Department of Technical Education Diploma Course in Automobile Engineering Third Semester Contact Hrs / Week:04 Subject: THERMAL ENGINEERING

Contact hours / week : 64 Weightage of Marks 20 10 25 25 15 25 25 145

TOPIC ANALYSIS: Hours SL.No Major Topics Allotted SECTION-I 1 Fundamental of thermodynamics 09 2 Laws of perfect gases 05 3 Thermodynamic processes in gases 10 SECTION-II 4 Air standard Cycles 10 5 Combustion 06 SECTTION-III 7 Combustion in SI engines 09 8 Combustion in CI engines 08 9 Industry innovations 03 10 Tests 04 Total 64 GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

1. Apply fundamental concepts of thermodynamics to thermodynamic systems and understand various laws of thermodynamics. 2. Understand the laws of perfect gases 3. Understand the various thermodynamic processes 4. Know the different air standard cycles and their practical significance 5. Understand the process of combustion. 6. Understand about the combustion in SI engines. 7. Understand about the combustion in CI engines.

COURSE CONTENTS 1.0 Fundamentals and laws of Thermodynamics.

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Definitions for system - boundary, surrounding, working fluid and state of a system. Types of thermodynamic systems closed, open and isolated systems with examples. Properties of system- Intensive and Extensive properties with examples. Definitions for properties like pressure (p), Volume (v), Temperature (T), Enthalpy (H), Internal energy (U) Specific heat at constant pressure(cp), specific heat at constant volume(CV) for a gas. and their units. Definitions for quasi-static work, flow- work, specific heat. Zeroth, first, second laws of thermodynamics, simple problems on conversion of Heat into Work and vice versa. Steady flow energy equation (without proof),

Laws of perfect gases. 2.1 Brief explanation of perfect Gas Laws Boyles law, Charles Law -GayLussac law-Avogadros -Joules law . 2.2 Derive characteristic gas equation - universal gas equation, universal gas constant and their relationship with molecular weight of gas. 2.3 Derivation for an expression showing the relationship between the two specific heats and characteristic gas constant. 2.4 Simple problems on gas equation. Thermodynamic processes on gases. 3.1 Types of thermodynamic processes, Constant pressure, Constant volume, Isothermal, Free expansion, Isentropic, Polytrophic and throttling processes & equations representing the processes. 3.2 Concept of Entropy. 3.3 Derivation for work done, change in internal energy and Entropy for the above processes. 3.4 Calculation of heat supplied or rejected during the above processes. 3.5 Simple problems on the above processes. Air standard cycles. 4.1 Meaning of air standard cycle-its use-Reversible and irreversible process reversible and irreversible cycles conditions for reversibility of a cycle. 4.2 Brief description of Carnot cycle with P.V. and T-S diagrams, Air standard Efficiency - Problems on Carnot cycle. 4.3 Brief explanation of Otto cycle with P.V. and T-S diagrams, Air standard Efficiency - Simple problems on Otto cycle. 4.4 Brief description of Diesel cycle with P.V. and T-S diagrams, Air standard Efficiency - Simple problems on Diesel cycle. 4.5 Brief description of Dual cycle with P.V. and T-S diagrams, Air standard Efficiency - Simple problems on dual cycle. 4.6 Reasons for the highest efficiency of Carnot cycle over other cycles working between same temperature limits.

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5.0 Combustion.

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Definition of combustion. Combustible elements in fuel Calculation of weight and volume of combustible elements. Weight of excess air. Simple problems on above. Orsat apparatus.

6.0 Combustion in SI engine. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Stages of combustion. 6.3 Detonation. 6.4 Effects of detonation and its control. 6.5 Pre ignition. 7.0 Combustion in CI engines. 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Stages of combustion. 7.3 Diesel knock and its control.

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES 1.0 Fundamentals and laws of Thermodynamics. 1.1 Define the various terms associated with the Thermodynamic System. 1.2 Define the State and System. 1.3 Name the types of thermodynamic Systems. 1.4 Explain the closed system with Examples. 1.5 Explain the open system with examples

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Explain the isolated system with Examples. List the thermodynamic Properties of System. Define the various thermodynamic properties. Write examples for each type of property and its units of measurement. State the number of properties required to define the state of a system. Define Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) Define Specific heat at constant volume (Cv) Define the modes of energy transfers to and from a system. Represent the state of a system on a Graph. State the Zeroth law of thermodynamics. State the first law of thermodynamics. Write steady flow energy equation. Write non-flow energy equation. State the second laws of thermodynamics. Solve problems dealing with conversion of heat into work and viceversa

Laws of perfect gases. 2.1 Define the term Perfect Gas. 2.2 State Boyles Law 2.3 State Charles Law 2.3 State Gay-Lussac law 2.4 State Avogadros Law 2.5 State Joules Law 2.6 Derive Characteristic gas equation 2.7 Write the Universal Gas Equation 2.8 State relationship between characteristic gas constant (R), Universal gas constant (G) and molecular weight (M) 2.9 Derive the relationship connecting the two specific heats and Characteristic gas constant (R) 2.10 Solve simple problems using gas laws. Thermodynamic Processes. 3.1 List out the different thermodynamic processes on gases. 3.2 Derive expression for work done in Constant pressure process 3.3 Derive expression for work done in Constant volume process. 3.4 derive expression for work done in isothermal process. 3.5 Derive expression for work done in a polytrophic process. 3.6 Derive expression for work done in an isentropic process. 3.7 Explain free expansion process 3.8 Explain throttling process. 3.9 Compute the change in internal energy of gas during above process. 3.10 Write the relationship between heat supplied, internal energy and work done during above process 3.11 Derive the expression for change of Entropy for the above processes 3.12 Sketch pressure- volume and temperature - Entropy diagram for the above processes. 3.13 Solve simple problems on the above processes.

