Color Theory For Designer

Color Theory for Designer, Part 3: Creating Your Own Color Palettes - S...
http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/02/08/color-theory-for-designer...
By Cameron Chapman February 8th, 2010 Design 64 Comments Publishing Policy
In the previous two parts of this series on color theory, we talked mostly about the meanings behind colors and color terminology. While this information is important, Im sure a lot of people were wondering when we were going to get into the nitty-gritty of actually creating some color schemes. Well, thats where Part 3 comes in. Here well be talking about methods for creating your own color schemes, from scratch. Well cover the traditional color scheme patterns (monochrome, analogous, complementary, etc.) as well as how to create custom schemes that arent based strictly on any one pattern. By the end of this article, youll have the tools and skills to start creating beautiful color palettes for your own design projects. The best way to improve your skills is to practice, so why not set yourself a goal of creating a new color scheme every day.
Lets start with a quick review of what was covered in parts 1 and 2. In part 1, we talked about how all colors have inherent meanings, which can vary depending on the country or culture. These meanings have a direct impact on the way your visitors perceive your site, even if its just subconsciously. The colors you choose can either work for or against the brand identity youre trying to create.
In part 2, we covered color terminology: hue (what color something is, like blue or red); chroma (how pure a color is, the lack of white, black or gray added to it); saturation (the strength or weakness of a color); value (how light or dark a color is); tone (created by adding gray to a pure hue); shade (created by adding black to a pure hue); and tint (created by adding white to a hue). These are important terms to know as we move forward and create our own color schemes.
There are a number of predefined color scheme standards that make creating new schemes easier,
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Friedman
Design by Fun Team23
The basic, twelve-spoke color wheel is an important tool in creating color schemes.
Monochromatic
Monochromatic color schemes are made up of different tones, shades and tints within a specific hue. These are the simplest color schemes to create, as theyre all taken from the same hue, making it harder to create a jarring or ugly scheme (though both are still possible). Examples: Here are three examples of monochrome color schemes. For the most part with these schemes, the first color (if we look at this from left to right) would likely be used for headlines. The second color would be used for body text or possibly the background. The third color would likely be used for the background (or body text if color #2 was used as the background). And the last two colors would be used as accents or within graphics.
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Analogous
Analogous color schemes are the next easiest to create. Analogous schemes are created by using three colors that are next to each other on the 12-spoke color wheel. Generally, analogous color schemes all have the same chroma level, but by using tones, shades and tints we can add interest to these schemes and adapt them to our needs for designing websites. Examples:
This is a traditional analogous color scheme, and while its visually appealing, there isnt enough contrast between the colors for an effective website design.
Heres a color scheme with the same hues as the one above, but with the chroma adjusted to give more variety. Its now much more suitable for use in a website.
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Another example of a traditional analogous scheme.
And the above theme modified for use in a website design.
Complementary
Complementary schemes are created by combining colors from opposite sides of the color wheel. In their most basic form, these schemes consist of only two colors, but can easily be expanded using tones, tints, and shades. A word of warning, though: using colors that are exact opposites with the same chroma and/or value right next to each other can be very jarring visually (theyll appear to actually vibrate along their border in the most severe uses). This is best avoided (either by leaving white space between them or by adding another, transitional color between them). Examples:
A wide range of tints, shades, and tones makes this a very versatile color scheme.
Another complementary color scheme with a wide range of chromas.
Dont forget that beige and brown are really tints and shades of orange.
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Split Complementary
Split complementary schemes are almost as easy as the complementary scheme. In this scheme, instead of using colors that are opposites, you use colors on either side of the hue opposite your base hue. Examples:
A scheme where yellow-green is the base hue. Its important to have enough difference in chroma and value between the colors you select for this type of scheme.
Another palette with a wide range of chromas.
Triadic
Triadic schemes are made up of hues equally spaced around the 12-spoke color wheel. This is one of the more diverse color schemes. Examples:
Using a very pale or dark version of one color in the triad, along with two shades/tones/tints of the other two colors makes the single color almost work as a neutral within the scheme.
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Alternately, using one very bright hue with paired muted hues makes the single bright hue stand out more.
Double-Complementary (Tetradic)
Tetradic color schemes are probably the most difficult schemes to pull off effectively. Examples:
A rather unimpressive tetradic color scheme. The best way to use a scheme like this is to use one color as the primary color in a design and the others just as accents.
Tetradic color schemes can work well for creating color schemes with similar chromas and values. Just add a neutral (such as dark gray or black) for text and accents.
It works just as well for darker color schemes.
Custom
Custom color schemes are the hardest to create. Instead of following the predefined color schemes discussed above, a custom scheme isnt based on any formal rules. Keep in mind things like chroma,
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value, and saturation when creating these kinds of color schemes. Examples:
The colors here all have similar chroma and saturation levels.
Again, using colors with similar chroma and saturation is effective and creates a sense of cohesion across a color scheme.
Using one color with a high chroma among other colors with lower chromas is another effective method (the higher chroma color can act as an accent).
Creating your own color schemes can be a bit intimidating. But its not as complicated as many people think. And there are quite a few tricks you can employ to create great color palettes right from the start.
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Weve been over the different types of color schemes above. Now, lets try creating a few of our own. There are plenty of tools online that will help you create a color scheme, but lets forget about those for now and just use Photoshop. Lets try breaking away from the color scheme types already mentioned, and create some custom schemes. While its important to know the ways that different colors interact and how traditional schemes are created, for most design projects youll likely create custom schemes that dont strictly adhere to any predefined patterns. So, for the purposes of our project here, well create three color schemes each for two different websites. Our hypothetical clients are a modern architecture design blog and a high-end womens clothing retailer who specializes in Victorian-influenced apparel. Well start with a basic monochromatic scheme, just to get a feel for each. While I mentioned that traditional color scheme patterns arent used as often in design, monochomatic color schemes are the exception to that rule. Youll likely find yourself using monochromatic schemes on a fairly regular basis.
For our apparel store, heres a traditional monochromatic scheme, with white added in as a neutral.
For our design blog, weve gone with a color scheme made up of shades and tints of gray.
This is almost an analogous color scheme, but weve left out one color. Its made up of shades of purple and reddish-purple. These two colors fall next to each other on the color wheel, and work well together, especially when theyre used in different values and saturation levels.
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Adding a couple shades of red to the gray color scheme adds a lot of visual interest and the potential for creating extra emphasis on certain parts within your designs.
Here, weve gotten rid of the purple hues and switched over to a burgundy. Again this is next to the reddish-purple on the color wheel. Weve also added in a very pale yellow tone, which sits opposite purple on the color wheel. This serves as our neutral, and looks more like an off-white color when compared to our other hues.
While this color scheme at first glance looks like another standard gray and red palette, if you look more closely youll see that the grays are actually tones of blue. Blue and red make up two thirds of a tetradic color scheme, but work just fine together without yellow, especially when the red is kept pure but the blue is toned down to the point of almost being gray.
Why Shades, Tones, and Tints Are Important

