yg&rD 'DyeD rmwdum

0Dowdykpm ygXfteuf
1-yXrykpm ygXfteuf
2-'kwd,ykpmygXfteuf
3-wwd,ykpm ygXfteuf
4-pwkwykpmygXfteuf
5-yOrykpm ygXfteuf
6-q|rykpm ygXfteuf
7-owrykpmygXfteuf
8-t|rykpmygXfteuf
9-e0rykpmygXfteuf
10-'orykpm ygXfteuf

11-{um'orykpmygXfteuf
12-'Gg'orykpmygXfteuf
13-aw&orykpmygXfteuf
14-pk'orykpmygXfteuf
15-yE&orykpm ygXfteuf
16-aomVorykpmygXfteuf
17-ow&orykpm ygXfteuf
18-t|m&orykpm ygXfteuf
19-{ule0Dowdrykpm ygXfteuf
20-0DowdrykpmygXfteuf
y@dw"rwm 0gusygXf teuf
0Dowd ykpm tajz

ykpu*Em&r tzGifh
1-yXrykpm tajz
2-'kwd,ykpmtajz
3-wwd,ykpm tajz
v'*kPor0 ykpm tajz
4-pwkwykpm tajz
5-yOrykpm tajz
6-q|rykpm tajz
7-owrykpmtajz
8-t|rykpmtajz
9-e0rykpmtajz
10-'orykpmtajz
11-{um'orykpm tajz

12-'Gg'or ykpmtajz
13-aw&or ykpmtajz
14-pk'orykpm tajz
15-yE&orykpm tajz
16-aomVorykpm tajz
17-18-19-20-ow&orm'dykpm tajz
y@dw"rwm0gus tzGifh
ed * k H ;
yg&rD'DyeD rmwdumNyD;NyD/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

yg&rD 'DyeD
earm w b*0awm t&[awm
ormorK'
/

ykpu *Em&r
yOmAsmu&PapuH? Ak'H yPrs ykpdH/
yOmAsmu&PapuH? wHwH aAm"d okoH,kwH/
0w*gxm/

t[H=igonf? yOmAsmu&Papu=H ar;jcif; ajzjcif;trI

twkrSd vdrrf mawmfral om? Ak'=H jrwfpmG bk&m;ud?k yPrmrd=Scd ;kd yg\?
yPrs=Sdcdk;NyD;? wH wH aAm"d okoH,kwH=xdkxdkokdYaomorm
oarm"d yapuaAm"d om0uaAm"dtaygif;ESifh aumif;pGm
pyf,SOfaom? yOmAsmu&PapuH=ar;jcif; ajzjcif;trI vdrfrm
uRr;f usif odjrif wwfajrmufaMumif;jzpfaom tar;ykpm jyem
udk? ykpdH=ar;aytHh? 0g =odjcif;iSg awmifhwaytHh/
ykpu *Em&r NyD;\/
------------------

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

0Dowdykpm ygXfteuf
1-yXrykpm ygXfteuf
a,m avmud , avmuk w & ok c ged yaw w G m
'gem'd yg&rda,m yla&wd? aom avmud,
ok c ar0 0g vab,su ? avmuk w & ok c ar0
0g? O'g[k w'k b , ok c r d ? u 0g ae0
w'k b ,ok c H /
a,m=tMuif o l o nf ? avmud , avmuk w & ok c ged =
avmuD avmukw&mcsrf;om 2-yg;wdkYudk? yawwGm=awmifhw?
'gem'dyg&rda,m='getpSad omyg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd yla&wd=jznf\
h ? aom=
xkdolonf? avmud,okcar00g=b0orwd abm*orwd [k
qdktyfaom avmuDcsrf;omudkomvQifvnf;? vab,s u=
&&moavm? avmukw& okcar0 0g=r*f zdv
k f edAm efwnf;[laom
avmukw&mcsrf;omudkomvQifvnf;? vab,s u=&&moavm?
O'g[k=xdkokdYr[kwf? w'kb,okcrd=xdk2-yg;pkHaom csrf;omudk
yifvQiv
f nf;? vab,s u=&&moavm? w'kb,okc=H xdEk pS yf g;pkH
aom csr;f omudyk ifvQi?f ae00g vab,s u= r&bJ&dS m oavm/
yXrykpm ygXfteuf NyD;\/
-------------------

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

2-'kwd,ykpmygXfteuf
a,m 0g ye avmud , ok c ar0 yaw w G m 'gem'd
yg&rda,m yla&wd? aomavmud,okcar0 vab,s u?
tx avmuk w & ok c r d /
0g ye=xdkrSwpfyg;? a,m=tMuifolonf? avmud,ok
car0=oufoufaom avmuDcsrf;omudkomvQif? yawwGm=
awmifhw? 'gem'dyg&rda,m='getpSdaomyg&rDwdkYudk? yla&wd=
jznfh\? aom=xdkolonf? avmud,okcar0=avmuDcsrf;om
ud k o mvQif ? vab,s u = &&moavm? tx=xd k o k d Y r [k w f ?
avmukwokcrd=avmukw&mcsrf;omudkvnf;? vab,su= &&m
ao;oavm/
'kwd,ykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

3-wwd,ykpm ygXfteuf
a,m 0g ye avmukw&okcar0 yawwGm 'gem'd
yg&rd a ,m yl a &wd ? aom avmuk w & ok a r0 vab,s
u ? tx avmud , ok c r d /
0g ye=xdkrSwpfyg;? a,m=tMuifolonf? avmukw&
okcar0=avmukw&mcsrf;omudkomvQif? yawwGm=awmifhw?
'gem'dyg&rda,m='getpSad omyg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd yla&wd=jznf\
h ? aom=
xdkolonf? avmukw&okcar0=avmukw&mcsrf;omudkomvQif?

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

vab,s u=&&moavm? tx=xdkokdYr[kwf? avmud,okcrd=

avmuDpnf;pdrfcsrf;omudkvnf;? vab,s u=&&mao;oavm/
wwd,ykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

4-pwkwykpmygXfteuf
(u)

(c)

(*)

(C)

(i)

a, p ormorK'g uyow o[m"dumed

pwm&d 0g toacsF,smed t| 0g toacsF,smed aomVo0g toacsF , smed 'gem'd
yg&rda,m yla&wGm ormoarm" ygykPEd/
a, p yapuAk'g uyowo[m"dumed
a'G toacsF,smed 'gem'dyg&rda,m yla&wGm
yap u aAm" ygyk P E d /
a, p t*om0um uyowo[m"duH
{uH toacsF , sH 'gem'd y g&rd a ,m yl a &wG m
t* o m0uaAm" ygyk P E d /
a, p r[mom0um uyowo[med
'gem'dyg&rda,m yla&wGm r[mom0uaAm"
ygyk P E d /
a, p yuwdom0um uyowH 0g
uy o [H 0g 'gem'd y g&rd a ,m yl a &wG m
yuwdom0uaAm" ygykPEd/ awoH
wH w H u mvy&d a p ' g wH wH p d w aAm"d

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

yw e awm y|m, *PEl y *g u ? O'g[k

v' A smu&Pawm/
(u) a, ormorK'g p=tMuifoAk jrwfpGmbk&m;
wd k Y o nf v nf ; ? uy o wo[m"d u med = ur m
wpfodef;tvGefSdukefaom? pwm&dtoacsF,smed 0g=
4 -toacsw
F yYkd wfv;Hk vnf;aumif;? t|toacs,
F smed
0g=8-toacsF y wf v k H ; vnf ; aumif ; ? aomVo
toacs,
F smed 0g=16-toacsw
F yYkd wfv;Hk vnf;aumif;?
'gem'dyg&rda,m='getpSad om yg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd yla&wGm=
jznfah wmfrMl uuke
f ? ormoarm"=t&[wr*fPf
oAkwPfokdY? ygykPEd=a&mufawmfrlMuukef\/
(c) a, yapuAk'g p=tMuifyapu Ak'gbk&m;wdkYonf
vnf ; ? uy o wo[m"d u med = ur m wpf o d e f ;
tvGefSdukefaom? a'G toacsF,smed=2-toacsF
wdyYk wfv;Hk ? 'gem'dyg&rda,m='ge tpSad om yg&rD wdu
Yk ?kd
yla&wGm=jznfhawmfrlMuukef? yapuaAm"=yapu
aAm"dPfokdY? ygykPEd=a&mufMuukef\/
(*) a, t*om0um p=tMuift*om0uwdo
Yk nfvnf;?
uyowo[m"duH=urmwpfodef; tvGefSdaom?
{uH toacsF , sH = 1- toacsF y wf v k H ; ? 'gem'd yg&rda,m='getpSdaom yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&wGm=jznfh
awmf r l M uuk e f ? t* o m0uaAm" = t* o m0u
aAm"dokdY? ygykPEd=a&mufMuukef\/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

(C) a, r[mom0ump=tMuifr[mom0uwdkYonf
vnf;? uyowo[med=urmwpfoed ;f wdYk ywfv;Hk ?
'gem'dyg&rda,m= 'ge tpSad om yg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd yla&wGm=
jznf h a wmf r l M uuk e f ? r[mom0uaAm" = r[m
om0uaAm"dokdY? ygykPEd=a&mufMuukef\/
(i) a, yuwdom0um p=tMuifyuwd om0uwdkY
onfvnf;? uyowH 0g=urmwpf&mywfvkH;vnf;
aumif;? uyo[H0g=urmwpfaxmifywfv;Hk vnf;
aumif;? 'gem'dyg&rda,m='getpSdaom yg&rDwdkYudk?
yla&wGm=jznfhawmfrlMuukef? yuwd om0uaAm"=
yuwdom0uaAm"dokdY? ygykPEd=a&mufMuukef\/
awoH=xdo
k AAk 'k yapuAk' t*om0u r[mo0u
yuwdom0u 5-OD;wdkY\? wHwHumvy&dap'g=urmwpfodef;
tvGefSdaom 4-toacsF 8-toacsF 16-toacsFwpf&yf 2toacsFESifh urmwpfodef;wpf&yf 1-toacsFESifh urmwpfodef;
wpf&yf urmwpfoed ;f wpf&yf urmwpf&m urmwpfaxmif wpf&yf?
5-&yfaom xdkxdkumv tydkif;tjcm;wdkYonf? wH wH pdw
aAm"dyweawm= xdx
k kd tvdk t
dS yfaom aAm"dukd qkawmif; aom
tcgrS? y|m,=p? *PEly*g u=ta&twGuf avmufukef
oavm? O'g[k=xkdokdYr[kwf? v'Asmu&Pawm=Asm'dwf&aom
tcgrS? y|m,=p? *PEly*g u=ta&twGuf avmufukef
oavm/
pwkwykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

5-yOrykpm ygXfteuf
wH w H aAm"d e d E m v' A smu&Pm0 yg&rd a ,m
yla&wGm AkaZ,sKH u? tx v'Asmu&Pmyd/
wHwH aAm"dedEm=xdkxdkaAm"d 5-yg;wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;
Gwu
f ek af om tavmif;tvsmwdo
Yk nf? v'Asmu&Pm0=&tyfNy;D
aom Asm'dwf u
dS ek af omfomvQi?f yg&rda,m=yg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd yla&wGm=
jznfhukef? AkaZ,sKH u=yGifhukef uRwfukef&moavm? tx=xdkokdY
r[kwf? tv'Asmu&Pmyd=Asm'dwfr&ukefbJvnf;? yg&rda,m=
yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&wGm=jznfhukef? AkaZ,sKH u=yGifhukef uRwfukef&m
oavm/
yOrykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

6-q|rykpm ygXfteuf
aw p v' A smu&Pm tn'g tnH t nH aAm"
yaw,sKH u? tx e yaw,sKH/
aw p=xdk&tyfNyD;aom Asm'dwfSdukefaom tavmif;
awmfwdkYonfvnf;? v'Asmu&Pm=Asm'dwf&tyfukefNyD;onfSd
aomf? tn'g=wpfyg;aomtcg? tnHtnH=Asm'dwcf &H if; aAm"drS
wpfyg;yg;aom? aAm"=aAm"dudk? yaw,sKH u=awmifhwukef&m
ao;oavm? tx=xdo
k rYdk [kw?f e yaw,sKH u=rawmifw
h uke&f m
NyDavm/
q|rykpm ygXfteuf NyD;\/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

7-owrykpmygXfteuf
a,m wH w H aAm" ted , arwG m r* z v
edAmear0 yawwGm 'gem'dyg&rda,m yla&wd? aom
uwrm, aAm"d , m Ak a Z,s/ oap om0u
aAm"dyg&rdykPumav AkZdwkumarm a[mwd? aom
om0uaAm"d , m Ak a Z,s u / oap yap u
aAm"dyg&rdykPumav AkZdwkumarm a[mwd? aom
yapuaAm"d,m AkaZ,s u/ oap orm oarm"d
yg&rd y k P u mav Ak Z d w k u marm a[mwd ? aom
or m oar m "d , m Ak a Z,s u /
a,m=tMuifolonf? wHwHaAm"=xdkxdkaAm"dudk? ted,
arwGm=r&nfrrSwfrl? r*zvedAmear0=r*f zdkvf edAmef
oufoufudkomvQif? yawwGm=awmifhw? 'gem'dyg&rda,m=
'getpSdaomyg&rDwdkYudk? yla&wd=jznfh\? aom=xdkolonf?
uwrm, aAm"d,m=tb,faAm"djzifh? AkaZ,s=od&mtHhenf;/
om0uaAm"dyg&rdyP
k u
mav=om0uaAm"d\ taqmuftODjzpf
aom yg&rDorm&wdkY\ jynfhpkH&mumv? AkZdwkumarm=odjcif;
uRwjf cif;iSg tvdq
k Eo
dS nf? oap a[mwd=tu,fjzpft?hH aom=
xdkolonf? om0uaAm"d,m=om0uaAm"djzifh? AkaZ,su=
od&muRw&f mtHah vm? yapuaAm"dyg&rdyP
k u
mav=yapuaAm"d
\ taqmuftODjzpfaom yg&rDorm&wdkY\ jynfhpkH&mumv?
AkZw
d u
k marm=odjcif;uRwjf cif;iSg tvdq
k Eo
dS nf? oap a[mwd=

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

tu,fjzpftHh? aom=xdkolonf? yapuaAm"d,m=yapuaAm"d

jzifh? AkaZ,s u=od&muRwf&mtHhavm? ormoarm"dyg&rdykP
umav=oAw
k Pf\ taqmuftODjzpfaom yg&rDorm&wd\
Yk
jynfph &Hk mumv? AkZw
d u
k marm=odjcif;yGijhf cif;iSg tvdk o
dS nf? oap
a[mwd=tu,fjzpftHh? aom=xdkolonf? ormoarm"d,m=
ormoarm"djzifh? AkaZ,s u=od&m yGifh&moavm/
owrykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

8-t|rykpmygXfteuf
a,m om0uaAm" yawwGm 'gem'd
yg&rda,m yla&wd? aom om0uyg&rDeH
ykPmykPumav tnH aAm" yaw,s u? aem 0g
yaw,s/ ,'d yaw,s? aom vab,s u? aem
0g vab,s/ ,'d vab,s? aom ty&d y k P
yg&rda,m0 yla&wGm vab,s u? tx e0ge0g
yg&rd a ,m yl a &wG m vab,s/
a,m=tMuifolonf? om0uaAm"=om0uaAm"dudk?
yawwmG =awmifw
h ? 'gem'dyg&rda,m='ge-tpSad omyg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd
yla&wd=jznf\
h ? aom=xdo
k o
l nf? om0uyg&rDe=H om0uyg&rDw\
Ykd ?
ykPm ykPu
mav=jynfNh y;D aomtcg rjynfah o;rDtcgrsm;? tnH=
wpfyg;aom? aAm"=aAm"du?kd yaw,s u=awmifw
h &mao;oavm?
aem 0g yaw,s u=rawmifw
h &mNyaD vm? ,'d yaw,s= tu,f

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

10

awmifhwcJhtHh? aom=xdkolonf? vab,s u=&&moavm? aem

0g vab,s u=r&&moavm? ,'d vab,s=tu,f &jyefonf
jzpfcJhtHh? aom=xdkolonf? ty&dykPyg&rda,m0=tjynfh tpkH
r[kwaf om tcsKd Ut0ufaom yg&rDwu
Ykd o
kd mvQi?f yla&wGm= jznf
h ?
vab,s u=&&moavm? tx=xdo
k rYdk [kw?f e0g e0g yg&rda,m=
topfopfaom yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&wGm=jznfh? vab,s u=&&m
oavm/
t|rykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