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Air standard cycles 4.1 Define the term Air Standard cycle 4.2 Define the term Reversible Cycle. 4.3 State the assumptions made in Air standard cycle 4.4 Explain with a line diagram the Working of Carnot cycle. 4.5 Derive the formula for the air standard efficiency of a Carnot cycle. 4.6 Solve simple problems on Carnot Cycle. 4.7 Explain the working of Otto Cycle with help of a line diagram. 4.8 Derive the formula for air standard Efficiency of Otto Cycle. 4.9 Solve simple problems on Otto Cycle. 4.10 Explain the working of a Diesel cycle with line diagrams. 4.11 Derive the formula for Air Standard Efficiency of Diesel Cycle. 4.12 Solve the simple problems on Diesel Cycles. 4.13 Derive the formula for Air Standard Efficiency of Dual cycle 4.14 Solve the simple problems on dual Cycles. 4.15 State the reasons for Carnot cycle being highly efficient than any other cycle working between the same temperature limits. Combustion 5.1 Define combustion 5.2 Mention chief combustible elements in fuel 5.3 Calculate the weight of air required for complete combustion of liquid fuels. 5.4 Calculate the volume from analysis by weight. 5.5 Calculate the weight from analysis by volume. 5.6 Calculate the weight of exhaust gas per kg of fuel burnt. 5.7 Calculate the weight of excess air. 5.8 Solve simple problems on above. 5.9 Explain the concept of Orsat apparatus. 5.10 Explain the fuel gas analysis by using Orsat apparatus. Combustion in SI engine. 6.1 Explain the stages of combustion in SI engine. 6.2 Define ignition lag. 6.3 Mention the variables affecting ignition lag. 6.4 Study the process of detonation. 6.5 Explain the effects of detonation. 6.6 Explain the methods of controlling detonation. 6.7 Define pre ignition, post ignition, run-on, run-away, wide ping and rumble. Combustion in CI engines. 7.1 Explain stages of combustion in CI engine. 7.2 Define delay period. 7.3 Mention the variables affecting delay periods. 7.4 Explain the process diesel knock. 7.5 Explain the methods of controlling of diesel knock.

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REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I C Engines by Mathur & Sharma Basic and applied thermodynamics by P.K.Nag ,Tata McGraw hill New delhi 2009 Heat engines(Vol-I & Vol-II)by Patel and Karmachandani I.C.Engine Fundamentals by Hey wood Thermal Engineering by R.S.Khurmi Thermal Engineering by P.L.Balaney Thermodynamics applied to heat engines by Lewitt. Heat engines by Pandya and shah Thermodynamics Robert Ballmer , Jaico Publishing House. Basic Engineering Thermodynamics-Venkatesh A- Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. -------------------------()-------------------------

Diploma Course in Automobile Engineering Third Semester Subject: Thermal Engineering Time :3 Hrs Model Question Paper Note: 1. Section-I is compulsory 2. Answer any two full questions from sections II, III and IV. SECTION I 1 A) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:i) The Second law of thermodynamics defines_____________. ii) The work done in constant volume process is _____________ iii) In CI engine the knocking occurs at --------- of combustion. iv) The Value of gas constant(R) is ______________. v) The mass of excess air supplied is equal to ----------B) Write a note on Orsat apparatus SECTION II 2 a) b) c) 3 a) b) c) Define the following properties i) Specific weight ii) Enthalpy iii) Density Explain with Example open and close system. State the Zeorth law of thermodynamics 6 5 4 1X5 Max. Marks: 100

Name the variables which controls the physical properties of perfect gas 5 Derive the relation between two specific heats 5 A cylinder contain 3 kg of air at pressure of 300 bar and temperature of 27C.Find the volume of air occupied by gas Assume R of air 287 J/KgK. 5

4 a) How polytrophic process differ from adiabatic process b) Derive an expression for work done during adiabatic process. c) An ideal gas at 30C and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically from 5m3 to 1m3. Find the temperature, Pressure and the work done. Take -1.4 SECTION III

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5 a) Define combustion, mention combustible elements of fuel 5 b) A fuel has the fallowing composition by mass Carbon-86%, Hydrogen-11.75%, Oxygen-2.25%. Calculate the theoretical air supply per Kg of fuel and the mass of products of combustion per kg of fuel. 10

6 a) State the assumption made in air standard cycles . 4 b) Derive the air standard efficiency of diesel cycle 6 c) A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14 and cutoff takes place at6 %.find the air standard efficiency 5 7 a) State the equation for minimum mass of air required for complete combustion. b) A fuel oil has fallowing analysis by mass- C-85%, H2-12.5%, O2-2%,and the residue 0.5%. The dry flue has the fallowing composition by volume-CO2-9%, CO-1%, O2-7.77%, and N2-82.23%. Determine the Air-fuel ratio. SECTION IV 8 a) Explain the various stages of combustion in SI engines. b) Mention the parameters affecting the ignition lag. 9 a) b) 10 Explain the process of Diesel knock Explain the various methods of controlling Diesel knock Write short note on any three of the following i) Pre ignition ii) Constant pressure process iii) Extensive and Intensive properties iv) Run-on and run-away 10 5 7 8 5x3=15 5 10