As you can see from the color schemes above, using tints, tones, and shades in your color schemes is vital. Pure hues all have similar values and saturation levels. This leads to a color scheme that is both overwhelming and boring at the same time.
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When you mix in tones, shades, and tints, you expand the basic 12-spoke color wheel into an infinite number of colors for use in your designs. One of the simplest ways to create a professional looking color scheme is to take a few tones, tints, and shades of a given color (avoiding the pure hue), and then add in another pure hue (or close to pure) thats at least three spaces away on the color wheel (part of a tetradic, triatic, or split-complementary color scheme) as an accent color. This adds visual interest to your color scheme while still retaining a sense of balance.
Adding in Some Neutrals

Neutrals are another important part of creating a color scheme. Gray, black, white, brown, tan, and off-white are generally considered neutral colors. Browns, tans, and off-whites tend to make color schemes feel warmer (as theyre really all just tones, shades, and tints of orange and yellow). Gray will take on a warm or cool impression depending on surrounding colors. Black and white can also look either warm or cool depending on the surrounding colors.
Black and white are the easiest neutrals to add into just about any color scheme. To add a bit more visual interest, though, considering using a very light or very dark shade of gray in place of white or black. Adding browns, tans, and off-white hues are a bit trickier, but with some practice youll find adding them gets easier. For browns, consider using a very dark, chocolate brown in place of black. A pale off-white can be used in place of white or light gray in many cases. And tan can be used in place of gray, as well (create a tone by adding some gray to make it even easier).
Using Photos for Color Schemes

