ts e le c tro n s )
Photons hitting the cathode cause photoelectrons to be released from the surface of the cathode
if it is made from a material with a suitable work function.
Describe how an electron escapes from the surface of the cathode. Include the terms in bold
from the passage above.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(3)
Potassium has a work function of 2.90 1019 J. Calculate the lowest frequency of radiation
that will produce photoelectrons from a potassium surface.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(3)
87
The exposure meter will produce the best results if it responds to light over most of the visible
spectrum. This has a range of wavelengths from 4.0 107 m to 7.0 107 m.
Explain with the aid of an appropriate calculation whether potassium is a suitable material for
use in an exposure meter.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(2)
A potassium cathode is exposed to visible light, with a complete range of wavelengths. Show
that the maximum kinetic energy of an emitted photoelectron is about 2 1019 J.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(3)
Give one reason why some photoelectrons will be emitted with less than this kinetic energy.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
88
49.
Most physicists believe that light can behave as both a wave and a particle. Name a property of
light which shows it can behave as a wave.
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
In 1916, Millikan published the results of an experiment on the photoelectric effect.

This proved that light also behaves as particles.
He shone monochromatic light onto plates made of different types of metal.
What is meant by the term monochromatic?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
When the light hit the plates, photoelectrons were produced. Millikan found the potential
difference that was just large enough to stop these electrons being released. He also investigated
how this stopping voltage varied with the frequency of light used.
The table below shows the results of an experiment like Millikans using sodium as the metal
plate.
14
Stopping voltage Vs /V
Frequency of light f / 10 Hz
0.43
5.49
1.00
6.91
1.18
7.41
1.56
8.23
2.19
9.61
3.00
11.83
89
On the grid below, plot a graph of Vs against f.

3
S
v
. 0
t o p p i n
o l t a g e
2
. 5
. 0
. 5
. 0
. 5
g
/
0
0
8
F
1 0
r e q u
e n
2
c y
/
(3)
The following equation applies to the photoelectric effect:

hf = + eVs
where is the work function of the metal and e is the charge on an electron.
What information about the electrons emitted does the value of the term eVs give?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
90
Use your graph to determine the threshold frequency for sodium.

...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
Hence calculate the work function of sodium.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Work function = ...............................................
(2)
No electrons are emitted below a threshold frequency. Explain why this is so.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
91
50.
The diagrams below are taken from a description of how a laser works. Each diagram illustrates
some aspect of a two energy level system. The system consists of an electron in an isolated
atom.
A two energy level system
l e c t r o
Absorption
P
t o
Spontaneous emission
P
E
t o
n
E
Stimulated emission (laser)
t o
t o
E
n
What is meant by energy level?

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
92
What is a photon?
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
Write down a formula in terms of E1 and E2 for the energy of the photon in the absorption
diagram.
Energy = ...............................................................................................................................
(1)
The laser light emitted by the stimulated emission process must have the same wavelength as
the photon in the spontaneous emission diagram. Explain this.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
The laser light is said to be coherent. Explain the meaning of coherent.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
93
51.
The diagram shows some of the main components of one type of fluorescent light tube.
E
l e c t r o
s p
c o
a t i n
e r c u
r y
v Ea pl e o c u t r o
When the tube is switched on a charge flows between the electrodes and the mercury atoms
become excited. The mercury atoms then emit radiation.
Explain the meaning of the word excited as used above.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
Explain how the excited mercury atoms emit radiation.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
94
Explain why only certain wavelengths of radiation are emitted.

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
Some of the radiation emitted by the mercury atoms is in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum.
Humans cannot see ultraviolet radiation, so the tube is coated with phosphor. The atoms of
phosphor absorb the ultraviolet radiation and then emit visible light.
Suggest why the phosphor emits different wavelengths from the mercury.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
A typical fluorescent tube has a current of 0.15 A.

Calculate the amount of charge which flows in 20 minutes.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Charge = ...............................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
95

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1.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

The shot is stationary at position A.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

Show that the initial vertical component of u is about 7 m s1.

Calculate the horizontal distance travelled by the shot between B and D.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

= energy transferred/time taken

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

These are the results obtained for a test car:

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

State one assumption you made in the calculation above.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

State the students weight.

Calculate the students mass.

Calculate the students acceleration at t = 1.2 s.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

The vertical component of the shuttles velocity at 400 s is 38.0 m s downwards.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

Mass of empty car

The cars are moved by a continuous loop of cable pulled by a motor.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

The skydiver in the diagram is falling with a constant velocity.

Mark and label the forces acting on the skydiver.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

An exciting new ride in a theme park is described as follows:

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

State one assumption you have made in this calculation.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

Calculate the efficiency of the system over one year.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

Information given about a ski lift states the following:

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

Calculate the rate, in watts. at which energy is converted to kinetic energy.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

Rewrite the equation using the appropriate formulae.

(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg1 K1

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

The marketing material includes the statement:

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

The diagram shows a sky diver.

Sketch the airflow around the sky diver on the diagram.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

Show that the upthrust force is about 4 N.

Volume of sky diver = 0.35 m .

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

The process of turbulence was described in verse by the British meteorologist,

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

Turbulence can be used to reduce the rate of flow of a fluid.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

A one-person spherical submarine called Explorer is used for underwater exploration.

Calculate the weight of the submarine when carrying maximum load.

The submarine is at rest just above the seabed.

State the magnitude of the upthrust on the submarine.

Give a reason for your answer.

La Sainte Union Catholic Secondary School

How would this change in weight of the submarine be achieved?

Many Y12 Exam Q's Word

Many Y12 Exam Q's Word