9-e0rykpmygXfteuf
a,m yapuaAm" yawwGm 'gem'd yg&rda,m
yla&wd? aom yapuaAm"dyg&rDeH ykPm
yk P u mav tnH aAm" yaw , s u ? aem 0g
yaw,s/ ,'d yaw,s? aom vab,s u? aem
0g vab,s? ,'d vab,s? aom ty&d y k P
yg&rd a ,m0 yl a &wG m vab,s u ? tx e0ge0g
yg&rd a ,m yl a &wG m vab,s/
a,m=tMuif o l o nf ? yap u aAm" = yap u aAm"d u d k ?
yawwmG =awmifw
h ? 'gem'dyg&rda,m='getpSad omyg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd
yla&wd=jznfh\? aom=xdkolonf? yapuaAm"dyg&rDeH=yapu
aAm"dyg&rDwdkY\? ykPm ykPumav=jynfhNyD;aomtcg rjynfhao;
aomtcgrsm;? tnH=wpfyg;aom? aAm"=aAm"dudk? yaw,su=

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

11

awmifhw&mao;oavm? aem 0g yaw,s u=rawmifhw&m

oavm? ,'d yaw,s=tu,f awmifw
h jim;tH?h aom=xdo
k o
l nf?
vab,s u= &&moavm? aem 0g vab,s u=r&&moavm?
,'d vab,s=tu,f&jim;tHh? aom=xdkolonf? ty&dykP
yg&rda,m0=ta[mif;xuf0,f jznfhpGufavmif;kH rjynfhpkHaom
yg&rDwdkYudkomvQif? yla&wGm=jznfh? vab,s u=&&moavm?
tx= xdkokdYr[kwf? e0ge0g yg&rda,m=ta[mif;udkypf riJhvpfbJ
topftopfjzpfaom yg&rDwdkYudkomvQif? yla&wGm=jznfh?
vab,s u=&&moavm/
e0rykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

10-'orykpm ygXfteuf
a,m or m oar m " yaw w G m 'gem'd
yg&rd a ,m yl a &wd ? aom or m oar m "d y g&rD e H
ykPmykPumav tnH aAm" yaw,s u? aem 0g
yaw,s/ ,'d yaw,s? aom vab,s u? aem
0g vab,s/ ,'d vab,s? aom ty&d y k P
yg&rda,m0 yla&wGm vab,s u? tx e0g e0g
yg&rd a ,m yl a &wG m vab,s/
a,m=tMuifolonf? ormoarm"=oAkwPfudk?
yawwmG =awmifw
h ? 'gem'dyg&rda,m='getpSad omyg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd
yla&wd=jznfh\? aom=xdkolonf? ormoarm"dyg&rDeH=orm

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

12

oarm"dyg&rDw\
Ykd ? ykPm ykPu
mav=jynfNh y;D aomtcg rjynfah o;
aomtcgrsm;? tnH=wpfyg;aom? aAm"=atmufatmufaom
aAm"drsm;ud?k yaw,s u=awmifw
h &mao;oavm? aem 0g yaw,s
u= rawmifw
h &mNyaD vm? ,'d yaw,s=tu,f awmifh wjim;tH?h
aom=xdkolonf? vab,s u= &&moavm? aem 0g vab,s
u=r&&moavm? ,'d vab,s=tu,f&jim;tHh? aom=
xdkolonf? ty&dykPyg&rda,m0=oAkwPfudk awmifh w
jznfhtyfNyD;aom yg&rDa[mif;wGif avmif;pGufjznfhkH rjynfhpkHaom
yg&rDwdkYudkomvQif? yla&wGm=jznfh? vab,s u= &&moavm?
tx=xdkokdYr[kwf? e0g e0g yg&rda,m0=oAkwPfudk awmifh
w jznfhtyfNyD;aom yg&rDrsm;udk aemufxyf awmif;tyfaom
aAm"d\ tajcrjzpf vkH;vkH;ypf topftopfaom yg&rDwdkY
udkomvQif? yla&wGm=jznfh? vab,s u=&&moavm/
'orykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
-----0-----

11-{um'orykpmygXfteuf
yap u Ak ' Ak ' o m0umyd or m or K ' g 0d ,
y&dykPm woyg &rda,m yla&wGm0 AkaZ,sKH u?
tx ty&d y k P m {up m yg&rd a ,m0 yl a &wG m
Ak a Z,sKH /
yapuAk' Ak'om0umyd=yapuAk'g Ak'om0uwdkYonf
vnf;? ormorK'g 0d,=oAb
k &k m;wdu
Yk o
hJ ?Ydk y&dyP
k m =tjynft
h pkH

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

13

jzpfukefaom? woyg&rda,m=30-aom yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&wGm0=

jznf h u k e f omvQif ? Ak a Z,sKH u = yG i f h u k e f & moavm? tx=
xdo
k rYdk [kw?f ty&dyP
k m =rjynfrh pku
H ek af om? {upm=tcsKd Uukeaf om?
yg&rda,m 0=yg&rDwu
Ykd o
kd mvQi?f yla&wGm=jznfu
h ek
f ? AkaZ,sKH u=
yGiu
hf ek &f moavm/
{um'orykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

12-'Gg'orykpmygXfteuf
yuwd o m0um oA E d r y&d a p a 'e ud w u H
umvH yg&rd a ,m yl a &wG m 0 Ak a Z,sKH / ,xm
0kwumv y&dap' ar0 yg&rda,m yla&wGm AkaZ,sKH
u /
yuwd om0um= yuwd om0uwdkYonf? oAEdr y&dap
a'e=tvkH;pkHwdkYatmuf t,kwfqkH;jzpfaom tydkif;tjcm;tm;jzifh?
udwu
=H tb,frQavmufaom? umvH=umvywfv;Hk ? yg&rda,m=
yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&wGm0=jznfhukefomvQif? AkaZ,sKH=uRwfukef&m
oenf;? ,xm 0kwumv y&dap'ar0=qdktyfcJhNyD;aom tjym;Sd
aom urmwpf&m urmwpfaxmif-[laom yuwdom0uwdkY\
yg&rD&ifh&m umvtydkif;tjcm;Sdaom umvywfvkH;omvQif?
yg&rda,m=yg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd yla&wGm=jznfu
h ek
f ? AkaZ,sKH u=uRwu
f ek f
&moavm/
'Gg'orykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

14

13-aw&orykpmygXfteuf
yl&dwyg&rdwm om0um A[krSd Ak'oknuay
Oy E m o,ar0 Ak a Z,sKH u ? O'g[k wH uy H
twdurdwGm Ak'Kyg'uyH tm*r,rmem AkaZ,sKH/
yl&w
d yg&rdwm=yg&rDjznfu
h ek Nf y;D aom? om0um=t*om 0u
r[mom0u yuwdom0uwdkYonf? A[krSd=rsm;pGmaom? Ak'
oknuay=bk&m;wdkYrSqdwfaom urm? OyEm=jzpfMuukefonf
Sdaomf? o,ar0=rdrdwdkY tvdktavsmufyifvQif? AkaZ,sKH u=
uRwu
f ek &f moavm? O'g[k=xdo
k rYdk [kw?f wH uy=H xdo
k n
k urmud?k
twdur w
d mG =vGeu
f ek
f ? Ak'K yg 'uy=H bk&m;yGi&hf murmud?k tm*r,
rmem=iHhvifhukefvsuf? AkaZ,sKH u=uRwfukef&moavm/
aw&orykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

14-pk'orykpmygXfteuf
Ak ' yap u Ak ' Ak ' o m0um orme*F o r E m 0
Asmu&PH vab,sKH u? O'g[k 0do'do*ForEm0
Asmu&PH vab,sKH /
Ak' yapuAk' Ak'om0um=bk&m; yapuAk'g Ak'om0u
wdkYonf? orme*ForEm0=wlrQaom Asm'dwf&aMumif; t*FgESifh
jynfph MHk uukeo
f nf jzpfomvQi?f Asmu&PH=Asm'dwu
f ?kd vab,sKH
u=&uke&f moavm? O'g[k=xdo
k rYdk [kw?f 0do'd o*ForEm 0=rwlrQ

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

15

aom t*FgESifhjynfhpkHMuukefonfjzpfomvQif? Asmu&PH=Asm'dwf

udk? vab,sKH u=&ukef&moavm/
pk'orykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------

15-yE&orykpm ygXfteuf
Ak'g {0 Asmu&PH udw,ok u? tx yapuAk'
Ak ' o m0umyd /
Ak'g {0=oAkjrwfpGmbk&m;wdkYonfomvQif? Asmu&PH=
Asm'dwfudk? udw,ok u=Mum;Muukefoavm? tx=xdkokdYr[kwf?
yapuAk' Ak'om0umyd=yapuAk'g Ak'om0uwdkYonfvnf;?
udw,ok u=Mum;Muukefoavm/
yE&orykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------

16-aomVorykpmygXfteuf
Ak'om0um0d, a'0rEkjA[maemyd ,xm0kw umvy&dap'ar0 yg&rda,m yla&wGm AkaZ,sKH
u? tx wwlem yg&rda,m yla&wGm AkaZ,sKH/
Ak'om0um0d,=ax& ax&D omraP& omraP&D
odurmef-[kqdktyfaom Ak'om0uwdkYuJhokdY? a'0rEk jA[m
aemyd=ewf vl jA[mwdo
Yk nfvnf;? ,xm0kwu
mvy&dap'ar0=
qdt
k yfNy;D aom urmwpf&m urmwpfaxmif-paom om0uwd\
Yk
umvtyd k i f ; tjcm;ywf v k H ; omvQif ? yg&rd a ,m=yg&rD w d k Y u d k ?

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

16

yla&wGm=jznfu
h ek
f ? AkaZ,sKH u=uRwu
f ek &f moavm? tx=xdo
k Ydk
r[kwf? wwlem=xdkatmuft,kwfjzpfukefaom? 0g-wwlemwwlaee=xdkatmuf,kwfaom umvtydkif;tjcm;tm;jzifh? yg&rd
a,m=yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&wGm=jznfhukef? AkaZ,sKH u=uRwfukef&m
oavm/
aomVorykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
---0---

17-ow&orykpm ygXfteuf
ro a,0 pu0gaV Ak' yapuAk' Ak'om0um
OyaZ,sKH u? tx tnoyd pu0gaV/
ro a,0 pu0gaV=pMu0VmomvQi?f Ak' yap uAk'
Ak'om0um=bk&m; yapuAk'g Ak'om0uwdkYonf? OyaZ,sKH
u=jzpfukef&moavm? tx=xdkokdYr[kwf? tnoyd pu0gaV=
wpfyg;aom pMu0Vmrsm;vnf;? OyaZ,sKH u= jzpfuek &f moavm/
ow&orykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
---------------

18-t|m&orykpm ygXfteuf
aw p ro a,0 pu 0 gaV Zm,rmem
yg&rda,myla&okH u? tx tnoyd pu0gaV/
aw p=xdkbk&m; yapuAk'g Ak'om0uwdkYonfvnf;? r
o a,0 pu0gaV=pMu0VmomvQif? Zm,rmem=jzpfMuukef

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

17

? yg&rda,m=yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&okH u=jznhfMuukefoavm? tx=

xdkokdYr[kwf? tnoyd pu0gaV=wpfyg;aompMu0Vmrsm;vnf;?
Zm,rmem=jzpfMuuke
f ? yg&rda,m=yg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd yla&okH u=jznhMf u
ukefoavm/
t|&orykpm ygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

19-{ule0Dowdrykpm ygXfteuf
aw p ro pu 0 gaVyd Zr K 'D a ya,0
Zm,rmem yg&rd a ,m yl a &ok H u ? O'g[k aoo
'D a yok y d /
aw p=xdkbk&m; yapuAk'g om0uwdkYonfvnf;? ro
pu0gaVyd=pMu0VmwGif;vnf;? ZrK'Daya,0=ZrK'dyfuRef;
omvQif? Zm,rmem=jzpfMuukef? yg&rda,m=yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&okH
u=jznfhMuukefoavm? O'g[k=xdkokdYr[kwf? aoo'Dayokyd=
t&HuRef;i,f ig;&mpDESifhwuGaom taSUykA0da'[uRef; ajrmuf
Ow&ukkuRef; taemufty&a*g,mefuRef; ZrK'dyfuRef;\
t&Hjzpfaom oD[VuRef; em*uRef;paom ig;&maomuRef;i,f
wdYk vnf;? Zm,rmem=jzpfMuuke
f ? yg&rda,m=yg&rDwu
Ykd ?kd yla&okH
u=jznfhMuukefoavm/
{ule0Dowdrykpm ygXfteuf NyD;\/
----------------

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

18

20-0DowdrykpmygXfteuf
aw p ro a ,0 Zr K 'D a y rZd r a'ao
a,0 Zm,rmem yg&rd a ,m yl a &ok H u ? tx
yp E a 'aoyd /
aw p=xdb
k &k m; yapuAk'g om0uwdo
Yk nfvnf;? ro
a,0 ZrK'Day=ZrK'dyfwGif;vnf;? rZdra'aoa,0=rZdr
a'ot&yfomvQif? Zm,rmem=jzpfMuukef? yg&rda,m=yg&rD
wdkYudk? yla&okH u=jznfhMuukefoavm? tx=xdkokdYr[kwf? ypEa'aoyd=ypE&mZft&yfvnf;? Zm,rmem=jzpfMuukef? yg&rd
a,m=yg&rDwdkYudk? yla&okH u=jznfhMuukefoavm/
0DowdrykpmygXfteuf NyD;\/
---0---

y@dw"rwm 0gusygXf teuf

(u)

(c)

r,H apm'um emr {ua'oayu u m?

aem ouvayuum/ oap ouv
ayuum ba0,smr? {om ykpm e od,m/
b0wdp? {wm, ykpm, 'd|m, wH 0dZeH
O' & d w A H /
uo m ? yk p m 0d Z e meH tnrnH t0d e m
bm0D bm0awm]],w ,w ya' aoG0?
'da| 0dZae owd/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

19

ww ww K ' & d w A m ?
ykpm wm0 0dbm0dem}} wd{wd m*gxm, {uy'e e,bm0 awmp/
(*)
wo m omoe"Zl y rm Zr K 'D y "Zl y rm
y@dwm oap wkarS eDwaw ygVdt|uxm
#Duma,m tm[&dwGm aem uc 0daema'wkH
oau m x/ ten0d o ,H wk r S m uan0
0do,H {wH 0Dowd ykpH 0daZx/
(C)
aem ap 0kwea,e 0daema'wkH oaumx/
cgPk um0d,p EcDvm0d,p tpvm
yZm,E m ywu E m wk P S D b l w m a[mx/
(i)
uom [d wkPSDblwm? wkrSm'dao[d
twd , yn0g wH 0d Z e oraw m
oD [ ema'ok auo& oDa[m0d, y&d,wd
,H twd0dom&a'g A[kkw udwdoa'g
yk & d o 0d a oaom0 0d b Z A smu&P 0d Z aee 0d Z d wd /
(u) r,H apm'umemr=apm'uq&m igwdkYrnfonf
um;? {ua'oayuum=wpfzufwpfpdwfudkom ajrmfukef Munfh
uke\
f ? aem ouvayuum=tvk;H pku
H kd tukerf ajrmfuek f rMunfh
ukef? ouvayuum=tvkH;pkHukdtukef ajrmfukef Munfhukefonf?
oap ba0,smr=tu,fjzpfukefjim;tHh? {omykpm=ykpm
tpOf o nf ? eod , m=rjzpf & m? {omyk p m =yk p m tpOf o nf ?

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

20

b0wdp=jzpfvnf; jzpfjyefcJh\? {wm, ykpm,=ykpmtpOfudk?