One of my personal favorite ways to create a color scheme is to use a photograph. There are automated tools online that can do this automatically for you (Adobe Kuler is one of them, and my personal favorite), or you can do it in Photoshop yourself. Using Adobe Kuler, you can either browse or search for photos on Flickr, or you can upload your own image. If youre stumped for what colors you want to use in a website design, try searching for related words on Flickr. Sometimes this can result in finding color schemes that you might not have thought of on your own. Lets try this method out, both ways (using Kuler and Photoshop). Find a photo you like on Flickr, one that you think evokes the feeling of the design you want to create. I chose this one:
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Heres the original color scheme that Kuler gives us when using this image:
One of the coolest features Kuler has for creating color schemes from images is their Select a Mood option. Included here are Colorful, Bright, Muted, Deep, and Dark. These are the schemes we get when using each of those moods with the same photo:
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Colorful
Bright
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Muted
Deep
Dark Now, lets create a color scheme in Photoshop using the same image. This is a bit less scientific than the way Kuler does it. I usually just pick a color with the eyedropper tool, and then keep clicking on different spots in the image until I find other colors that go with it. Here are the results (this took less than five minutes to do in Photoshop, so its not as time-intensive as it sounds):
Creating color schemes from images in Photoshop is easiest with images that are relatively
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monochromatic to begin with. With more colorful images, it gets trickier. Lets try another one, something more colorful this time. Heres the original image well work with:
And here are the five color schemes that Kuler gives us from this image:
Colorful
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Bright
Muted
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Deep
Dark And heres what I came up with in Photoshop using the same image:
As you can see, the Photoshop version I came up with is completely different than what Kuler came up with, but all of the schemes above are visually appealing. The Photoshop version here took a bit longer than the one above, partly because of the diversity of colors present in the image.
The Easiest Color Schemes

Weve touched on this a bit before, but adding a bright accent color into an otherwise-neutral palette is one of the easiest color schemes to create. Its also one of the most striking, visually. If youre unsure of your skills in regard to creating custom schemes, try starting out with these types of palettes. Here are a few examples to give you an idea of what Im talking about:
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You can see here how using browns instead of grays makes the entire scheme look warmer, even with the blue accent color. You can use tones of any color instead of gray or brown in this type of scheme, just keep it very close to the gray end of the spectrum for the most fool-proof results. As a general rule, cool grays and pure grays are best for more modern designs. For traditional designs, warmer grays and browns often work better.
How Many Colors?

Youll notice that throughout this post weve used color schemes with five separate colors. Five is a good number that gives plenty of options for illustrating the concepts here, and its a workable number in a design. But feel free to have more or fewer colors in your own schemes.
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A lot of websites might only use three colors in their designs. Others use only two. And some might use eight or ten (which is a lot trickier than using fewer colors). Experiment and use as many or as few colors as you need to for your design. But you may want to start with a palette of five colors, and then add or subtract as you see fit and as you progress through the design process. The easiest way to add a color is to start with one of the predefined, traditional color schemes and then work out from there. That at least gives you a bit of direction as far as which other colors to consider.
To give you more inspiration, here are ten websites that have excellent color schemes. Some of the schemes below might look a bit odd at first glance but seeing how theyre actually used shows the wide range of possibilities color schemes can present.
Wentings Cycle & Mountain Shop
Scheme:
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Trivuong.com
Scheme:
Oscar Barber
Scheme:
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North East Peace III Partnership
Scheme:
mbA Architects
Scheme:
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Studio 13
Scheme:
Joy Project
Scheme:
Morphix Blog
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Scheme:
El Designo
Scheme:
LemonStand
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Scheme:
Weve really only just touched on color theory in this series. There are specialists out there who have literally spent years refining their ability to choose colors that are appropriate to any situation. The best way to learn to create beautiful color schemes is to practice. Create a scheme on a daily basis. You can use automated tools to do this at first (like Kulers tool for creating schemes from images), or just open up Photoshop and start. If you see a particularly beautiful or striking color in your daily life, try creating a scheme around it. And take advantage of all the sites out there that let you upload your color schemes and organize them for later reference. This makes all those color schemes more practical and easier to use in the future.
Here are some additional resources that should help you in creating your own color schemes, as well as some links with more information about traditional color schemes. 10 Super Useful Tools for Choosing the Right Color Palette A round-up from Web Design Ledger that covers ten great tools for finding and creating color palettes. 100 Random Colors 2.0 This page will load 100 random colors, with hex codes. Its a great place to check if youre looking for color inspiration. Classic Color Schemes
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This article from Color Wheel Pro covers all the traditional color schemes in detail, with examples. ColorMunki Another color scheming tool. Their library colors tab is particularly useful for finding and creating monochromatic color schemes. ColorSchemer A color scheme gallery and tool with a free online version. ColourLovers A community for color and design that includes a huge gallery of color palettes, search functionality as well as tools to create your own color palettes.
Color Theory for Designers, Part 1: The Meaning of Color Color Theory For Designers, Part 2: Understanding Concepts And Terminology Color Theory for Designer, Part 3: Creating Your Own Color Palettes
Cameron Chapman
Cameron Chapman is a professional Web and graphic designer with over 6 years of experience. She writes for a number of blogs, including her own, Cameron Chapman On Writing. Shes also the author of Internet Famous: A Practical Guide to Becoming an Online Celebrity.
Homepage Tags: colors Twitter Page
64 Comments
Best Comments
February 8th, 2010 4:15 am
Very useful series of article. Thanks Cameron :) SM Rocks :) Keep up :)

