Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

CHAPTER OUTLINE
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation Revisited Structural Models Keplers Laws Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Theory of Hydrogen Context Connection Changing from a Circular to an Elliptical Orbit

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q11.1 The Earth creates the same gravitational field g for all objects near the Earths surface. The larger mass needs a larger force to give it just the same acceleration.

11.5 11.6

Q11.2

To a good first approximation, your bathroom scale reading is unaffected because you, the Earth, and the scale are all in free fall in the Suns gravitational field, in orbit around the Sun. To a precise second approximation, you weigh slightly less at noon and at midnight than you do at sunrise or sunset. The Suns gravitational field is a little weaker at the center of the Earth than at the surface subsolar point, and a little weaker still on the far side of the planet. When the Sun is high in your sky, its gravity pulls up on you a little more strongly than on the Earth as a whole. At midnight the Sun pulls down on you a little less strongly than it does on the Earth below you. So you can have another doughnut with lunch, and your bedsprings will still last a little longer. Because both the Earth and Moon are moving in orbit about the Sun. As described by Fgravitational = ma centripetal , the gravitational force of the Sun merely keeps the Moon (and Earth) in a nearly circular orbit of radius 150 million kilometers. Because of its velocity, the Moon is kept in its orbit about the Earth by the gravitational force of the Earth. There is no imbalance of these forces, at new moon or full moon.

Q11.3

Q11.4

Air resistance causes a decrease in the energy of the satellite-Earth system. This reduces the diameter of the orbit, bringing the satellite closer to the surface of the Earth. A satellite in a smaller orbit, however, must travel faster. Thus, the effect of air resistance is to speed up the satellite! The escape speed from the Earth is 11.2 km/s and that from the Moon is 2.3 km/s, smaller by a factor of 5. The energy requiredand fuelwould be proportional to v 2 , or 25 times more fuel is required to leave the Earth versus leaving the Moon. In a circular orbit each increment of displacement is perpendicular to the force applied. The dot product of force and displacement is zero. The work done by the gravitational force on a planet in an elliptical orbit speeds up the planet at closest approach, but negative work is done by gravity and the planet slows as it sweeps out to its farthest distance from the Sun. Therefore, net work in one complete orbit is zero. 297

Q11.5

Q11.6

298 Q11.7

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom For a satellite in orbit, one focus of an elliptical orbit, or the center of a circular orbit, must be located at the center of the Earth. If the satellite is over the northern hemisphere for half of its orbit, it must be over the southern hemisphere for the other half. We could share with Easter Island a satellite that would look straight down on Arizona each morning and vertically down on Easter Island each evening. The gravitational force of the Earth on an extra particle at its center must be zero, not infinite as one interpretation of Equation 11.1 would suggest. All the bits of matter that make up the Earth will pull in different outward directions on the extra particle. Speed is maximum at closest approach. Speed is minimum at farthest distance. The gravitational force is conservative. An encounter with a stationary mass cannot permanently speed up a spacecraft. Jupiter is moving. A spacecraft flying across its orbit just behind the planet will gain kinetic energy as the planets gravity does net positive work on it. Cavendish determined G. Then from g =

Q11.8

Q11.9 Q11.10

Q11.11 Q11.12 Q11.13

GM , one may determine the mass of the Earth. R2

The spacecraft did not have enough fuel to stop dead in its high-speed course for the Moon. If an electron moved like a hockey puck, it could have any arbitrary frequency of revolution around an atomic nucleus. If it behaved like a charge in a radio antenna, it would radiate light with frequency equal to its own frequency of oscillation. Thus, the electron in hydrogen atoms would emit a continuous spectrum, electromagnetic waves of all frequencies smeared together. (a) Yesprovided that the energy of the photon is precisely enough to put the electron into one of the allowed energy states. Strangelymore precisely non-classicallyenough, if the energy of the photon is not sufficient to put the electron into a particular excited energy level, the photon will not interact with the atom at all! Yesa photon of any energy greater than 13.6 eV will ionize the atom. Any extra energy will go into kinetic energy of the newly liberated electron.