'd|m,=awGUjriftyfonfadS omf? wH 0dZe=H xdyk pk m tpOf\ tajz
udk? O'&dwAH={uefpifppf xkwfjcif;iSgxdkuf\/
(c) uom=tb,faMumifhenf;[lrl? ykpm0dZemeH=
tar; tajzwdkY\? tnrnH=wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg;? t0dembm0Dbm0
awmp= ruif;tyf ruif;&mjzpfjcif; tavhtvm "rwmoabm
Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;]],w ,w ya' aoG0?
'da| 0dZae owd/
ww ww K ' & d w A m ?
ykpm wm0 0dbm0dem}} wd,w ,w ya'aoG0? 'da| 0dZaeowd/ ww
wwK'&dwAm= ykpmwm0 0dbm0dem-[laom/ {wdm *gxm,=
o'om&w ZmvdeD ponf vmaom*gxm\/ {uy'
ee,bm0 awmp]],w ,w ya'aoG0?
'd|m wk ykpem ,'d/
ww wwK'&dwAm?
0dZem 0dbm0dem}}/
[laom y#da,m*Dwpfzufudk jyaomenf; Oya'o*gxm
\ tjzpfaMumifh vnf;aumif;wnf;/
(*) wom=xdo
k Ydk ykpm tpOf\ vufadS wGUjrifxifmS ;
onf\tjzpf ykpm jrifaomf pGr;f tifadS vsmuf EdiI ;f axmufBuaH qmif

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

21

raSmifruGif; rjiif;rzifh ajzqdkoifhonf\tjzpfaMumifh? omoe

"Zlyrm=omoemawmfwGif;0,f rSefuif;trGef wHcGefozG,fvnf;
jzpfayukex
f aom? ZrK'yD "Zlyrm=ZrK'yD guRe;f vusmf xuf &wem
a&mifvQH EdiI ;f rpHonfh atmifvBH u;D ozG,v
f nf; jzpfayukex
f aom?
y@dwm=ynmSdokcrdefwdkY? wkarS=oifynmSd okcrdefwdkYonf?
eDwaw=wdkufkdufodtyfaom teufSdukefaom? ygVdt|uxm
#Duma,m=ygVd t|uxm #Dumusr;f wdu
Yk ?kd tm[&dwmG =aqmif,l
xkwfjyukef? aem=&[ef; Sif vl trsm;olwdkYESifhwuGaom ig
apm'uwdkY\? uc=okdYvm; okdYvm; ,kHrSm;awG;awm oabmrus
oHo,ud?k 0daema'wk=H ajzazsmufy,fxiG f okwo
f ifiS v
f if;jcif;iSg?
oap oaumx=tu,fpifppf jzpfjzpf ajrmufajrmuf ajym
pavmufatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifayukefonfjzpftHh? ten 0do,H=
trSwrf xif jrifjrif 0g;0g; tkwMf um;jrufayguf a&mufwwf &m&m
vl0g vl<um;wdkYESifh r&mxaom? wkrSmuan0=oifynmSd u0d
okcrdefwdkY\omvQif? 0do,H=t&mjzpfxaom? {wH 0DowdykpH=
20-ta&twGufSdaom tar;ykpmjyemudk? 0daZx=ajz
qdMk uyguke/f
(C) 0kwea,e=qdktyfcJhNyD;aom wdkufkdufvmaom
ygVd t|uxm #Dumusrf;*efudkaqmifjyaom enf;tm;jzifh?
0daema'wkH=oHo,udk y,fazsmufjcif;iSg? aem ap oaumx=
tu,fpifppf jzpfjzpf ajrmufajrmuf ajympavmufatmif rpGrf;
aqmif E d k i f M uuk e f o nf j zpf t H h ? cgPk u m0d , p=vl t rsm;wd k Y
oGm;vmul;oef; vrf;qkHvrf;r vrf;av;cG0,f ESpfvSnfvsm;

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

22

ay:Sdjim;onfh pum;rqdk Sm;ikwfwdkwdkYuJhokdYvnf;aumif;? E

cDvm0d,p=tajrmuf AkH;pdef ypfvTwfcsdefvnf; reda`E uif;vGwf
av raoGrvS,f rz,fiw
k w
f w
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H u
Ykd o
hJ v
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aumif;? tpvm=wdkYoligES,f ynmao;Ekwf &mr[kwf[k vQmEIwf
rokef a&vkyfikHokdY wkefvIyfjcif; rSdMuukefonfvnf;aumif;?
yZm,Em=rBuHwwfEdkif ai;arhrIdifMuukefonfvnf;aumif;?
ywuEm=tar;ykpm t&m ajziSgr&J cJxkwfqJGokdY wGJvJG
awmif;avmif; OD;acgif;ajrpkduf ikdufqdkufBuHKUBuHKU ikHU0yfvnfvQdK;
usKd ;aom yck;H SMd uukeo
f nfvnf;aumif;? wkPb
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pum;rvIUH cGe;f wkUH rjyef toHqw
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f Hk aeMuukeo
f nfvnf;aumif;?
a[mx=jzpfMuavukef/
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qdwfaeMuukefonf? a[mx=jzpfMu&ukeftHhenf;? wkrSm'dao[d=
ynmcsdKUwJh oifwdkYuJhokdY oabmSdukefaomolwdkYxuf? twd,
yn0g=vGefuJaom ynmSdayxaom? wH 0dZeorawm=xdk
yk p m ud k ajzqd k j cif ; trI pG r f ; Ed k i f a yxaom? oD [ ema'ok =
jrwfaomtoHudk usL;&ifhjcif; trIwdkY? 0g=0ef;usifESHUpyf yJhwif
xyfatmif oHjrwfvTwfzGifh usL;&ifh[pfa<u;&mjzpfaom awmokH;
axmifwdkY? auo&oDa[m=y@K wdP auo&ESifh e&[lonf
4-rnfE,
G f ;dk jcaoFrh sKd ;wGif wefc;kd Bu;D pGm auo&m[k tmPm jyif;Sed f
rd*d`E om;rsmhaoXfeif; jcaoFhrif;onf? twd0dom&a'g 0d,=
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ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

23

ayxaom? A[kw
k udwo
d a'g=ygVd t|uxm #Dumusr;f jrwf
yd#uwf0,f ESHUpyfMum;jrif ynmSif[k xifay:ausmfapmaom
owif;oHvnf; Sad yxaom? yk&o
d 0daoaom0=a,musmf ;xl;jrwf
usrf;wwfq&monfomvQif? 0dbZAsmu&P0dZaee=cJGa0
pdwjf zm ajzoif&h m pdwjf zm cGaJ 0 ajzqd&k maomenf;jzif?h 0dZ
d
wd=ajzayvwUH ? wom=xdaYk Mumif?h wkarS=oifwo
Ykd nf? wkPb
DS w
l m=
qdwfqdwfaeMuukefonf? a[mx=jzpfMuavukef/
y@dw"rwm 0gusygXfteuf NyD;\/
pH a usmif ; q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; a&;om;awmf r l t yf a om
0D o wd y k p m ygXf E S i f h
v,f w D q &mawmf b k & m;BuD ; a&;om;awmf r l t yf a om
0D o wd y k p m ed , NyD ; \/
---------------------------

0Dowd ykpm tajz

(0dZeu *Em&r)
(u) ]]ok A k ' a Am"d o r m a&m?
aAma"od aAm"drkwrH/
aAm"ae,sH okAka'e?
Aka'g aom a'wk ar Z,H/
(c) ,m uwm 0Dowdykpm?
axa&e xd&apwom/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

24

wmwH ux,dmrd?
oHykPH o0doZe}} Ed/
(u) okAk'aAm"dorma&m=aumif;pGm yGg;aptyfNyD; aom
yg&rD pm* p&d,wnf;[laom t&[wr*fPf oAkw
Pf\ taqmuftODSdawmfrlaom? a,m Aka'g=tMuifjrwfpGm
bk&m;onf? okAka'e=aumif;pGmodawmfrltyfNyD;aom oAkw
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aom w&m;a'oemawmf j zif h ? aAm"ae,sH = op m 4-qif h
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Aka'g=xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;onf? ar=tuREfkyftm;? Z,H=&efrm&fatmif
aMumif; aumif;jrwfcsr;f om r*Fvmud?k a'wk=ay;oem;awmfral p
ownf;/
(c) xd & apwom=r,d r f ; r,k d i f ausmuf p mwd k i f u J h o k d Y
cHch ikd Nf rNJ raH om oDv orm"d ynm*kPf adS wmfral yaom? axa&e=
igwdkYaus;Zl;Sif tSifok
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awmfrltyfNyD? wm=xdk 0Dowdykpmusrf;\? o0doZeH=tajzESifh
wuGaom? twH=teufjrefrm rSD&med,udk? oHykPH=jynfhpkHpGm?
ux,dmrd=qdak ytH?h wd=wGiyf Pmr y#dnmOfpum; Ny;D \/
0dZeu *Em&rygXfteuf NyD;\/
------------------

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

25

ykpu*Em&r tzGifh
0Dowd ykpmusrf;udk pD&ifawmfrlvdkaom q&mjrwfonf
usr;f \tp vGeu
f x
J ;l jrwfaom r*Fvm[k orkwt
f yfaom &wem
3-yg; taygif;tm; Sdcdk;jcif;wnf;[laom yPmrudk jyKojzifh
tvdk t
dS yf awmifw
h tyf &nfrw
S t
f yfaom tE&m,faysmufjcif;
usr;f Ny;D jcif;paom avmuD avmukw& mcsr;f ompD;yGg;taygif;wdu
Yk kd
&Guaf qmifaywwfaom ukov
dk t
f pk aumif;rIt,Of r*Fvmw&m;
wdu
Yk kd yGg;rsm;apjcif;wnf;[laom ykAu
pd y #dnmwA y#dnmOf wdu
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tvsiaf S;OD; jyawmfrv
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rdefYawmfrltyfownf;/
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ar;jcif; ajzjcif;trI twkrSd vdrfrmawmfrlaom? Ak'H=jrwfpGm
bk&m;udk? yPrmrd= Sdcdk;yg\? yPrs= Sdcdk;NyD;? wHwH aAm"dokoH,kwH=xdkxdkokdYaom ormoarm"d yapuaAm"d om0u
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ar;jcif; ajzjcif; trI vdrrf muRr;f usif odjrif wwfajrmufaMumif;
jzpfaom tar;ykpm jyemudk? ykpdH=ar;aytHh? 0g=odjcif;iSg
awmifhwaytHh/
*gxm 1/ t'd|aZmwemykpm
2/ 'd|oHoEemykpm

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

26

3/ 0drwdap'emykpm
4/ tEkrwdykpm
5/ uaxwkurswmykpm[l okwef t|uxmenf;tm;jzifh yOm 5-yg;/
1/ yka&yOm
2/ ypmyOm
3/ y&dykPyOm
4/ armCyOm[l tbd"rm ,rdkuft|uxmenf;tm;jzifh 4-yg;/
1/ {uHoAsmu&PD,yOm
2/ 0dbZAsmu&PD,yOm
3/ y#dykpm Asmu&PD,yOm
4/ xyeD,yOm[l pwkut*FkwKd&fygVdawmfenf;tm;jzifh 4-yg;/
1/ ygVd*wd 0dZem
2/ y#d0pe 0dZem
3/ oly'e 0dZem
4/ y#dauy 0dZem
5/ y#dao" 0dZem[l ,rdkuft|uxm enf;tm;jzifh 0dZemAsmu&P
5-yg;/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

1/ {uHoAsmu&P
2/ 0dbZAsmu&P
3/ y#dykpmAsmu&P
4/ xyeAsmu&P[l okweft|uxmenf;tm;jzifh Asmu&P 4-yg;/
rQaomtjym;onf ygVd t|uxmwdkY xifSm;pGmvmonf/

omrno'gusrf;enf;tm;jzifhum; 1/ taEmeDwenf;
2/ eduEenf;
3/ y'k'g&enf;
4/ y'ya0oeenf;
5/ tmabm*enf;
6/ tmum&enf;[l rduenf; 6-yg;/
1/ t,kw
2/ tmabm*
3/ Aswda&u
4/ tEG,[l apm'emenf; 4-yg;/
1/ ,kw
2/ tmabm*

27

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

28

3/ Aswda&u
4/ tEG,[l y&d[m&enf; 4-yg;/
okdYponfjzifh rsm;pGmyifvmonf? tus,frSm xdkxdkusrf;rSm ,lav/

ar;/
ajz/

tb,fhaMumifh bk&m;ukdom Sdcdk;tyfygoenf;/

"r oHC yPmrukyd if rjyKaomfvnf; Ak'y Pmr
onfyif vdktyfaomtE&m,fuif;jcif; usrf;NyD;
jcif;tusdK;udk NyD;apEdkifawmhonf? xdkYaMumifh
bk&m;udkom Sdcdk;tyfownf;/
xdkYaMumifh y#dord'gr*f*Pdyk'f *Em&ar &wew,yPmrH ,xm&bdw *E
teE & ma,e y&d , E y gyew H ? {0H ed | mer d p Ak a '
uw- yPmarae0 a[wD w d wE d E wd
rwd A [k r mem-ypd w d y om' A[k v w m Ak ' a 0
earm uawm/
[kred t
Yf yf\/
xdkokdYAk'yPmrudkom jyKawmfrlojzifhvnf; acwor'g
*kPfESifh pifppfjynfhpkHaom &wem 3-yg;wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg; jyKtyf
aom yPmronfyifvQif rdrdonf tZmo,or'g*kPfESifh
jynfph o
Hk oljzpfayrlum; vdw
k ikd ;f aom tusKd ;udk Ny;D pD;apEdik o
f nfjzpf
r[yv r[medoHo r[mEkbm0\ tjzpfudkvnf;aumif;
rdrd\vnf;tZmo,or'g*kPfESifh pifppfjynfhpkHonf\ tjzpfudk

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

29

vnf;aumif; jyawmfro
l nf? wpfpif;wnf;aomjrm;jzifyh if ode;f oef;
ru vmorQaom &efoludkwm;jrpfjcif;iSg pGrf;Edkif\-[k rdrd\tm;
tpGr;f udk {uef,MHk unfaom av;orm;onf &efou
l w
dk m;jrpfjcif;iSg
rsm;pGmaom jrm;udkaqmifojzifh tb,ftusdK;SdtHhenf;/
wpfenf;um;/ / &wem 3-yg;*kPf\ bk&m;*kPfESifh
yPmrdwA\ tjzpfjzifh wlaomvuPmSdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
bk&m; jyKtyfaom yPmronfyif w&m; oHCmwdYk vnf; jyKtyf
onfrnfyg\? xdaYk Mumifh w&m; oHCmwdu
Yk kd wdu
k f u
dk f xkwaf zmf
yPmrudk rjyKavonf/
xdkYaMumifh ,if;*Pdyk'fyif]]&wew,0g wxm*w*kaPe {uwwm
Aka' uwyPmarm t0aoo'G,myd
uawm0gwd wH 'G , ol y awm yPmrH e
ua&mwd } }/
[krdefYtyf\/
uPuuvokwft|uxmvnf; ]]wDok [d &waeok ,wuwpd pdwDuma&
uaw oAw uawma,0 a[mwd}}/
[krdefYtyf\/
wpfenf;um;/
/ ]]y"mae
]y"mae *[daw ty"merd
*[d w ar0 a[mwd } } [laom pum;ESifhtnD y"mejzpfaom
bk&m;ud,
k o
l jzifh ty"mejzpfaom w&m; oHCmwdu
Yk kd ,ljcif;udp
o'[wd wxm*w aAm"
NyD;oifhawmhonf? ]]o'
aAm"}} uJhokdYrSwf/

ZtpodYk

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30

xdkYaMumifh t*Fkw&t|uxm ]]a'oemoDoar0 apwH? rdem ye ta*Fe

wD o k y d &waeok o' g t"d a y w m? , [d
Ak'g'Dok yoma'g Av0g? w y"me0D&d,H Zwd/
[krdefYtyf\/
wpfenf;um;/
/ Ak'o'gjzifhyif bk&m;wnf;[laom
oAkAk'udkvnf;aumif;
]]Am[dwGm ygyau "ar?
a, p&Ed o'g owm/
cDP oHa,mZem Ak'g?
aw a0 avmuod jAm[Pm}} /
[laom O'gef;ygVduJhokdY om0uAk'udkvnf;aumif;
,ltyf\/
Ak'gwd pwkopoarma"e Ak'g? aw p ye
om0u Ak ' g yap u Ak ' g or m or K ' g wd wd 0 d " m?
awok " om0u Ak'g t"daywm/
y&rw'DyeDrnfaom O'gef;t|uxm/

bk&m; oHCmwdkYudk ,lojzifh xdkbk&m; oHCmwdkY\ "r um,

"ro&D&[k qdktyfaom w&m;udkvnf; ,ljcif;udp NyD;awmhonf/
xdkYaMumifh okwfr[m0g#Dum ]]Ak ' & weoH C &wEl y |maea[0 "r & wEl y |me
od ' d } }-}-[k rdefYtyf\/
um; Ak'yPmrudkom jyK&m enf;Oya'ownf;/