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great article, helped me a lot to better understand color philosophy :) thanks

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Kuler is a great tools for designers to come with great sets of color combinations. http://www.appsheriff.com/web-apps/design/kuler-explore-create-and-share-colorthemes/
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Great article!
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hi guys well Adobe has a very nice webpage to handle colors you can check it below http://kuler.adobe.com/#themes/rating?time=30
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just say.wow
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Kuler is Cool :)
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Color Theory for Designer series are one of the best tut bundle in smashingmagazine. every designer should read it. Thanks Cameron Chapman
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A big articleNeed a lot of time to study this 1.. phew but, neverthless it will be very helpful as your other articles.. :)
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Thanks for this good article I really like the 10 examples.
Dont forget ColorImpact in the Further Resources. Its more feature packed then Colorschemer. I takes quiet some exploring to root out all the features. I prefer it to any other out there. tigercolor.com/
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When I first started designing, I was a little intimidated by color-usage. Its one of the most difficult things to grasp when designing. But especially your simple colorschemes mad of grays with only one accent-color work very well for beginners. When you get more comfortable in working with this stuff, you can add and experiment, and eventually youll notice you have a preference for a specific amount of color. (I noticed that my ideal amount is exactly 6 colors.) Awesome round-up! Well written, and highly practical for designers. Thanks!
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Thanks for yet a great article. I reallt needed some information on this to be able to step past the analogous schemes.
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Thank you so much for putting this series together, Cameron. Its great to refresh our knowledge with articles such as these, and its extremely helpful to have it presented so thoroughly. Its evident that you put a lot of time and effort into preparing this well done!
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Absolutely brilliant. Great resource. Thanks very much.

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Colour is by no means my strength so thanks for sharing your thoughts!

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A lot to take away and use in future designs. Cheers, Lee.
Great Article, i like the combination of colors and i will use these combination of colors in my next design :) Thanks for sharing.
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Great series of articles, especially for a novice like me. Cant wait to play around with Kuler.
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February 8th, 2010 12:51 pm
Ive found that colorhunter.com produces some pretty good color palettes.
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For those of you looking for an easy way to generate tints and shades based on a color scheme, I wrote a simple tool at http://www.highintegritydesign.com/tools/tintershader/ It only does one thing you give it a bunch of hex color codes (from your palette) and it generates ten tints and ten shades for each color in your scheme. I use it for text colors, panel colors, form backgrounds etc that I want to fit into my schemes. Hope you find it useful!
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Great 3 part article. Funny as that despite never really `learning colour theory (was more trial and error over the past 18-19 years) it would seem I have been following these principals regardless. Well done SM. Youve taught an old dog some more tricks. More of the same please.
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thanks for the 3rd part, part1&2 where just great

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Thanks so much! My site is listed as one of those 10 examples of great color schemes and Im very proud of it! :) And Its very much appreciated because Im a fan of smashingmagazine. Regards and thanks!
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Thx for featuring joyproject.it :)

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Thanks Cameron for listing my site. Im very happy to see it here.