Q11.14

(b) Q11.15

An atomic electron does not possess enough kinetic energy to escape from its electrical attraction to the nucleus. Positive ionization energy must be injected to pull the electron out to a very large separation from the nucleus, a condition for which we define the energy of the atom to be zero. The atom is a bound system. All this is summarized by saying that the total energy of an atom is negative. From Equations 11.19, 11.20 and 11.21, we have E =

Q11.16

k e2 k e2 kee2 = + e e = K + U e . Then K = E 2r 2r r

and U e = 2 E .

Chapter 11

299

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 11.1 Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation Revisited
P11.1

F = m1 g =

Gm1 m 2 r2
11

g=
P11.2

Gm 2 r
2

e6.67 10 =

N m 2 kg 2 4.00 10 4 10 3 kg
2

je a100 mf

j=

2.67 10 7 m s 2

(a)

At the midpoint between the two objects, the forces exerted by the 200-kg and 500-kg objects are oppositely directed, and from we have Fg = Gm1 m 2 r2

F =

G 50.0 kg 500 kg 200 kg

a0.200 mf

gb

g=

2.50 10 5 N toward the 500-kg object.

(b)

At a point between the two objects at a distance d from the 500-kg objects, the net force on the 50.0-kg object will be zero when G 50.0 kg 200 kg
2

b gb g = Gb50.0 kg gb500 kg g d a0.400 m df

2

or

d = 0.245 m

P11.3

1.50 kg 15.0 10 3 kg GMm 11 2 2 F= = 6.67 10 N m kg = 7.41 10 10 N 2 2 2 r 4.50 10 m

ge

P11.4

The force exerted on the 4.00-kg mass by the 2.00-kg mass is directed upward and given by
r m m F24 = G 42 2 $ = 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 j r24

2 j b4.00a3kg gbm.00 kg g $j .00 f

2

r r

j = 5.93 10 11 $ N The force exerted on the 4.00-kg mass by the 6.00-kg mass is directed to the left

r m m F64 = G 42 6 $ = 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 i r64

e j e

6 j b4.00a4kg gbm.00 kg g $i .00 f

2

FIG. P11.4

i = 10.0 10 11 $N

r r r Therefore, the resultant force on the 4.00-kg mass is F4 = F24 + F64 =

e10.0$i + 5.93 $jj 10

11

N .

300

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.5

(a)

The Sun-Earth distance is 1.496 10 11 m and the Earth-Moon distance is 3.84 10 8 m , so the distance from the Sun to the Moon during a solar eclipse is

1.496 10 11 m 3.84 10 8 m = 1.492 10 11 m The mass of the Sun, Earth, and Moon are
MS = 1.99 10 30 kg M E = 5.98 10 24 kg

and We have FSM

M M = 7.36 10 22 kg

6.67 10 11 1.99 10 30 7.36 10 22 Gm1 m 2 = = = 4.39 10 20 N 11 2 r2 1.492 10

je

je j

(b)

FEM =

e6.67 10

11

N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 7.36 10 22

je

je

e3.84 10 j
11

8 2

j=

1.99 10 20 N

(c)

FSE =

e6.67 10

N m 2 kg 2 1.99 10 30 5.98 10 24

je

je

e1.496 10 j

11 2

j=

3.55 10 22 N

Note that the force exerted by the Sun on the Moon is much stronger than the force of the Earth on the Moon. In a sense, the Moon orbits the Sun more than it orbits the Earth. The Moons path is everywhere concave toward the Sun. Only by subtracting out the solar orbital motion of the Earth-Moon system do we see the Moon orbiting the center of mass of this system.
P11.6

Let represent the angle each cable makes with the vertical, L the cable length, x the distance each ball scrunches in, and d = 1 m the original distance between them. Then r = d 2 x is the separation of the balls. We have

r r

Fy = 0 :

T cos mg = 0 Gmm T sin 2 = 0 r

Gmm r 2 mg x L x
2 2

Fx = 0 :
Then
The factor small.

r
FIG. P11.6

tan =

g d 2x

Gm

x d 2x

Gm 2 L x2 . g

Gm is numerically small. There are two possibilities: either x is small or else d 2 x is g

Possibility one: We can ignore x in comparison to d and L, obtaining

e6.67 10 xa1 mf =
2

11

N m 2 kg 2 100 kg 9.8 m s
2

jb

g 45 m

x = 3.06 10 8 m.

continued on next page

Chapter 11

301

The separation distance is r = 1 m 2 3.06 10 8 m = 1.000 m 61.3 nm .