ZtpodYk

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31

yPr-[laomygXf yPmrBud,mrnfonfum; 0Eem

wd a m rm
Bud,myifwnf;? xdk0Eem Bud,monfvnf; ]]wd
bd u a 0 0E e m uma,e 0gpm, reom
reom}} [laom wdu
t*FkwdK&f ygVdawmfESifhtnD ukdPf;jzpfaom 'Gg&\tjym;tm;jzifh1/ um,0Eem
2/ 0gpm0Eem
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2/ tOvdur0Eem[l 2-yg;tjym;Sd\/
xdk 2-yg;wdkYwGif - yOywd|dw0Eem[lonfum; ykqpf';l 2-ck vuf 2-ck ezl; 1-ck? 5-ckaom t*Fgwdu
Yk kd
wnf&majrMurf;jyifponf wnfap 0Eae,s yk*dKvf\ ajcokdY
aS;InGwf ysyf0yfaomtm;jzifh dScdk;jcif;wnf;/ xdkYaMumifh tbd 0 ga'wG m wd yO y wd | d a we 0E d w G m }} [laom
]]tbd
yO y wd | d a wemwd
y#dord 'gr*f t|uxmtzGifh *Pdyk'f ]]yO
'GdZmPk 'Gd[wevma#[d yO[d ywd|dwH uwGm}}} [krdefYNyD/
ajr[laom wnf&mtm"m& rygyg-[ljim;tHh/

ZtpodYk

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32

taE m *gar 0gwd t m'D o k ,w yO t*F g ed

blrd,H ywd|maywGm 0EdwkH e oaum a[mwd?
ww Xdwm, {0 um,H yk&awm emarwGm 0Emrd
t,smwd tOv y*,S *EKrd 0wd/
[laom bduKaem0g'0*ftzGifh om&w'DyeD#Dumjzifh
wnf&m tm"m&udk rkcswdkufkduf odtyfownf;/
0de,mvuFm& #Dumum; e0uwa&Ekygvd bduKem 0kw& bduKaem
yga' 0EaEe yO"ar tZwH ork|maywGm yg'g
0E d w A m tpcs
D vmaom y&d0gygVdurkd
DS vuf0w
J zuf yck;H xuf
udk,f0wf pr,fwifjcif; vuftkyfcsDjcif; 0Eae,syk*dKvf\
ajcudkqkyfe,fjcif; cspfcifjrwfEdk;jcif; dkaoav;jrwfjcif;[laom
5-yg;udk Sdcdk;jcif;\ t*Fg 5-yg;[k a0zefqdk\/
xdk#Dum pum;onfvnf; t&mtm;avsmfpGmoifhay\/
xd
y\/

oDvuef#Dumopfum; ajct*Fg ykqpf'l;t*Fg wawmifqpft*Fg vuft*Fg

OD;acgif;t*Fg-[laom t*Fg 5-yg;udk tnDtnGwfjyK aS;InGwf
yO y wd | d w}}[l\? cufr 5-jzmudk t*Fg 5-yg; ,lkd;
onfudk ]]yO
,lpOfESifh nDtHhokdY rxifay? xdkYaMumifh aS;qdkcJhNyD;aom enf;
onfomvQif om"m&Pjzpfaomenf;[k rSwftyf\/

ZtpodYk

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33

tOvdur0Eem[lonfum; tOvdurHemr u&yk# orma,ma*g }}[lonfEiS hf tnD

]]tO
0Eae,s yk*dKvfokdY aS;IjyK OD;xdyf vuftkyfudk wifjcif;wnf;/
xdkYaMumifh ax&*gxm t|uxm 0E d H A[k u H ZeE d yk x k r [mZeH 'd | umav
0E? od&od tOv ua&maEm yPmr[l zGifhavonf/
yOywd|dw0Eemum;- aSU tOvdur0Eemum;- aemuf?
okdY Sdcdk;kd;tpOfudkrSwf? xdkYaMumifh ax&D*gxmygXf]]ed[p ZmPkH 0EdwGm? orKcg tOv tuH}}[l tpOfvmonf/
ed [ p ZmPk H 0E d w G m wd ZmPk ' G , H yx0d , H
ed[Em ywd|aywGm yOywd|dawe 0EdwGm orKcg
tO v tuE d o w K o r K c g ' o e c o a r m " m e
ork Z v H tO v tumo /
t|uxm/

u&yk#orma,m*\t& vuftkyf[lonfum; ]]'oecoarm"me ork Z v H ZvZrmvm

0d u v urv ruk V o'd o H tO v od & od
uwG m }}[laomed'gef;tzGifh
]]'oecoarm"me ork Z v m0d u v urv
rukV orH tOv od&od uwGm 0EdwGm}}-

ZtpodYk

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34

[laom r*FvAk'0iftzGifh Ak'0ift|muxmukd axmuf

jynfph aHk om y'krm MumikzH ;l ESihf wlpmG jyKtyfaom vufcyk u
f ,
dk t
l yf\?
ukd&nf ukd;cef; ]]xk d a &mumv? xk d c P? xk d r Q&H 0 ef ; ?
xk d & [ef ; wk d Y ? S d y ef ; jzL;jzL;? Mumik H z l ; ok d Y ?
S d O D ; yv i f ? yl a Zmf w if v suf ? }}
[k pyfavonf/
vuf0g;jyifukd ajraxmuf yOywd|dw ajrmufatmif Sdckd;&mum;
vuftkyfukd rvkdtyf? t0Ed,odumyk'frsm;um; yOywd|dw 0Eem
ukdom vkdtyf\/

2/

3/

0gpm0Eem [lonfum; - &wem 3- yg;\ *kPu

f dk
jywwfaom *gxmAE pkPd,0guswkdYukd rm*"
bmom jref r mbmom ponf j zif h Pf p G r f ;
y#dbmeftm;avsmpf mG zGUJ qkd pDu;Hk a&;om; Gwf zwf
EIwf`rGufcsD;rGrf; axmremjcif;wnf;/
raem0Eem [lonfum;-pdwfjzifhom &wem 3yg; wkdY\*kPfukd atmufarhMunfndKaomtm;jzifh
ESvkH; oGif;jcif;wnf;/
zGJUpDa&;om;jcif; 0pD'Gg&udpukd um,'Gg&jzifh NyD;apaom
t&mjzpf 0gpm 0E e m-[l usrf ; *ef r sm; qk d o nf [ k
rSwfyg/

]]tbd0g'eH axmreO? 0EeO yoHoeH/

ereO ylZO? oAH t&[od wk0H}}-

ZtpodYk

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[laom Ak'0 ifygVdum; tbd0g'eBu,

d m axmreBu,
d m
0EeBud,m ereBud,m 4-yg; uJGjym;vsufvm\/
Ak'0ift|uxmvnf; tbd 0 g'eE d tan[d tw a em tbd 0 g'em
um&m yeH / axmreE d y&r K cawm xk w d / 0E e E d
yPmreH/ yoHo eEd orKcawm yoHoeH/
ereEd tOvdu&PH? reom ereH 0g/ ylZEd
rmvm*E 0 d a vyem'D [ d yl Z eO /
[lzGifh\? xdk 4-yg;pkudkyif t&m yPmrBud,m
tjzpfjzifh,l tyf\/
ykpmrDwd wkH pmrd? yOSH
ykpdH- aemufteufum;]]yk
ua&mrDwd tawm}}}}[l y&rw'yD eDrnfaom 0drme0wK t|u
xm zGifhonfESifhtnDwnf;/
ykpu*Em&rtzGifh NyD;\/
-----------------

1-yXrykpm tajz
,cktcgNy;D Ny;D aom ykAu
pd E iS ,
hf OS o
f jzifh y#dnmOftm;avsmf
pGm y#dnmwAjzpfaom ykpm tpOfukd ]]a,m avmud, avmukw&
okcged}}ponfjzifh tm;xkwfawmfrlownf;/
1/ yXr ykpmudk avmuD avmukw&m csrf;om 2-yg;pkHudkyif awmifhw
&nfoef jyKtyfaom ukokdvfuHonf ta[moduH tjzpfokdY

ZtpodYk

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36

ra&mufygrlum; avmuD avmukw& mcsr;f om 2-yg;udyk if ay;Edik f

\? ta[modut
H jzpfoYdk a&mufru
l m; avmukw& mcsr;f omuko
d m
ay;Edkif\-[kajz/
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f ? avmuDtusKd ;udk ay;&mom ta[moduH
udk qdktyf\? avmukw&mtusdK;um; ta[moduHrnfonf
rS d o if h N yD ? avmuk w & mcsrf ; omud k ay;\-[l o nf r S m vnf ;
avmukw&mw&m;onf 'geponf\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaom avmuD
ukokdvfuH\ rkcszvtusdK;r[kwf? tmedoHo tusdK;rQomwnf;/
tmedoHotusdK;[lonfvnf; r*f zdv
k f edAm ef-[laom0d0udk awmifw
h &nfoef jyKtyf
aom ukov
dk o
f nf yk*Kd vo
f Emef wpfBurd w
f pfcgrQyif jzpfavjim;
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f saom rd;k BuKd ;onf NrNJ rpH nfum; Bu;D yGg;oefprG ;f
vSaomopfyifukd wa&GUwa&GU wpfaeYwjcm; acgif;yg; ajcmufxyf
apEdkifbdouJhokdY BuD;rm;xlxyfvSpGmaom udavomtxkukd
acgif;yg; acsmufcsm; tm;enf;onfudk jyKaomtm;jzifh r*f zdkvf\
Oyed, jzpfownf;? okdY Oyed,jzpfaom t&monf
yifvQif tmedoHotusdK;rnf\/
xdaYk Mumifh rlvyPot|uxm tmuacF,sow
k f tzGihf r[EH 0g avmud,okcH zvEDwd r[yvm/
r[awm avmuk w & ok c p yp , m a[mE D w d
r[med o H o m/ oD v m'd *k P ,k w [d u#p K bd u m yd yO & we rw m , bl r d , m yP o mvmyd
uwG m 'd E m taeumed uy o [med 'k * w d -

ZtpodYk

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37

0d e d y gwawm &u w d ? y&d a ,mom aep trwm,

ed A m e"mwk , m yp a ,m a[mwd /
[l rdefYtyf\/
teufum;/
/ 0g=zvo'g tmedoHoo'gwkdY\
teufwlaom enf;rSwpfyg; rwlaomenf;udkqdktHh? r[EH=BuD;pGm
aom? avmud,okcH=avmuDcsrf;omudk? zvEd=oD;wwfukef\?
wdom =xdaYk Mumif?h r[yvm=r[yvrnfuek \
f ? r[awm=jrwf
aom? avmukw& okcp=avmukw& mcsr;f om\vnf;? yp,m=
taxmuftyHhjzpfaom Oyed,taMumif;wdkYonf? a[mEd=
jzpfukef\/ wdwom=xdkYaMumifh? r[medoHom=r[medoHo
rnfukef\? [d=xdkpum;rSef\? oDvm'd*kP,kw=oDvpaom
*kPfESifh ,SOfaomyk*dKvf\? u#pK bdumyd=wpfZGef;rQavmufaom
qGrf;onfvnf;aumif;? yO&we rwm,=5-awmiftwdkif;
t&Snf&Sdaom? blrd,m=ajr? uwGm=aqmufvkyf? 'dEm=vSLtyf
aom? yPomvmyd=opf&Guf jruf oufi,frdk;aom ausmif;
onfvnf;aumif;? taeued=rsm;pGmukefaom? uyo[med=
taxmifruaom urmwdyYk wfv;kH ? 'k*w
0d ed yd gwawm='k*w
d b0odYk
zkdz&J ysufpD; usjcif;rS? &uwd=apmifhEdkif\? y&da,momaep=
tqH;k b0vnf;? trwm, edAm e"mwk,m=trw"mwf jrwfaom
edAmefw&m;\? ypa,m=taxmuftyHhjzpfaom Oyed,
taMumif;onf? a[mwd=jzpf\/
t|uxmudk axmuf avmukw&mtusdK;[lonf rkcszv tusdK;
t|uxmud
r[kwf? tmedoHo tusdK;rQomwnf;-[kodtyf\/

ZtpodYk

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38

ar;jref ; zG , f
ar;/

csrf;om 2-yg;udkyif awmifhw jyKaom ukodkvf

onf csrf;om 2-yg;udkyif ay;EdkifaMumif;udk
tb,fudk axmuf odtyfoenf;[lrl ajz/
tavmif;awmf bl&'d wfe*g;rif; par,se*g;rif;
ocFygve*g;rif;wdkY\ 0wKrsm;udkaxmuf od
tyf\/
xdkYaMumifh r[medygwf bl&d'wfZmwf (u) ]]wH 0drmeH tbdZm,? tr&meH okacodeH/
OaygoxH Oy0oaEm? aord 0rdu
rw a u}}[la[mawmfrlNyD/
p&d,yd#uygVdawmf bl&d'wp&d,vnf; (c) ]]ww yd w G m [H a'a0? {uE ok c
ory d a w/ wH o * H *rew m ,? oD v A w H
orm'd , }}[l a[mawmfrlNyD/
(u) t[H=igonf?okacodeH=ewfcsrf;omjzifh tcg
cyfodrf; ESpfoufjrwfEdk;jcif;&Sdukefaom? tr&meH=wm0wom
ewfwdkY\? wH0drmeH=xdka0Z,Emjymom'f paombHkAdrmefrsm;udk?
tbdZm,=awmifhw? OaygwxH=Oykofudk? Oy0oaEm=usifhoHk;

ZtpodYk

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39

vsuf? 0rdurwau=awmifhydkYxdyf? aord=udef;0yfaom axG

rSDwnf;ae\/
tbdZm,mwd yawwGm? ]] Zmwft|uxm}}/

(c) t[H=igonf? ww=xdw

k m0wom ewfw&Ykd mG ? {uEock
orydaw=pifppfcsrf;omjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkukefaom? a'a0=wm0womewfwu
Ykd ?kd ydwmG =jrif? wHo*=H xdw
k m0wom ewf&mG od?Yk
*rewm,=oGm;&jcif;tusKd ;iSg? oDvAw=H oDvtusiu
hf ?kd orm'd,=
aqmufwnfNyD/
par,sZmwfvnf;e ykwa[wk e "e a[wk?
tm,k aem pmyd ZedE a[wk/
rEk avmuH tbd y w , maem?
wom y&ur wayg ua&mrd/
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teuf u m;
m;/
/ ZedE=rif;BuD;? ykwa[wk=om;orD;
[laom taMumif;aMumifh? t[H=igonf? wayg=Oykofaqmuf
wnf j cif ; vH k Y v ud k ? eua&mrd = jyKonf r [k w f ? "ea[wk =
Opm[laomtaMumif;aMumifh?eua&mrd=jyKonfr[kwf tm,k
a[wkpmyd=touf[al om taMumif;aMumifv
h nf;? aemua&mrd=
jyKonfr[kwf? rEkavmuH=vlUbHkudk? tbdyw,maem=tvGef
awmifw
h \? wom=xkaYd Mumif?h y&ur= vGepf mG tm;xkw
f ? wayg=
Oykofaqmufwnfjcif;vHkYvudk? ua&mrd=jyKay\/
ocFygvZmwfvnf; xdkYtwlyifvm\/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

40

0wKeyd gwfrsm;udk axmuf csr;f om 2-yg;pHu

k kd awmifw
h
jyKaom rduukodkvfonf r*f zdkvf edAmefudk ay;Edkifaom
yg&rDajrmufaom ukodkvfyif[k rSwftyf\/

ar;jref ; zG , f
ar;/ xkwfjytyfNyD;aom ygVdrsm; avmukw&m csrf;
omukd awmifhwaom t&dyfta&mif rxifyg[ljim;tH/h
ajz/
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jyKtyfaom ukokdvfonfomvQif yg&rD[laom
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e*g;rif;wko
Yd nf usio
hf ;Hk tyfaom Oyko\
f y&rw
yg&rD\tjzpfukd p&d,yd#uygVdawmf if;tzGifh
y&rw'DyeD t|uxm t|omvdeD ygXZmwf
t|uxm r"k&w0dvmodeDrnfaom Ak'0if
t|uxm 0dok'Ze 0dvm odeDrnfaom ty'gef
t|uxm ZmwwuD paomusrf;wkdY vmjcif;
aMumifhvnf;aumif;
par,sZmwf ocFygvZmwfrsm; t[O v' g e rEk a,me ?
um[mrd Zmwdr&P tEH /
[l vmjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

