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all categoriesFeaturedRecentPeopleAuthorsStudentsResearchersPublishersGovernment & NonprofitsBusinessesMusiciansArtists & DesignersTeachers+ all categoriesMost FollowedPopular..Sign Up Log In..1First Page Previous Page Next Page / 50Sections not available Zoom Out Zoom In Fullscreen Exit FullscreenSelect View Mode View ModeSlideshowScroll ...Readcast Add a Comment Embed & Share Reading should be social! Post a message on your social networks to let others k now what you're reading. Select the sites below and start sharing.Readcast this Document.. Login to Add a Comment.. Share & Embed.Add to Collections Download this Document for FreeAuto-hide: on What are perenterals ? What are perenterals ? Are sterile, pyrogen free prepara tions injected through skin or mucous membrane into internal body compartments. Sterile Product. ...... .. Sterile Product. ...... .. Are dosage forms of therap eutic agents that are free of viable microorganisms. Parenterals Opthalmics Irrigating preparations. Why Peranterals ? Why Peranterals ? Para enterals : Besides the intestine Circum vents: Gastero Intestinal instability Low absorption Variable absorption 69 History Of Parenteral Therapy History Of Parenteral Therapy 1657: First reco rded injection in animals Sir Christopher Wren 1855: First subcutaneous injectio ns of drugs using hypodermic needles Dr. Alexander Wood 1920s: Proof of microbia l growth resulting in infections Dr. Florence Seibert 1926: inclusion in the Nat ional Formulary 1933: Application of freeze drying to clinical materials 1944: Discovery of ethelyne oxide 1946: Organization of Parenteral drug Association 1961: Development of laminar air flow concept 1965: Development of Total Parente ralnutrition(TPN) Contemporary Development Of Parenterals Contemporary Developme nt Of Parenterals 1970 s to date: Emergence of novel drug delivery systems/ patches /implants, iontophoresis, targeted delivery 1980 s: Emergence of Home Health Care an d Patient Controlled Analgesia concepts 1982: Insulin and biotechnology products Infusion pumps Iontophorosis Pharmacy on a chip? 70 Feedback regulated delivery? Virtual drug delivery? Other? Routes Of Parente ral Administration Routes Of Parenteral Administration Intradermal (I.D.): Injec tions into the superficial layer of skin. Only small volumes (0.1 ml) can be use d. Absorption is slow by this route. Subcutaneous (S.C., S.Q., Sub-Q, Hypo): Inj ections into the loose tissue beneath the skin. Absorption is faster than intrad

ermal Intramuscular (I.M.): Injections into a muscle mass up to 5 ml can be give n Intravenous (I.V.): Injection into a vein. There is little limitation on volum e and absorption in instantaneous. Intra Muscular (I.M.):- Injection into a musc le mass up to 5ml can be given Intradermal (T.D.):- Injection into the loose tis sue beneath the skin. Only small volumes (0.1 ml) can be used Intra-arterial Intracardiac: -Injections into heart chamber. Intrathecal (spinal fluid): Injection into spinal fluid. Drugs given by the intraspinal route must be in solution. Drugs given by the int ravenous route must be in solution or emulsions. Drug given by subcutaneous, int ramuscular or intradermal may be solutions, suspensions or emultions. Intrasynov ial:- (joint fluid area): Injection into a joint fluid area. Inttraspinal: Injec tion into a spinal column 71 Intra-articular:- Injections into a joint. This me thod is used for arthiritis and joint injuries. 72 History of Parenterals-1 Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport DocumentReport this document?Please tell us reason(s) for reporting this document Spam or junk Porn adult content Hateful or offensive If you are the copyright owner of this document and want to report it, please fo llow these directions to submit a copyright infringement notice. Report Cancel . .This is a private document. Info and Rating Reads:19,346Uploaded:10/08/2007Category:Uncategorized.Rated:17 Ratings()Copyrigh t:Attribution Non-commercial . ScienceScience-ResearchBusiness-AsianScienceScience-ResearchBusiness-Asian(fewer ) .Followrame@gmail.com..Share & Embed Related Documents PreviousNext p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p.

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