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wow, I love these colors

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Ahhh, Thank you!

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nice color, very interesting color. I want this to my site.

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Wooo!!! thankx again Cameron!!

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Great article! Ive read lots of articles and books on this subject and have always come away perplexed. At last, I think Im starting to understand how to use colors. The
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website examples at the end are terrific! Ill have to come back and study this again. A great follow-up article might be to show the process of choosing which colors from a scheme to use for which purposes on a website. E.g., how do you choose a font color vs. a background color vs. an accent color, etc.
great article
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Thats a great tutorial (and series of) thank you Cameron. The only thing that I find challenging as a fellow web designer is how much to use of each colour. Colour schemes are easy enough to find and create (thanks to your great tutorial) but I find the real trick is balancing the colours in the scheme based on their percentage against the other colours. For example, if you have white, light grey and red, how much red can you use before it over powers the grey and white, and is the overpowering a good thing or not. I guess that comes into the realm of tints, shades etc that you exaplined in the tutorials, however, it may also be difficult, if not, impossible to educate people on the balance of colour presence. It always takes me a while to shift colour power balance in order to make the page feel balanced enough that I can say Yep, thats pretty good, Im happy with thatship it I would hate to have the job of trying to explain what makes me finally feel that the colours are balanced and I guess that is why most colour theory tutorials have to skip this concern, as it is just too difficult to help someone understand what makes a website colour theme balanced as I assume it depends on the elements that make up the website as well as the photo/graphic elements. Anyway, just thought Id add that. I guess website colour balance comes down to experience and lots and lots of practice.
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Free check your website worth: WebsiteReckon.com outstanding web analytic tools on the internet today. You can use it for FREE. More than website value calculation, are target specific Traffic,
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pageviews. Fantastic!
What a great article. Colour is so important and its so hard to achieve a sense for it. Thank you for this post!
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Hmm, kuler doesnt seem to be working well with Flickr at the moment. Invalid API key and an inability to search by tag. Shame, really.
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This is very informative! We enjoy following color trends and found some interesting information on the color blue: http://bit.ly/aQmgP9 Thanks for sharing!
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WoW1 Brilliant series. And thanks to the readers who dropped in some awesome links in their comments.
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This has been a very nice series. Thank you for all the time and effort on this. I do think that some of the descriptions on the websites couldve been better in the last 2 articles but still, great job. This will definitely help me in the future and I think Im ready to use Kuler more and more these days. Well done!
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lo quiero in spanish
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Wow! Two of my sites listed as examples. Thank you very much!!!

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Thanxxx a lotttt . its really gr8. Keep it up

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WoW !!!!!!!!!!!! Brilliant series.

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I wish to wknow which combination of 3/4/5 different colors I can use so that their printing in balck/white mode is acceptable.
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u luk lovely.
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Bravo! This is a fantastic series of articles.

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Great article! I am new to the subject. I feel enlightened and inspired!

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Great Article! But youll never be 100% sure, if there had been created a color palette before designing/developing the website itself. Maybe some people just have hit the bulls eye with their color combination, without knowing anything about color theory?! :-)
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Its a great article!!!
Wow! Good Stuff!

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This has been an excellent series. Ive read a lot of colour scheme tutorials, but they just go into all the Traditional Schemes, which as you say arent actually used that often. Hence Ive tried messing with Kuler and ColourLovers only to end up with horrible schemes. Its nice to have an article that actually shows how to go about creating REAL colour schemes for use in real life. It seems like I need to be doing a lot more messing around with Tints and Tones, and less with pure colours.
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Thanks !!! to Cameron, Smashing what a wonderful world ! :)