41

bl&d'wp&d, t|uxm wH aAm"d y&dygpeH a[mEH ro a'0 avmau

Oywd um&PH b0dwDwd pdaEwGm em*b0eH
*E m rmwmyd w a&m tm[ ]] tr w mwm t[H
Oaygoxur H u&d mrD w d } }/
[lvmjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; xkde*g;rif;wkdYonf pifppf
avmukw&m csrf;omokcukdvnf; iJhuGuf&nfanmif; awmifhw
awmfrlMu&if; jzpfonfukd odtyf\/
t[O=igonfvnf;? rEka,me=vlb
Y 0ud/k v'ge= &?
0g=&onfSdaomf? Zmwdr&P=y#doaEae&jcif; ao& jcif;\?
tEH=tqkH;udk? um[mrd=jyK&vwH/
ygVd t euf /

oDvH=igapmifhtyfvwHUaom oDvonf? aAm"dy&dygpeH=

oAw
k Pfwnf;[laom aAm"du&kd ifah pwwfonf? a[mE=H jzpf
vsuf? ro a'0avmau=wm0wom ewf&Gm? Oywdum&PH=ewfjzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;onf? b0dwd=jzpfvwHU/
wd=okdY? pdaEwGm=BuHawmfrl? em*b0eH=abm*0wD e*g;
jynfokdY? *Em=oGm;? rmwmydwa&m=r,fawmf crnf;awmfwdkYudk?
trwmwm=r,fawmf crnf;awmfwdkY? t[H=igonf? Oaygoxur=H Oykof ok;H jcif;trIu?kd u&dmrd=jyKygtH?h wd=ok?Yd tm[=
t|uxmteuf/
qdkav\/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

42

bl&d'wfe*g;rif;onf awmifhwaomtwdkif; aoonfh

tjcm;rJh ewfjynfjzpfaMumif;udk bl&d'wp&d, t|uxm
vmonf/
yXrykpmtajz NyD;\/
------------------

2-'kwd,ykpmtajz
'kwd,ykpmyg&rda,mwd yg&H edAmeH t,Ed *pEd {wm[Dwd
yg&rd a ,m/ ed A m eom"um[d 'geapwem'a,m
"r m yg&rD w d 0k p E d /
[laom ZdemvuFm&#DumESit
hf nD oufoufaom avmuD
pnf;pdrfudkom awmifhw jyKtyfaom 'gepaom ukokdvfonf
pifppftm;jzifh yg&rDrrnf? xdkokdYrrnfjim;aomfvnf; a'oem
'gem'dyg&rda,m
aomw usojzifh ]]'gem'd
,m}} [l rdefYqdkavonf/
wpf e nf ; um;/
/ 'gepaom ukokdvf[lonf y@dw
ynwd oyK&doynwdjzpf avmuDpnf;pdrfoufoufudkyif
y&rmeH y@dwmeH urH
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yg&r
yg&rD}} [laom y&d,m,faMumifh yg&rD-[l zGifhqdkxdkuf\/
avmuDpnf;pdrfudkom awmifhw jyKtyfaomukokdvf
onf r*f zdkvf\ Oyed,rjzpf? pifppfum; b0orwd abm*
orwd-[kqdktyfaom avmuDpnf;pdrfudkom &GufaqmifEdkif\?
xdkYaMumifh raem&xyl&PDrnfaom t*Fkw&edum,f t|uxm

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

43

om&w yumoeDrnfaom oH,kwedum,f t|uxmrsm;(u) ty r w u H wd P rk | d r w ' geuk o vH 0g

a[mwk r[E H a0vmru 'geH 0g? oap
0orw yaw wGm 0eddw0aoe rdpm
xydwH a[mwd? 0ar0 tm[&dwkH
oaumwd? aem 0d0H/
(c) 'H ar 'geH tmo0u,m0[H a[mwlwd
{0H ye 0d0H yawaEe 0d00aoe orm
xyd w H t&[w r d yap u aAm"d Pr d
oA k w Pr d 'gwk H oau m wd a ,0/
[lrdet
Yf yf\/
(u) tyrwuH=tenf;i,frQaom? wdPrk|drw'ge
ukovH 0g=jrufwpfqyk rf Quv
kd LS aom ukov
dk o
f nfrv
l nf;? a[mwk=
jzpfap? r[E=H Bu;D us,rf sm;jrwfaom? a0vmru 'geH 0g= tavmif;
awmfa0vmru ykPm;\ tvSLESifhwlaom tvSLonfrlvnf;?
a[mwk=jzpfap? 0orw= 0#f\jynfph jHk cif;ud?k 0g=0#f'u
k tusKH ;0if
aompnf;pdrcf sr;f omud?k yawwmG =awmifw
h ? 0edw
d 0aoe=
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jzpfaptyfonf? oapa[mwd=tu,fjzpftHh? 0ar0=0
orwdudkomvQif? tm[&dwkH=aqmifjcif;iSg? oaumwd=pGrf;Edkif\?
0d0H=0#fuif;&mjzpfaomedAmefudk? tm[&dwkH=aqmifjcif;iSg? aem
oaumwd=rpGrf;Edkif/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

44

(c) ar=ig\? 'H 'geH=tvSLukokdvfonf? tmo

0u,m0[H=tmoa0gw&m; 4-yg;wdkY\ ukef&medAmefudk aqmif
onf? a[mwk=jzpfygapownf;? wd {0H=okdY? 0d0H=0#fuif;
&mjzpfaomedAmefudk? yawaEe=awmifhwojzifh? 0d00aoe=
0d0\tpGr;f jzif?h orm=aumif;pGm? xydwH ye=xm;tyf jzpfaptyf
aom ukov
dk o
f nfum;? t&[wr=d t&[wzv
kd u
f v
kd nf;aumif;?
yapu aAm"dPr?d yapuaAm"dPfuv
kd nf;aumif;? oAw
k
Prd=oAkwPfudkvnf;aumif;? 'gwkH=ay;jcif;iSg? oaum
wda,0=pGrf;EdkifonfomvQifwnf;/
t|uxmteuf

'kwd,ykpmtajz NyD;\/
-----------------

3-wwd,ykpm tajz
avmukw&m csrf;omoufoufudkom awmifhw jyKtyf
aom ukov
dk o
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dk w
f &m;wd\
Yk acgif;yg;npfErG ;f tpGr;f ,kwf
avsmjh cif;udk jyKwwfaom t0dZm wPSmpaom &efow
l rYkd S uif;a0;
onfjzpf jzLpifxufoefvSpGmaom o'g 0D&d, owd orm"d
ynmwdEYk iS ,
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umv b0rsm;pGmvnf; rGejf rwfjyefaY jymaom b0orwd abm*

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

45

orwdudk &Gufaqmifwwf\/
vnf ; b0or w d abm*or w d - wnf ; [l a om tusd K ;onf
vnf
omvQif xdkukokdvf\ rkcszvtusdK;&if;rnf\? r*f zdkvf edAmefwnf;
[laom tusdK;rSmrlum; tmedoHozvtusdK;rQomwnf;/

xdkYaMumifh yyOol'eDrnfaom rZdredum,ft|uxm

"r'g,m'okwt
f zGihf y&rw'yD eDrnfaom ck'u
edum,f wd0w
k f
t|uxm jAm[P"r,m*okwf tzGifhrsm; ,H yed ' H 0d 0 Kyed d w H uk o vH / ao,sxd ' H ?
a"uap m 0d 0 H yaw a E m 'geH a'wd ? oD v H
orm'd,wd? OaygoxurH ua&mwd? *Ermvm'D[d
0w K yl Z H ua&mwd ? "r H ok P mwd a'aowd ?
psmeormyw d a ,m ed A a w w d / {0H ua&maE m
tEkykaAe edy&d,m,"rH trwH edAmeH y#dvbwd/
t,H y&d , m,"ar m /
[lrdefYtyfNyD/
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0#fuif;&m edAmefudkrSDaom? ,H 'H ukovH=tMuifukokdvfonf?
twd=Sd\? 'H=0d0Kyeddwukokdvf[lonf? ao,sxm=
tb,fenf;? "=avmu? {uapm=tcsKd Uaomolonf? 0d0H=
0#fuif;&mjzpfaomedAmefudk? yawaEm=awmifhwvsuf? 'geH=
tvSLudk? a'wd=vSL\? oDvH=5-yg;oDv 10-yg;oDv ygwdarmu
oH0&oDvudk? orm'd,wd=aqmufwnf\? OaygoxurH=t*Fg
8-yg;Sad om Oykot
f rIu?kd ua&mwd=jyK\? *Ermvm'D[=d eHUomyef;

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

46

ponfwdkYjzifh? 0wKylZH=&wem 3-yg;tm; ylaZmfjcif;udk? ua&mwd=

jyK\? "rH=w&m;usrf;*efudk? okPmwd=emcHoifMum;\? a'aowd=
olwpfyg;tm; a[mMum;ydcYk s\? psmeormywad ,m=psmeformywf
wdkYudk? edAawwd=jzpfap\? {0H=okdY? ua&maEm=jyKaomyk*dKvf
onf? tEkykaAe=tpOfojzifh? edy&d,m,"rH= rkcsw&m;[laom?
trwH edAmeH=tNrdKufedAmefudk? y#dvbwd=&\? t,H= w&m;
onf? y&d,m,"arm=y&d,m,f"rrnf\/
t|uxmteuf/

t|uxm0gus tEkyak Ae-[laom ygXfjzifh vlUcsr;f om ewfcsr;f omrsm;ukd

tvsif aS;OD; cHpm;pHpm;NyD;rS edAmefudk &onf[k orwdurudkjy
onf? r*ftpOf zdkvftpOfrQudkom jyonfr[kwf/
xdktaMumif;udkvnf; 0d 0 0aoe Oy E p d w a r0 pd w H ? wOS d rEk ok c awm 'd A o k c H 'd A o k c awm psmeok c H psme
okcawm 0dyem okcH 0dyemokcawm r*okcH
r* o k c awm zvok c H zvok c awm ed A m eok c H
t"d 0 [wd tm[&wD w d t"d 0 g[eH e mr a[mwd /
[laom {u*Fkw&t|uxmjzifh wdkufkdufodtyf\/
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pdwo
f nfomvQi?f pdw=H t&m vkt
d yfaom pdwrf nf\? [dop=H
xkdpum;rSef\? wH=xkd0d0\ tpGrf;jzifhjzpfaom pdwfonf? rEk
okcawm=vlUcsr;f omrS? 'dAo
ck =H ewfcsr;f omuk?d 'dAo
ck awm= ewf

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

47

csr;f omrS? psmeokc=H psmefcsr;f omuk?d psmeokcawm=psmefcsr;f omrS?

0dyemokcH=0dyemcsrf;omukd? 0dyemokcawm=0dyem
csrf;omrS? r*okcH=r*fcsrf;omukd? r*okcawm=r*fcsrf;omrS?
zvokcH=zkdvfcsrf;omukd? zvokcawm=zkdvfcsrf;omrS? edAmeokcH=
edAmefcsrf;omukd? t"d0[wd tm[&wd=vGefpGmaqmifwwf\?
wdwom=xkdYaMumifh? t"d0g[eHemr=t"d0g[epdwfrnfonf?
a[mwd=jzpf\/
t|uxmteuf/

tcsdKUq&mwkdYum; 0d0ukdawmifhw jyKtyfaom ukokdvfonf ukokdvfuH

tukokdvfuHwkdY\ ukefcef;jcif;ukd jyKwwfaom uru,u&
ukokdvfjzpf 0orwdukd rGufaqmifwwf? 0d0ukdom Guf
aqmifwwf\-[krw
S ,
f al jymqkMd uukeo
f wwf? uru,
u& rnf
onfukd 0d0ukd awmifhw jyKtyfaom avmuDukokdvfrsm;ukd
r,ltyf? r*fapwem r*fPfrsm;ukdom ,ltyf\/
xkdaMumifh ukuK&0wduokwf t|uxmtuPS H t ok u E d ur u , u&H pwk r *
]]tuPS
apwem ur H t"d a y w H } }
[lvnf;aumif;?
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]]tuPS
t"d a y w H } }
[lvnf;aumif; rdefYtyf\/ teufvG,fNyD/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

48

xkdaMumifh xkdq&mwkdYpum;ukd r,lrl xkwfjytyfcJhNyD;aom

t|uxmrsm;ukd axmufojzifhvnf;aumif;
(u)
y&d w m &r P wd a u ty r mPm&r P m
apwem wd aou m eH a*gMwbk a pwem?
yp a 0u P m apwemwd y d 0w K H 0wd /
(c)
0dygumeH y&dwm&rPmeEd y#doEd,H urH
tm&r P H uwG m y0aw pu K 0d n mPm'd
0aoe l y g'd t m&r P H tm&r P H uwG m ?
w'g&r P 0aoe Z0aee *[d w y&d w m
&r P O tm&r P H uwG m Oy E m eH /
(*)
a, ye a*gMwbkpdawe ewd y#doEDwd
0'Ed? aw rdem okawe y#daoa"wAm/
[laom y|mef;t|uxm
(u)
tm,w y#doEd,m ypa,m a[mwDwd
ocFgkyum or,kw ur Av0wm
awae0 ok * wd y#d o E d , m 'd , srmem,
tbd e E e ocF g awm avmbud a vaom
tem*aw umrm0p& ok * wd y#d o E d , m
ypa,m a[mwd/ ,om udavoo[m,H
ur H 0d y guH Zaewd ? wo m ur H Zeu
ypa,m a[mwd? udavom Oywru
yp , m/

ZtpodYk
(c)

yg&rD'yD eD

49

aou ye Ow & d y#d a 0"mwd

ou'g*grd r* g 'd 0 aoe op y # d a 0"/
tm,w y#d o E d , m yp a ,m a[mwD w d
aoauok aomwmyE ou'g*grDeH
te"d*wpsmemeH ocFgkayumuare
'd , srmem, umrm0p& ok * wd y #d o E d , m
tbd - eE e ud a vaom yp a ,m a[mwd /
(*) psmevmbD e H ye aomwmyE ou'g*grD e H
tem*g rdp jA[avmaua,0 y#doEd
'geawm yp a ,m e a[mwd ? tEk a vmr
a*gMwbl [ d p 'd , srmem, y#d o E d , m
t,ar0 ud a vaom yp a ,m a[mwD w d
a'0d w aA m /
[laom o'ryumoeDrnfaom y#dord'gr*ft|uxm
rsm;udk axmufojzifhvnf;aumif;? ocFgkayuPf tEkavmr
PfESifh,SOfaomuH? a*gMwblPf a0g'gefPfESifh,SOfaomuH?
ypa0uPmPfEiS ,
hf OS af omuHwo
Ykd nfyif y#doaEtusKd ; y0wd
tusdK;udk ay;aMumif;rsm;udk wdkufdkufodtyfojzifh 0d0\tpGrf;
jzifhjzpfaom 'geukodkvfponfwdkYrSmrlum; qdk&efrSd? {uefpifppf
0orwdudk ay;Edkifawmhonfom[k rSwftyf\/
(u) y&dwm&rPwdau=y&dwm&rPwduf? tyrm
Pm&rPm apwemwd=tyrmPm&rPmapwem-[lonfum;?
aoumeH= atmufzv|mefyk*dKvf 3-a,mufwdkY\/ a*gMwbkapw

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

50

em=a*gMwblPfESifh,SOfaom apwemwnf;? ypa0uPm

apwem=r*f zdkvf edAmefudk qifjcifaom ypa0uPmPfESifh
,SOfaom apwemwnf;/ wdyd=odkYvnf;? 0wHK=qdkjcif;iSm?
0wd=oifhao;\/
(c) 0dygumeH y&dwm&rPmeEd=0dygumeH y&dwm&r
PmeH-[lonfum;? y#doEd,H=umrok*wd y#doaEtcg? urH=
a*gMwblPf a0g'gefPf ypa0uPmPfEiS ,
hf OS af omuHu?kd
tm&rPH uwGm=tmkHjyK? OyEmeO? jzpfukefaom r[m0dyguf
Por,kwfwd[dwf y#doaE emruEmwdkYtm;vnf;aumif;/
y0aw=y0wdumv? puK0dnmPm'd0aoe=puK0dnmPftp
&Sdaom ukov0dygufyO0dnmPf or#dpdKef; oED&PwdkY\ tpGrf;
jzifh? lyg'dtm&rPH=lygkH paom 5-yg;aom tmkHudk? tm&rPH
uwGm=tmkjH yK? OyEm e=jzpfuek af om ukov0dygufyO0n
d mPf
or#dpdKef; oED&P emruEmwdkYtm;vnf;aumif;? w'g&rP
0aoe=w'gku
H pd t
pGr;f jzif?h Z0aee=umraZmonf? *[dwy&dwm
&rP=H ,ltyfNy;D aom umrtmkH 6-yg;ud?k tm&rPu
H wGm=tmkjH yK
? OyEmeO=jzpfukefaom ukov0dyguf w'gkH 6-ck emruEm
wdkYtm;vnf;aumif;? urypa,e=ememuPdu uryp,owd
jzifh? ypa,m=aus;Zl;jyKwwfonf? a[mwd=jzpf\/
(*) a,ye=tMuifq&mwdkYonfum;? a*gMwbkpdawe=
a*gMwblpw
d jf zif?h y#doE=d y#doaEonf? ewd= r&S?d wd=od?Yk 0'Ed=
qdkMuukef\? aw=xdkq&mwdkYudk? rdemokawe=y|mef;ygVd
awmfjzifh? y#daoa"wAm=wm;jrpftyfukef\/
y|mef;t|uxmteuf

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

51

(u) tm,w y#doEd,mypa,ma[mwDwd=tm,w

y#doEd,mypa,ma[mwd-[lonfum;? ocFgkayumor,kw
ur=ocFgkayumPfESifh,SOfaomuH\? Av0wm=tm;BuD;
onf\tjzpfaMumifh? awae0=xdkocFgkayumPfESifh,SOfaom
uHonfomvQi?f ok*wdy#doE,
d m=umrok*wdy#doaEu?kd 'd,srm
em,=ay;tyfonf&adS omf? tbdeEe ocFgawm=0dyem eduE[
d k
qdktyfaom? avmbudavaom=avmbudavomonf? tem*
aw=aemif t cg? umrm0p&ok * wd y #d o E d , m=umrm0p&
ok*wdy#doaE\? ypa,m=taMumif;onf? a[mwd=jzpf\/
,om=tMuifhaMumifh? udavoo[m,H= udavomvQif tazmf
o[J&adS om? ur=H uHonf? 0dyguH=tusKd ;ud?k Zaewd=jzpfapEdik \
f /
wom=xdkYaMumifh? urH=ocFgkayumPfESifh,SOfaom uHonf?
Zeuyp a,m=jzpfapwwfaomtaMumif;onf? a[mwd=jzpf\/
udavom=udavomwdo
Yk nf? Oywru
yp,m=taxmuftyHjh zpf
aom taMumif;wdkYonf? a[mEd=jzpfukef\/
(c) aou =aou y k * d K vf \ ? 0ga&ye=0g&um;?
(xnfhonf) Ow&dy#da0"mwd=Ow&dy#da0"-[lonfum;?
ou'g*grdr*g'd0aoe=ou'g*grdr*f ponfwdkY\tpGrf;jzifh?
op y # d a 0"=op m wk d Y u k d xk d ; xG i f ; od j cif ; \? tm,w
y#doEd,m ypa,m a[mwDwd=tm,w y#doEd,m ypa,m
a[mwd-[lonfum;? aoauok=aouyk*dKvfwkdYwGif? te"d*wpsmemeH=psmefr&ukeaf om? aomwmyE ou'g*grDe=H aomwmywd-
zv|mef ou'g*grdzv|mefyk*dKvfwkdY\? ocFgkayumuare=

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

52

ocFgkayumPfEiS ,
hf OS af omuHonf? 'd,srmem,=ay;tyfaom?
umrm0p&ok*wdy#doEd,m=umrm0p&ok*wd y#doaEtm;?
tbdeEeudavaom=0dyemeduEd udavomonf? ypa,m=
aus;Zl;jyKwwfonf? a[mwd=jzpf\/
(*) ye=xkdrSwpfyg;? psmevmbDeH=psmef&jzpfukefaom?
aomwmyE ou'g*grDeO=aomwmywdzv|mef ou'g*grd
zv|mefyk*dKvfwkdYtm;vnf;aumif;? tem*grdp=tem*grd
zv|mefyk*dKvftm;vnf;aumif;? jA[avmaua,0=jA[mhbkH
vQi?f y#doE'd geawm=y#doaEay;jcif;aMumif?h ypa,m=taxmuf
tyHhjzpfaom taMumif;onf? ea[mwd=rjzpf/ p=qufqkdtHh?
tEkavmr a*gMwbl[d=tEkavmrPf a*gMwblPfwkdYonf?
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t,ar0 udavaom=0dyemeduE[
d q
k t
dk yfaom udavom
onfyifvQif? ypa,m=taxmuftyHhjzpfaom taMumif;onf?
a[mwd=jzpf\? wd=okdY? a0'dwaAm=odtyf\/
y#dord'gr*f t|uxm teuf

wwd,ykpmtajz NyD;\/
------------------

v'*kPor0 ykpm tajz

qkdtyfcJhNyD;aom ykpm 3-yg; &oifh&xkdufaom tajzukd
jrifonfadS omf wpfpw
Hk pfcak om avmuD avmukw& m csr;f omukd
rawmifhwrl trSwfrJhjyKtyfaom 'gepaom ukokdvfonfvnf;

ZtpodYk

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53

b0orwd abm*orwdwnf;[laom avmuDcsrf;omrQukdum;

{uefpifppf ay;Ekid af wmhonf[k odtyfavaomaMumifh trSwf
rJhjyKtyfaom ukokdvfukd toD;ykpm xkwfawmfrrlonf/
xkwfvkdrlum; a,m 0g ye avmud, avmukw&okacok
ud O d y d tyaw w G m 'gem'd y g&rd a ,m yl a &wd ? u
aom avmud, okcar0 0g avmukw&okc ar0
0g vab,s? O'g[k w'kb, okcrd vab,s? aem
0g vab,s w'kb, okcH/
[lxkwftyf\/
0g ye=xkdrSwpfyg;? a,m=tMuifolonf? avmud,
avmukw& okacok=avmuDcsr;f om avmukw& mcsr;f om2-yg;wkYd
wGif? udOdyd=wpfpkHwpfckaom csrf;omukdrQvnf;? tyawwGm=
rawmifhwrl? 'gem'dyg&rda,m='gepaomyg&rDwkdYukd? yla&wd=
jznfh\/ aom=xkdolonf? avmud, okcar0 0g=avmuDcsrf;om
ukdomvQifvnf;? vab,su=&&moavm? avmukw& okcar0
0g=avmukw& mcsr;f omuko
d mvQiv
f nf;? vab,su= &&m oavm?
O'g[k = xk d o k d Y r [k w f ? w'k b ,ok c rd = xk d E S p f y g;aom csrf ; om
ukdyifvnf;? vab,s u=&&moavm? w'kb,okcH0g=xkdESpfyg;
aom csrf;omukdyifvnf;? aem vab,su=r&&moavm/
um; v'*kPor0ykpm ygXfteufwnf;/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

54

v'*kPor0ykpm tajzum; xkduJhokdY trSwfrJhjyKtyfaom 'getpSdaom ukokdvfonf

avmuDcsrf;omukdom ay;Ekdifonf? avmukw&mcsrf;omukd ray;
Ekdif[lay/
xkdaMumifh pu0wdokwf t|uxm-rmwmyd w l e H yk w " D w mok od a e[0aoe
rk'kpdwH ykw"DwmeH rmwmyDwlok odae[0aoe
rk'kpdwO 0*grd ukovH emr? w y&da,momeH
rEkavmau pu0wdaem od&D0db0y#dvmabm/
[l rdefYtyf\/
rmwmydwleH=trdtzwkdY\? ykw"Dwmok=om;orD;wkdY?
odae[0aoe=cspjf cif;\tpGr;f jzif?h rk'pk w
d O =El;nhaH om pdwo
f nf
vnf;aumif;? ykw" w
D meH=om;orD;wk\
Yd ? rmwmyDwo
l =k trd tz
wkdY? odae[0aoe=cspfjcif;\tpGrf;jzifh? rk'kpdwO=El;nHhaom
pdwfonfvnf;aumif;? 0*grdukovHemr=0*grdukokdvfrnf\?
w=xku
d o
k v
dk \
f ? y&da,momeH=tpGr;f owv
d eG af om tqk;H um;?
rEkavmau=vlUbkH? pu0wdaem=pMumrif;\? od&D0db0y#dvmabm=bkef;usufoa& pnf;pdrfcsrf;omukd &jcif;wnf;/
t|uxm teuf/

rdzom;orD;wk\
Yd tcsi;f csi;f jzpfaom arwmpdwrf nf onf
wpfpkHwpfckaom csrf;omukd awmifhw jzpfaptyfaom pdwf
r[kwf? xkdokdYr[kwfbJvsuf pMumrif;\ pnf;pdrfukdyifaomfvnf;
ay;pGrf;Ekdifavonf/

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

55

t|uxmpum;onfvnf; tnHhqkH;jzpfaom ukokdvf\

owdukdjyaom pum;omwnf;? xkdYaMumifh wpfpkHwpfckaom
csrf;omukd rawmifhwrl jyKtyfaom ukokdvfonf tpGrf;owd
tm;avsmpf mG vlpY nf;pdrf ewfpnf;pdrf jA[mpnf;pdr[
f k qkt
d yfaom
avmuDcsr;f omrQuu
dk m; pifppfay;Ekid af wmhonfom[k rSwt
f yf\/
]oHom&0'kuawm armpewm, yAZH ,mpmrd}}
1/ ]]oH
[laomawmif;yefjcif;
OvKrwk rH baE oHaCm tEkurH Oyg'g,
2/ ]]Ov
Oyg'g,}}
[laom awmif;yefjcif;udk t&if;jyK&tyfaom yAZw
d bm0
wnfukefaom omraP &[ef;wdkY\ rdrdtusdK;iSgaomfvnf;
aumif; olwpfyg;wdkY\ tusdK;iSgaomfvnf;aumif; 0wftusifhudk
t&if;rl jyKtyfaom xD;vkyfjcif; zdeyfvkyfjcif; oydwfzkwfjcif;
ouFef;jzwfjcif; csKyfjcif; qdk;jcif; ausmif;uefaqmufvkyf
jyifqifjcif;-paom e0ur udpBuD;i,fESifhpyfvsOf;aom trIrsm;
udkum; r*f zdkvfudk txl;rawmifhwbJ trSwfrJhyif jzpfaptyf
jim;aomfvnf; tm*rok'd\tpGrf;aMumifh r*f zdkvf edAmefudk
awmifhw jyKtyfaom 0d0eddwukodkvfyif oGif;tyff f \/
xkdYaMumifh yPmot|uxm wd0kwft|uxmrsm;ww Zmeem A[k 0 d " m? 'A Z mwd a um{0 [d
aumpd bd u K qw H umwH k Zmemwd ? aumpd
pD 0 &m'D e H tnw&H ? w 'd o med ur m ed
0woDao XwGm ua&mE om Zmeem r*zvmeH
y'|meH e a[mwDwd e 0wAm? a,m ye omoae

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

56

yA Z d w G m a0Z u r m 'D e d umwH k Zmemwd ? wa0H

Zmeawm tmo0g 0Ed a ,0/
[l rdefYtyfNyD/if;\ tzGifh#Dumvnf;0w o D a o XwG m wd 0w H Ow r * "k & H 0 g
uwGm? a,m [d y&dok'gZDa0g umwHk tZmeEmeH
ojA[pm&DeH twaem 0g 0gwmwyg'dy#dAm[ewH
qw m 'D e d ua&mwd ? aom 0w o D a o XwG m
ua&mwd e mr? y'|meH e a[mwD w d e0w A H
emxu&P"rbma0e Oyed,bm0awm? 0kwOd
,med wmed ojA[ p m&D e H Op m 0pmed ud p u &PD
,med? ww 'aum a[mwDwd tm'd/
[l rdefYtyfNyD/
ww=xdkpum;&yf? Zmeem=odjcif; wwfjcif;rnfonf?
A[k0d"m=rsm;aomtjym;&Sd\? [d=xdkpum;udkcsJUtHh? 'AZmwdaum
{0=trIcyfodrf; vdrfrmuRrf;usifonfomvQifjzpfaom? aumpdbduK=tcsdKUaom&[ef;onf? qwH=xD;udk? umwHk= jyKvkyfjcif;iSg?
Zmemwd=wwf\? aumpd=tcsdKUaom &[ef;onf? pD0&m'DeH=
ouFef;paom y&du&m toHk;taqmifrsdK;wdkYwGif? tnw&H=
wpfyg;yg;udk? umwHk=jyKvkyfjcif;iSg? Zmemwd=wwf\? 'domed=
odkYoabm&Sdukefaom? urmed=trIcyfodrf;wdkYudk? 0woDao=
bk&m;ynwftyfaom 0wftusifhwnf;[laom OD;acgif;tOD;?
XwGm=wnf? ua&mE=wdkif;xGmMuHzef pDrHxHk;rdwf jyKvkyf
wwf a om? w=xd k & [ef ; \? omZmeem=xd k t wwf u d k ?

ZtpodYk

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57

r*zvmeH=r*fzdkvfwdkY\? y'|meH=eD;pGmaom taMumif;onf? e

a[mwd=rjzpf? wd=odkY? e 0wAm=rqdkoifhay? a,m ye=
tMuif&[ef;onfum;? omoae=omoemawmfwGif;? yAZdwGm=
&[ef;jyKNyD;? a0Z urm'Ded= aq;ukjcif; trIpaom ukv'loe
trI taeoetrIwdkYudk? umwHk=jyKjcif;iSg? Zmemwd=zG,fzG,f
&m&mwwf\? {0H=odkY? Zmeawm=wwfaom? w=xdk&[ef;
tm;? tmo0g=tmoa0gw&m;wd k Y o nf ? 0Ed a ,0=wd k ; yG m ;
ukeo
f nfomvQiw
f nf;/
t|uxmteuf

0woDaoXwGmwd=0woDaoXwGm-[lonfum;? 0wH=
tusifh0wfukd? Owr*=jrwfaomt*Fgukd? 0g=wpfenf;um;? "k&H=
tOD;ukd? uwGm=jyK? [d=xkdpum;oifh\? y&dok'gZDa0g=pifMu,f
aom toufarG;jcif;Sdaom? a,m=tMuif&[ef;onf? umwkH=
jyKvkyfpD&ifjcif;iSm? tZmEmeH=rodrwwfukefaom? ojA[Zm&DeH
0g=oDwif;okH;azmfwkdY\vnf;aumif;? twaem0g=rdrd\vnf;
aumif;? 0gwmwyg'dy#dAm[ewH=av aeylponfwkdYukd wm;jrpf
jcif; tusKd ;iSm? qwm'De=d xD;ponfwu
Ydk ?dk ua&mwd=jyKay\? aom=
xk&d [ef;onf? 0woaD o=tusi0hf wfwnf;[laom tOD;? XwGm=
wnf? ua&mwdemr=jyKonfrnfay\? emxu&P"rbma0e=
rdr\
d vnf;aumif; olwpfyg;wk\
Yd vnf;aumif; uk;d uG,t
f m;uk;d
&mukd jyKwwfaom emxu&P"r\tjzpfjzifh? Oyed, bm0awm= r*f zkv
d \
f Oyed,jzpfayonf\ tjzpfaMumif?h y'|meH=
r*f zkv
d \
f eD;pGmaom taMumif;onf? ea[mwd=rjzpf? wd=ok?Yd

ZtpodYk

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e0wAH=rqkdoifhay? [dopH=rSef\? ,med wmed ojA[pm&DeH

Opm0pmed udpu&PD,med? ww 'aum a[mwDwd tm'd ,med
wmed ojA[pm&DeH Opm0pmed udpu&PD,med? ww'aum
a[mwd-okdYtpSdaom pum;ukd? 0kwH=a[mawmfrltyfNyD/
#Dumteuf/

ukokdvf 4-&y
4-&yf
1/ wpfpw
Hk pfcu
k dk rawmifw
h bJ trSwrf hJ jzpfap tyfaom
ukokdvfwpf&yf
2/ avmuD oufoufukdawmifhw jyKtyfaom ukokdvf
wpf&yf
3/ avmuD avmukw&m csrf;om 2-yg;ukd awmifhw
jyKtyfaom ukokdvfwpf&yf
4/ avmuk w & mcsrf ; om ouf o uf u d k awmif h w
jyKtyfaom ukokdvfwpf&yf
4-&yfwdkYwGif wwfEdkifygvQif pwkwukokdvfudkom jyK
tyf\/
pwkwudkrwwfEdkifvQif wwd, wwd,udkrwwfEdkifvQif 'kwd,
'kwd,udkrwwfEdkifvQifom yXrudkjyKoifhonf/

vlUcsrf;om ewfcsrf;omudkyif awmifhwjim;aomfvnf;

par,se*g;rif; ocFygve*g;rif;wdkYuJhokdY 'ge oDv-paom 0d0
ukokdvfw&m;wdkYudk ysHUysHUysL;ysL; qnf;yl;jznfhusifhvdkjcif; wnf;[l
aom taMumif;aMumifhomvQif xdkukokdvfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfyGg;
jyefYajym&m taMumif;udk awmifhwaomtm;jzifh b0txl;

ZtpodYk

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59

t&yfa'otxl; trsdK;tEG,ftxl;rsm;udk pJGvrf;awmifhw

jzpfaptyfaom ukov
dk o
f nf oifw
h ifah vsmufywf cs;D rGr;f tyfaom
ukokdvfyif[k rSwftyf\/
xdkYaMumifh yPmot|uxm ocFglyywdokwftzGifh (u)
, o' g oD v ok w pm* ynmocF g wm
yO"rm twd e ywem?w *wd tedA'g/
, yw e m tw d e yO " r m ? wyd
*wdtedA'g0/ a,oH Ob,rd twd? awoH
*wd e d A ' g /
(c)
,xm [d tmumao cdw'a@m ta*e0g
caEe 0g AkaEe 0g edywdwDwd ed,arm
ewd/ {0H owmeH y#doEd*[PH ted,wH?
wo m uk o v ur H uwG m {uo Xmae
yw e H umwk H 0wd /
[lrdet
Yf yfNy/D
(u) ,=tMuif o l t m;? o' g oD v ok w pm*ynm
ocFgwm=o'g oDv okw pm* ynm[kqt
kd yfuek af om? yO"rm=
5-yg;aomw&m;wdkYonf? twd=Sdukef\? ywem= b00daooudk
awmifhwjcif;onf? etwd=rSd? w=xdkol\? *wd=vm;&m*wd
onf? tedA'g=rNrJ? ,=tMuifoltm;? ywem=b00daooudk
awmifw
h jcif;onf? tw=d S\
d ? yO"rm=ig;yg;aom ud,
k u
f siw
hf &m;
wdkYonf? etwd=rSdukef? wyd=xdkol\vnf;? *wd=vm;&m*wd
onf? tedA'g0=rNrJawmhonfomvQifwnf;? a,oH=tMuifolwdkY

ZtpodYk

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60

tm;? Ob,rd=2-yg;pkHonfvnf;? twd=Sd\? awoH=xdkolwdkY\?