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Thank you for showcasing two websites that I designed! Wentings.com and LemonStandapp.com I did not create a defined color palette prior to designing the website. However, I do know something about color theory and I use this knowledge when designing the site. I sort of organically define the exact palette as I go, and consciously make sure all of the colors work together and give off the vibe Im going for. I also try to make sure the colors Im using are consistent. That being said, with both of the sites featured here we created the brand identity first. This included much of the color palette, which I then kept using throughout the websites while adding a complimentary color or two.
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Thanks a lot, Cameron, this comprehensive collection will help a lot in finding the colours I need for projects. Really great job. The only thing that puzzled me is the different suggestions you give concerning
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chroma and saturation. In both cases you warned in part 2 against using colours of similar chroma next to each other and recommended either using the same chroma or an entirely different one to avoid jarring effects. Contrasting that, in this article you suggest using colours of similar chroma in some situations. Am I correct in assuming that this issue is just concerning colours right next to each other, and colours with similar chroma should accordingly not be used adjacent to each other? What is odd is that you also say that similar chroma creates harmony, shouldnt it be the same chroma/saturation?
March 11th, 2010 1:10 pm
Super-fantabulously good, Cameron. I just published a post on PRINT outlining the 50 best color sites for designers, which is a good companion piece to this series: http://www.printmag.com/Article/50-Best-Color-Sites-for-Designers I blog twice monthly about color, too. Check that goodness out here: http://www.printmag.com/Author/Jude%20Stewart Keep these excellent articles coming!
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March 18th, 2010 9:58 pm
Good article & very informative. I have to say though, that I found a few of the sites you gave as examples rather ugly. I guess different color schemes mean different things to different people. Thanks for the article in any case! : )
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April 13th, 2010 6:52 am
A nice way to sample colors from a photograph in Photoshop is to use the Mosaic filter (filter > pixelate > mosaic). It will split the image into a grid of colors that you can easily see. Not as cool as Kuler, but effective.
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April 23rd, 2010 5:38 am
wow what beautiful

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April 26th, 2010 3:51 pm
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Perfect.
May 24th, 2010 12:02 am
Awesome article on color theory, this really helped me make my sites pop and is a great reference. Thanks again!!!
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September 13th, 2010 10:49 pm
thanks , great tutorial

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November 6th, 2010 7:08 pm
This is very helpful. I see some palettes and I wonder how they even exist because they dont match at all! Thanks for sharing the way to do it.
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November 15th, 2010 4:52 am
Thank you for this its really helpful. Im not always that keen on color schemes but Im becoming more intuitive thanks to these helpful blogs and tutorials.
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December 7th, 2010 3:54 am
adasdasd
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December 22nd, 2010 5:44 am
I always get confused about the coulours but After reading this info helped me to understand that how colours works. It really usefule and ill recommend this to others. I loved it and ill visit this site againg.Thank you
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Color Theory for Designer, Part 3: Creating Your Own Color Palettes - S...

By Cameron Chapman February 8th, 2010 Design 64 Comments Publishing Policy

Design by Fun Team23

Another example of a traditional analogous scheme.

And the above theme modified for use in a website design.

Another complementary color scheme with a wide range of chromas.

Another palette with a wide range of chromas.

It works just as well for darker color schemes.

Why Shades, Tones, and Tints Are Important

Adding in Some Neutrals

Using Photos for Color Schemes

The Easiest Color Schemes

How Many Colors?

Wentings Cycle & Mountain Shop

North East Peace III Partnership

Very useful series of article. Thanks Cameron :) SM Rocks :) Keep up :)

February 8th, 2010 4:23 am

great article, helped me a lot to better understand color philosophy :) thanks

Thanks for this good article I really like the 10 examples.

February 8th, 2010 5:20 am

Absolutely brilliant. Great resource. Thanks very much.

Colour is by no means my strength so thanks for sharing your thoughts!

A lot to take away and use in future designs. Cheers, Lee.

February 8th, 2010 10:35 am

February 8th, 2010 2:28 pm

thanks for the 3rd part, part1&2 where just great

Thx for featuring joyproject.it :)

Thanks Cameron for listing my site. Im very happy to see it here.

wow, I love these colors

Ahhh, Thank you!

nice color, very interesting color. I want this to my site.

Wooo!!! thankx again Cameron!!

February 8th, 2010 10:34 pm

February 8th, 2010 11:29 pm

February 9th, 2010 7:33 pm

Wow! Two of my sites listed as examples. Thank you very much!!!

Thanxxx a lotttt . its really gr8. Keep it up

WoW !!!!!!!!!!!! Brilliant series.

Bravo! This is a fantastic series of articles.

Great article! I am new to the subject. I feel enlightened and inspired!

Its a great article!!!

February 14th, 2010 1:25 am

Wow! Good Stuff!

Thanks !!! to Cameron, Smashing what a wonderful world ! :)

March 11th, 2010 1:10 pm

wow what beautiful

May 24th, 2010 12:02 am

thanks , great tutorial

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