*wd=vm;&m*wdonf? edA'g=NrJ\/
(c) [dopH=rSef\? tmumao=aumif;uif? cdw'a@m=
ypfvu
kd af om vSw
H o
H nf? ta*e0g=tzsm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? caEe
0g=tv,fyikd ;f jzifv
h nf;aumif;? AkaEe0g=t&if;ydik ;f jzifv
h nf;aumif;?
edywdwd=usvwUH ? wd ed,arm=okaYd omrSwo
f m;jcif;onf?
ewd,xm=rSdouJhokdY? {0Hwxm=xdkYtwl? owmeH=ow0gwdkY\?
y#doEd*[PH=y#doaE,ljcif;onf? ted,wH=tNrJrSd? wom=
xdkYaMumifh? ukovurH=ukokdvfuHudk? uwGm=jyKNyD;onfSdaomf?
0g=jyKvwUH onfadS omf? {uo Xmae=wpfpw
Hk pfcak om bkt
H &yfXme
0daoo? ywe=H awmifw
h jcif;ud?k umwk=H jyKjcif;iSg? 0wd=oifjh rwf
t|uxmteuf/
vSao;\/

ar;jref ; zG , f
ar;/ xdkokdYjzpfacsaomf avmukw&mcsrf;om oufouf
udkom awmifhwjyKaomolonf b0ywem
rSjd cif;aMumifh *wdrNro
J ifah v&um; aumif;uif
ypfvdkufaom vSHwHtwlyif trSwfrxif jzpfcsif
wwfwdkif; jzpf&awmhrnfavm-[ljim;tHh/
yk a A p uwyk n wmwd yk a A Oypd w
ajz/
uk o vwm 'ar0 apw yrmPH / a,e
[d Por,kw pdawe ukov urH uwH

ZtpodYk

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a[mwd? wa'0 ukovH wH yk&doH ywdly

a'ao Oyaewd? oyK&dao bZmaywd/ aom
{0 yk*avm twmeH orm xaywDwd/
[laom y#dord'gr*f t|uxm
P or,kwpdawe ye uwukov urH
wH owH ywdlya'ao Oyaewd? oyK&doH
bZmaywd / aom {0 yk * a vm tw m eH or m
xaywd /
[laom "mwko,
H w
k f t|uxmrsm;ESit
hf nD avmukw& m
csr;f om okcudo
k m awmifw
h jyKtyfaom ukov
dk o
f nf ukov
dk f
wumwdkYxuf vGefuJxl;jrwfaom Ou|wr ukokdvfxl;jzpfay
xdkukokdvfonfyif rdrdtvdkvdk tvdkufodojzifh oifhwifhavsmuf
ywfaom b0Xme trsdK;tEG,fokdYa&mufatmif ae&mcsay;vwHU?
xdkYaMumifh trSwfrxif jzpfcsifwwfwdkif; jzpfavawmhrnf-[l
tvGefraMumifhMutyf/
ar;/
xd k o k d Y j zpf a csaomf wpf p k H w pf c k a omXmeud k
awmifhwjcif;iSg oihfjrwfonf-[lqdkaom t|
uxm pum;rsm;onf tusdK;rSd jzpf&awmhrnf
avm-[lrlajz/
Ou|wr ukokdvf&if;yifjzpfjim;aomfvnf;
Ze0obewfom; umvda*gwrnfaom omuD
0if Oygodumronf ud;k uG,af om &[ef; 2-yg;wdYk
pkawjzpfaom *EAewfom;wdkYuJhokdY aS; b0

ZtpodYk

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rsm;pGm aecJhbl;onfudk pJGjzpfaom eduEdrsm;udk

wm;jrpf azsmufzsuv
f suf xdx
k uf oifw
h ifh avsmuf
ywf a om t&yf a 'orsm;ud k awmif h w jcif ;
vnf;aumif; uJhokdY oabmSdaom wpfyg;
aom t&mrsm;vnf;aumif; tusKd ;S&d monfyif/
ykaA p uwyknwmwd=ykaAp uwyknwm-[lonfum;?
ykaA=aS;aS;aom b0rsm;? Oypdwukovwm=qnf;yl;tyf
NyD;aom ukokdvfSdonf\tjzpfwnf;? p=qufqdktH h? {w=
orwdpuf 4-yg;wdkYwGif? 'ar0=ykaAp uwyknwm[laompufonfomvQi?f yrmPH=yrmPwnf;? [d=xdpk um;rSe\
f ?
a,e=tMuif o l o nf ? Por , k w p d a w e =Por , k w f
pdwfjzifh? ukovurH=ukokdvfuHudk? uwH=jyKtyfonf? a[mwd=
jzpf\? wa'0 ukovH=xdkukokdvfonfyifvQif? wH yk&doH=xdk
a,musfm;udk? ywdlya'ao=orwdpuf 4-yg;ESifh jynfhpkHaom
t&yf? Oyaewd=aqmifyw
Ykd wf\? oyK&ad o=olawmfaumif;wdo
Yk ?Ydk
bZmaywd=qnf;uyfap\? aom {0yk*avm=xdkyk*dKvfonf
yifvQif? twmeH=rdrdudk,fudk? orm xaywd=aumif;pGmxm;ay\?
wd=okdYrSwftyf\/
y#dord'gr*f t|uxmteuf/

Por,kwpdawe=Por,kwfpdwfjzifh? uwukov
ur H = jyKtyf N yD ; aom uk o k d v f u H o nf ? wH o w H = xd k o w 0 gud k ?
ywdyl a'ao= orwpd uf 4-yg;ESijhf ynfph akH om t&yf? Oyaewd=
aqmifydkYwwf\? oyK&doH=olawmfaumif;odkY? bZmaywd=qnf;

ZtpodYk

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uyfap\? aom {0 yk*avm=xdkyk*dKvfonfyifvQif? twmeH=

rdrdudk,fudk? ormxaywd=aumif;pGmxm;ay\/
oH,kwft|uxmteuf/

v'*kPor0ykpm tajzNyD;\/
-------------------

4-pwkwykpm tajz
pwkwykpm\qdkvdk&if;rSm4- oacFsESifh urmwpfodef;paom umvtydkif;tjcm;udk
qkawmif;&m umvrSp a&wGuftyfoavm? odkYwnf;r[kwf
Asm'dwcf &H m umvrSp a&wGut
f yfoavm-[lvo
kd nf? ykpm
aAm"do'g5-csufwGif yXraAm"do'gjzifh t&[wr*fPf
oAkwPf ESpfyg;udk,ltyf\/
or m oaA m "d E d t&[w r* PaO 0
]]or
oA k w PO } }
y&rw aZmwdumrnfaom okwedygwf t|uxm/
p&d,yd#ut|uxmum; oAkwPfudk wpfenf; 2-yg;pHkudkyif
p&d
wpf e nf ; ,l \ ? r"k & w 0 d v mod e D r nf a om Ak ' 0 if t |uxmum;
oAKwPfudkom ,l\/

aemufjzpfaom aAm"do'g 4-csuf um; ]]aAm"d0pk w

d pwlok
ra*ok PH}}[laomeda'o ygVdawmfESifhtnD r*fPf 4-yg;
ywGme
udo
k m,ltyf\? oAw
k Pfukd r,ltyf? 5-csuv
f ;kH yif ]]ywG
aAm" trwH tocF w H}}[laom ygVduJhodkY edAmefudkvnf;
,lvdkvQif ,loifh\/

ZtpodYk

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xdkpwkwykpm tajzum; (1)

oAkbk&m;wkdY\ 4-oacsFESifh urm wpfodef;
8- oacsFESifh urmwpfodef; 16-oacsFESifh urm
wpfodef;- [laom umvtykdif;tjcm;
(2)
yapuAk'gwdkY\ 2- oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;[laom umvtydkif;tjcm;
(3)
t*om0uwdkY\ 1-oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;
[laom umvtydkif;tjcm;
(4)
r[mom0uwdkY\urmwpfodef;-[laom umv
tydik ;f tjcm;rsm;udk tptqH;k ed,wAsm'dw&f aom
urmrSpom ydkif;jcm;tyf\? ed,wAsm'dwfr&rD
tpOD;pGm yg&rDjznfh&m qkawmif;&mumvrS p
vnf; rydik ;f jcm;tyf? ted,wAsm'dwf &&m umvrS
pvnf; rydkif;jcm;tyf/ 'kwd, wwd,- ponf
jzifh aemufaemufaom bk&m;wdx
Yk H xyfr
H cHtyf
aom ed,wAsm'dwf &&mumvrS pvnf; rydkif;
jcm;tyf/
(5)
yuwd om0uwdkY\ urmwpf&m urm wpf
axmif-[laom umvtydik ;f tjcm;udu
k m; yuwd
om0uwdkY\ Asm'dwf&jcif; tNrJed,r rSdaom
aMumifh 0d0ukodkvfw&m; yGm;rsm;&m umvrS
pom ydkif;jcm;tyf\/

ZtpodYk

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65

oAkbk&m; 3-yg;wdkYwGif ynm"du bk&m;\ 4-oacsFESifh

urmwpfoed ;f o'g"dubk&m;\ 8-oacsEF iS hf urmwpfoed ;f 0D&,
d m
"du bk&m;\ 16-oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;[laom umvtxl;udk
aS;OD;tp ed,wAsm'dwf&&m umvrSp ydkif;jcm;oifhaMumif;udkwa,m ayaw 0dem umvaba'e uwm
bd e D [ m&m Ak ' g eH oE d a u v' A smu&Pmp
tEk u a re yg&rd a,m y&d y l a &E m ,xmu r H
,xm0k w u mvaba'e umave or m oar m "
ygyk P E d /
[laom p&d,yd#u t|uxmudk axmuf odtyf\/
wa,myd= 3-OD;vnf;jzpfukefaom? {aw=xdkynm"du
o'g"du 0D&,
d m"du bk&m;avmif;wdo
Yk nf? umvaba'e= umv
txl;tjym;ESifh? 0dem=uif;? uwmbdeD[m&mp=jyKtyfNyD;aom
qkawmif;jcif;Sdukefonfvnf;aumif;? Ak'geH=oAkbk&m;wdkY\?
oEad u=txH? v'Asmu&Pmp=&tyfjy;D aom Asm'dwf u
dS ek o
f nf
vnf;aumif;? [kwGm=jzpfukef? tEkuare=tpOftm;jzifh? yg&rd
a,m=yg&rDwdkYudk? y&dyla&Em=jznfhukefvsuf? ,xmurH=tpOf
twdik ;f ? ,xm0kw umvaba'e=tMuif tMuif qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aom
4-oacsEF iS hf urmwpfoed ;f 8-oacsEF iS hf urmwpfoed ;f 16-oacsEF iS hf
urmwpfoed ;f umvtxl;tjym;Sad om? umave= umvtm;jzif?h
ormoarm"=oAw
k Pfo?Ykd ygykPE=d a&mufawmfrMl uuke\
f /
t|uxmteuf/

ZtpodYk

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oAb
k &k m;tavmif; 3-yg;wdo
Yk nf ed,wAsm'dwf rcHrD
aS;tzkdY wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; umvtwdktSnf txl;tjym;
rSu
d ek rf
l Asm'dwcf MH uukeo
f nf? Asm'dwcf &H Ny;D aemufrS 4-oacsEF iS hf
urmwpfoed ;f paom qdt
k yfcjhJ y;D aom umvtxl;tjym;ESi,
hf OS
f
yGifhawmfrlMuukefonf-[lvdk/
oAnKb&k m;avmif;wkYd ynm"du o'g"du 0D&,
d m"du[l
aom yk*Kdvftjym; 3-yg;? xkd 3-yg;tm;avsmfpGm 1/ 4-oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;
2/ 8-oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;
3/ 16-oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;
[laom yg&rD&ifh&m umvtjym; 3-yg;? odkY yk*dKvftjym;
3-yg; umvtjym;oH;k yg;udk &tyfouJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl yapuAk'g wdYk
vnf; ynm"du o'g"du 0D&d,m"du-[laom yk*dKvftjym;3-yg;
xkd 3-yg;tm;avsmfpGm1/ 2-oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;
2/ 2-oacsFESifh urm 2-odef;ponf
3/ 2-oacsFESifh urmuka#ponf[laom yg&rD&ifh&mumvtjym; 3-yg;? odkY yk*dKvftjym; 3yg; umvtjym; 3-yg;udk &tyfonf/
xdkYaMumifh okwedygwf t|uxm ax&*gxm t|uxm
rsm;awoH [d owd y d ynm"d u bma0 a'G
toacsF , smed uy o wo[O aAm"d o r m &

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

67

or & PH p d w A H ? ewawm Mo&H ? o' g "d u

0D & d , m"d u myd 0k w y &d a p ' awm y&H uwd y a,{0
uay twd u r d w G m oar m " tbd o r K ZE d ? e
wwd , H toacF s ,sE d /
[l rdefYtyf\/
[d o p H = rS e f \ ? awoH = xd k y ap u Ak ' g avmif ; wd k Y t m;?
ynm"d u bma0=ynm"d u yap u Ak ' g avmif ; \tjzpf o nf ?
owd y d = S d j im;aomf v nf ; ? a'G t oacsF , smed p =2-toacsF w d k Y
ywfvHk;vnf;aumif;? uyowo[O=urmwpfodef;ywfvHk;
vnf;aumif;? aAm"dorm& or&PH=aAm"dorm& w&m;wdkYudk
qnf;yl;jcif;ukd? pdwAH=vdktyf\? wawm=xdkatmuf? Mo&H=
,kwfaomumvudk? epdwAH=rvdktyf? o'g"du0D&d,m"dumyd=
o'g"duyapu Ak'gavmif; 0D&d,m"duyapuAk'gavmif;yif
jzpfuek jf im;aomfvnf;? 0kwy &dap'awm=qdt
k yfNy;D aom 2-oacsEF iS hf
urmwpfodef; umvtydkif; tjcm;xuf? y&H=tvGef? uwdya,
{0uay= 2-urm 3- urm urmESpq
f ,f oH;k q,f ESp&f m oH;k &m
ESpo
f ef; oH;k oef;-ponfwu
Ykd ?kd twdur w
d mG =vGeu
f ek
f ? oarm"=
yapu aAm"dPfudk? tbdorKZEd=odawmfrlMuukef\? wwd,H
toacs,
F s=H 3-ck ajrmufaom toacsu
F ?kd twdur w
d mG =vGeu
f ek
f ?
oarm"= yapu aAm"dPfu?kd e tbdorKZE=d odawmfrrlMuuke?f
wd=odkY? a0'ddwAH=odtyf\/
t|uxmteuf
t|umx0gus- ]]ewwd,HtoacsF,sH}} [laom Aswd&duf pum;
udkaxmuf wwd,toacsFodkY a&muforQ umvywfvHk; ]]uwdya,

ZtpodYk

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68

{0 uay}} \ t&csnf;rSwfav? o'g"du 0D&d,m"du2-yg;wdkY\

umvtxl;tjym;rSm oifhavsmfatmif rSef;xm; cGJa0av/

bk&m; yapuAk'gwdkY yk*dKvf 3-yg; umv 3-yg;udk&tyf

ouJo
h Ydk t*om0uwdYk vnf; ynm"du o'g"du 0D&,
d m"du[l
yk*dKvftjym; 3-yg;? 1-oacFsESifh urmwpfodef;rSp 2-oacsF
rjynfhrDtwGif; 3-ykH 3-pkjyK ,loifhaom umvtjym; 3-yg;? xdkY
twl r[mom0uwdkYvnf; yk*dKvftjym; 3-yg; urmwpfodef;
rSp 'kwd,urmwpfodef; rjynfhrDtwGif; 3-ykH 3-pkjyK ,loifh
aom umvtjym; 3-yg;udk &tyf &oifhonf/
xdkokdY&oifhaom yapuAk'g 3-yg; t*om0u 3-yg;
r[mom0u 3-yg;wd\
Yk qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aom umvtydik ;f tjcm;rsm;\
Asm'dwf&NyD;aom umvrSp ydkif;jcm;oifhaMumif;udk ]]rEk w H vd * F o r w d ?
0d * wmo0'eH /
t"duma&m p qEwm?
{aw tbd e D [ m&um&Pm/}} wd ar yO "ar oarm"maewGm uwmbdeD[m&meH yap u aAm"d o w m eH t"d u ma&m qE
wmwd 'G , *F orE m *wm, yw e m,0aoe
uwyPd"memeH om0uaAm"dowmeO ww ww
0k w u mvy&d a p ' H tor w G m tE & m{0 yap u
oar m "d , m ,xm0k w om0uoar m "d , m p
t"d*arm ewd/ uom? P ty&dypeawm0/

ZtpodYk

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69

[laom ax&*gxm t|uxmrsm;udk axmuf wdkufkduf

odtyf\/
rEkwH vd*Forwd? 0d*wmo0'eH/ t"duma&mp
qEwm? {aw tbdeD[m& um&Pmwd-rEkwH vd*Forwd?
0d*wmo0'eH/ t"duma&m p qEwm? {aw tbdeD[m&
um&Pm=[l? 0kaw=qdktyfukefNyD;aom? ar yO "ar= 5yg; aom w&m;wdu
Yk ?kd oarm"maewGm=aygif;? uwmbde[
D m&meH=
jyKtyfNyD;aom ed,wAsm'dwfcHjcif;Sdukefaom? yapuaAm"dowmeO=yapuAk'g avmif;wdt
Yk m;vnf;aumif;? t"duma&m qEwmwd=t"duma&m qEwm-[l? 'G,*ForEm*wm,=qdktyfNyD;
aom 2-yg;aom t*FgESifhjynfhpkHaom? ywem,=qkawmif;jcif;\?
0aoe=tpGr;f jzif?h uwyPd"memeH=jyKtyfNy;D aom qkawmif;jcif;Sd
ukeaf om? om0uaAm"dowmeO=om0u tavmif;wdt
Yk m;vnf;
aumif;? ww ww=xdkxdkt&m? 0kwumv y&dap'H=qdkcJhNyD;aom
umvtydik ;f tjcm;ok?Yd torwmG =ra&mufr
l ? tE&m{0=tMum;
omvQif ? yap u aAm"d , mp=yap u aAm"d u d k v nf ; aumif ; ?
,xm0kwom0uaAm"d,m p=tMuiftMuif qdktyfcJhNyD;aom
t*om0uaAm"d r[mom0uaAm"duv
kd nf;aumif;? t"d*arm=
&jcif;onf? ewd=rSd? uom=tb,faMumif;enf;[lrl? P=
Pf\? ty&dypeawm0=r&ifhjcif;aMumifhyifvQifwnf;/
t|uxmteuf/

pwkwykpm pum;&yfjzifh ed,wAsm'dwf tNrJ&paumif;

ukefaom oAkbk&m; yapuAk'g t*om0u r[mom0u

ZtpodYk

yg&rD'yD eD

70

4-OD;wdkYonf ed,wAsm'dwfudk cH,lvdkonfSdaomf ed,w

Asm'dwu
f kd rcHr,lrD aS;aS;aom bk&m;wdt
Yk xHu tm;Bu;D pGmaom
yg&rDorm& w&m;wdkYudk qnf;yl;jznfhusifh &ifhrmjynfhNzdK;aom
Oyed, SdukefMurSom ed,wAsm'dwfudk cH,lMu&ukefonf[laom teufudkvnf; jyawmfrlonf/

ar;jref ; zG , f
ar;/

xdkokdYjyonfSdaomf oAkbk&m;wdkYrSm ed,w

Asm'dwu
f kd rcHr,lrD tb,frQavmufaom umv
ywfvkH; ed,wAsm'dwfudk cH&jcif;tusdK;iSg yg&rD
w&m;wdkYudk jznfhusifhtyfukefoenf;-[k tar;
xGuf&ef Sd\/
ajz/
orEb'dumrnfaom tem*w0if t|uxm
usrf;"r w m {om aAm"d o w m eH tbd e D [ m
&awm yk a A 0 wd a m or w d a ,m 0k w y &d a p '
umvH yl a &wG m uy o w[yg&rd y l & PH /
[lvmonf/
t"dyg,fum;/ / [d&Dorwdudk b0ig;&m Mowyorwd
udk b0wpfaxmif tm*rorwu
d kd b0ig;axmif? okYd b0aygif;
ajcmufaxmifig;&mywfvkH; orwd 3-yg;udk jznfhusifhNyD;aemuf
urmwpfoed ;f umvywfv;Hk yg&rDw&m;wdu
Yk kd jznfu
h si&hf uke\
f ? xdo
k Ydk
b0ajcmufaxmifig;&m tvGefSdaom urmwpfodef; jznfhNyD;rS
ed,wAsm'dwf &ukefNrJ "rwm-[lvdkonf/

ZtpodYk

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71

y#dor'd gr*f*Pd yk'f vnf; okaYd om teufukd &nfawmf

rlt,r d b*0g twd O Vm&Zmo,wm,
ykaA0 wH oarm"m [da&mwyg*rorwdyl&aPe
t|*k P oarm"mewm, ord ' g bd e D [ ma&m/
[lrdefYonf/
xdkYaMumifh tem*w0if t|uxm y#dord'gr*f *Pdyk'f
q&mwdkY\ tvdktm;jzifh tvkH;pkHaom oAkbk&m;avmif;wdkYtm; Asm'dwfrcHrD aS;
tzkdY b0aygif; ajcmufaxmifig;&mESifh urmwpfodef; umv
ywfvkH; jznfhusifh&jcif;onf "rwmay-[k rSwftyf\/
onfvnf;wpf&yf/

aomwwuDusrf; ,Gef;yPmousrf; wxm*wkywd usrf;

paom *EE&usrf;rsm;um; ]] pd E d w H ow o acsF , sH ? e0oacsF , s 0gpuH /
um,0gpm pwkcsmwH? Ak'wH y&dyl&dwH}}/
ponfjzifh tus,fvmonf/
om&dykw=cspfom;om&dykw&m? t[H=igbk&m;onf? ow
oacsF,sH=r[muyftaygif; 7-oacsFywfvkH;? pdEdwH=bk&m;qkudk
awmif;tHhBuH yg&rDudkjznfh\? e0oacsF,sH=r[muyftaygif;9oacsumvywf
F
v;Hk ? 0gpuH=bk&m;jzpf&ygvd\
k [k EIwjf zifah wmif;
yg&rDujkd znf\
h ? pwkcsmwH=4-oacsEF iS hf urmwpfoed ;f umvywfv;Hk ?

ZtpodYk

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72

um,0gpm=ud,
k f EIwf ESv;Hk 3-yg;jzifh yg&rDukd jznf
h qkawmif;\?
{wuH=rQavmufaom umvywfvkH;? yg&rda,m=yg&rDwdkYudk?
yla&wGm=jznfh? Ak'wH=bk&m;tjzpfudk? y&dyl&dw=H jynfhaptyfNyD/
t"dyg,fum;/
/ igwdkYbk&m;avmif;onf1/ jA[ a'0 paom 5-axmifaom oAkbk&m;SifwdkY\
yGifh&mjzpfaom eEoacsF
2/ 9-axmifaom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom okeE
oacsF
3/ 1-aomif;aom bk&m;Siw
f \
Ykd yGi&hf mjzpfaom yx0D oacsF
4/ 1-aomif; 1-axmifaom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom
r@ oacsF
5/ 2-aomif;aom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom "&PD
oacsF
6/ 3-aomif;aom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom om*&
oacsF
7/ 4-aomif;aom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom yk@&Du
oacsF
okdY 1-odef; 2-aomif; 5-axmifaom bk&m;SifwdkY\
yGifh&mjzpfaom 7-oacsF umvywfvkH; pdwfjzifhom qkawmif;
yg&rDjznfah wmfro
l nf/
xdkaemuf1/ ayg&mP ousrked tpSdaom 5-axmifaom bk&m;Sif
wdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom oAb' oacsF

ZtpodYk

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73

2/ 6-aomif;aom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom oAzkv

oacsF
3/ 7-aomif;aom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom oA&we
oacsF
4/ 8-aomif;aom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaomOobuE
oacsF
5/ 9-aomif;aom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom rmedb'
oacsF
6/ 2-aomif;aom bk&m;Siw
f \
Ykd yGi&hf mjzpfaom y'kr oacsF
7/ 1-aomif;aom bk&m;Siw
f \
Ykd yGi&hf mjzpfaom OoboacsF
8/ 5-axmifaom bk&m;Siw
f \
Ykd yGi&hf mjzpfaom cEKwr oacsF
9/ 2-axmifaom bk&m;SifwdkY\ yGifh&mjzpfaom oAygv
oacsF
okYd 3-ode;f 4-aomif; 2-axmifuek af om bk&m;&Sif wd\
Yk
yGifh&mjzpfaom 9-oacsFumvywfvHk; EIwfjzifhom qkawmif;
yg&rDjznfah wmfro
l nf/
odkYvQif igwdkYbk&m;avmif;onf ed,wAsm'dwfr&rD
a&S;tzdkY 16-oacsF umvywfvHk; yg&rDjznfhawmfrl&onf-[lvdk
onf? igwdkYbk&m;tavmif;udk rSwfqdkaomfvnf; tvHk;pHkaom
bk&m;tavmif;wdrYk mS yif xdt
Yk wl,o
l ifjh yefavaomaMumifh xdu
k sr;f
wdkY\ tvdktm;jzifh tvHk;pHkaom oAnKbk&m;tavmif;wdkYtm;
Asm'dwrf cHrD a&S;tbdYk pdwjf zifo
h m qkawmif; 7-oacsF EIwjf zifh
om qkawmif; 9-oacsF tm;jzifh 16-oacsF umvywfvHk;

ZtpodYk

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jznfhusifh&jcif;onf "rwmay[k rSwftyf\/

onfvnf;wpf&yf

r[m0*oH,kwf #Dumusrf;um;pwm&d t| aomVo0g toacsF,smeDwd 'H

r[maAm"d owmeH oEmae aAm"dy&dygpu "rmeH
wd u rZd r rl ' k b m0 od ' u mv 0d a oo 'eH ?
ep acg r[m bdeD[m&awm y|m,mwd 0'Ed/
[l tmp&d,0g'udkjyvsufvmonf/
tmp&d,0g'\ t"dyg,fum; urmwpfoed ;f tvGe&f adS om 4-oacsF 8-oacsF 16-oacsF
[laom umvtxl;tjym;onf Asm'dwfcHNyD;onfaemufrS ynm"d
u o'g"du 0D&d,m"du bk&m;avmif;wdkY\ yg&rD&ifh&m umvudk
a0zef xm;tyfaom umvtxl;tjym;r[kwf? {uefpifppf
tm;jzifhum; cyfodrf;aom bk&m;avmif;wdkYonfyif a&S;OD;pGm
rk'kyk*dKvfwdkY\? tjzpfjzifh 16-oacsF rZHKyk*dKvfwdkY\ tjzpfjzifh 8oacsF wduy *k Kd vw
f \
Ykd tjzpfjzifh 4-oacsF umvywfv;kH yg&rDjznfh
Ny;D rS yGiMhf uukeNf rJ "rwmjzpfonf? xdaYk Mumifh urmwpfoed ;f tvGe&f dS
aom 4-oacs-F [laom umv 8-oacs[
F al om umv 16-oacsF
[laom umvonf wpfqlaombk&m;avmif;\ yg&rDw&m;wdkY\
wdubm0 rZdrbm0 rk'kbm0\ NyD;&mumv txl;tjym;om
jzpfonf[v
l \
kd /
xdkq&mwdkY\ tvdktm;jzifh -

ZtpodYk

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75

bk&m;[lu 28-oacscF sn;f yg&rDjznfMh uNr?J xd2k 8-oacsw

F iG f
wduyk*dKvftjzpfodkYa&mufrSom ed,wAsm'dwfudk &oifhav&um;
ed,wAsm'dwf rcHrD a&S;tzkdY rk'kyk*dKvf\ tjzpfjzifh jznfh&m 16oacsF rZKH y*k Kd v\
f tjzpfjzifh jznf&h m 8-oacs?F 24-oacsu
F mv
ywfvHk; jznfhusifh&jcif;onf "rwmay[k rSwftyf\/
onfvnf;wpf&yf

Mo'k r & d u yk y H 0 ? pE r S d oouH ,xm/

0g,omeH ,xmcD&H? 'kvbH avmuem,uH/
[laom ax&ty'gefygVdawmf {uleynmo0*f 'kwd,
ty'gefvm *gxmtzGifh ty'geft|uxmpwktoacsF,s aomVotoacsF,s t|m&o
toacsF,s uyowo[H yg&rda,m yla&wGm
Ak ' b m0awm 'k v b H avmuem,uEd or a E m /
[l4-oacsF 16-oacsF 18-oacsF-[laom umvtxl;
tjym;udk qdkjyefonf/
xdkqdkaomumv txl;tjym;udk ,cifr[m0*oH,kwf
#Dumvm tmp&d,0g'ESifh ,SOfzuf,laomf bk&m;[lu 38oacspF cD sn;f yg&rDjznfMh uNr?J xdk 38-oacsw
F iG f wduy *k Kd v\
f tjzpf
okdYa&mufrSom ed,wAsm'dwfudk &oifhav&mum; ed,wAsm'dwf
rcHrD aS;tzkYd rk'yk *k Kd v\
f tjzpfjzifh jznf&h m 18-oacsF rZsKyH *k Kd v\
f
tjzpfjzifh jznfh&m 16-oacsF? odkY 34-oacsFumvywfvHk; jznfh
usifh&jcif;onf "rwmay-[krSwftyf\/

ZtpodYk

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76

,lkd;,lpOftm;jzifh,SOfaomf 4-oacsFESifh ynm"du 16oacsEF iS hf o'g"du 18-oacsEF iS hf 0D&,

d m"du ,SOaf v? tem*w0if
t|uxm 16-oacsFESifh urmwpfodef; yg&rDjznfh&aom t&d
arw,sbk&m;udk o'g"dubk&m;[kqdkonfh pum;ESifh ty'gef
t|uxmpum;nDouJo
h Ykd \
dS /
onfvnf;wpf&yf/

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ZtpodYk

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t|uxmteuf/

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ZtpodYk

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ZtpodYk

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onfvnf; wpfaMumif;/

ZtpodYk

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ZtpodYk

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146

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Yd &k m;avmif;

ZtpodYk

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ZtpodYk

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[lvmonf/

ZtpodYk

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ZtpodYk

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o&'wmyaom ye=o&'&aohonfum;? t[rd=igonf

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onf/

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ax&ty'gef t|uxmvnf; arm*vmeax& ty'gef

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