Possibility two: If d 2 x is small, x 0.5 m and the equation becomes

m a0.5 mfr = e6.67 10 b9N N kgkg jb100 kg g a45 mf a0.5 mf .8 g
11 2 2 2 2 2

r = 2.74 10 4 m .

For this answer to apply, the spheres would have to be compressed to a density like that of the nucleus of atom. GM G 3 g= 2 = R R2 If then

P11.7

e j = 4 GR
4R 3

g M 1 4 G M RM 3 = = 3 4 G E RE gE 6
g M = M E gE

F I F R I = FG 1 IJ a4f = GH JK GH R JK H 6 K
E M

2 . 3 GmM E
2 rE

P11.8

(a)

At the zero-total field point,

GmM M
2 rM

so

rM = rE

MM r 7.36 10 22 = rE = E 24 ME 9.01 5.98 10

rE + rM = 3.84 10 8 m = rE + rE = (b)

rE 9.01

3.84 10 8 m = 3.46 10 8 m 1.11

At this distance the acceleration due to the Earths gravity is

gE = GM E
2 rE

e6.67 10

11

N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg

e3.46 10

je mj

g E = 3.34 10 3 m s 2 directed toward the Earth

*P11.9

(a)

For the gravitational force on an object in the neighborhood of Miranda we have

m obj g = g=

Gm objm Miranda
2 rMiranda

11 N m 2 6.68 10 19 kg Gm Miranda 6.67 10 = 0.076 1 m s 2 = 2 2 3 2 rMiranda kg 242 10 m

continued on next page

302

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

(b)

We ignore the difference (of about 4%) in g between the lip and the base of the cliff. For the vertical motion of the athlete we have y f = yi + v yi + 1 ayt 2 2 1 5 000 m = 0 + 0 + 0.076 1 m s 2 t 2 2

F 2b5 000 mgs I t=G H 0.076 1 m JK

2

12

= 363 s

(c)

1 a x t 2 = 0 + 8.5 m s 363 s + 0 = 3.08 10 3 m 2 We ignore the curvature of the surface (of about 0.7) over the athletes trajectory. x f = xi + v xi t + v xf = v xi = 8.50 m s v yf = v yi + a y t = 0 0.076 1 m s 2 363 s = 27.6 m s
r 27.6 Thus v f = 8.50 $ 27.6 $ m s = 8.5 2 + 27.6 2 m s at tan 1 i j below the x axis. 8.5 r v f = 28.9 m s at 72.9 below the horizontal

ga

(d)

ja

P11.10

(a)

6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 100 1.99 10 30 kg 10 3 kg GMm F= = = 1.31 10 17 N 2 4 r2 1.00 10 m + 50.0 m

j e

je

(b)

F =

GMm GMm 2 2 rfront rback

2 2 F GM rback rfront g = = 2 2 m rfront rback

11

j
FIG. P11.10
30 4

e6.67 10 j 100e1.99 10 g = e1.00 10

g = 2.62 10 12 N kg

j LMNe1.01 10 mj e1.00 10 mj OPQ mj e1.01 10 mj

4 2 4 2 2 4 2

Chapter 11

303

P11.11

g1 = g 2 =

MG r 2 + a2 g y = g1y + g 2 y
cos = r

g1y = g 2y
g 1 x = g 2 x = g 2 cos

ea

+ r2

12

r g = 2 g2x $ i
or

e j
j
3 2

r g=

2 MGr

er

+ a2

toward the center of mass

FIG. P11.11

P11.12

(a)

We require that v= gRE = 2

GM E m r2

9.80 m s 2 6.37 10 6 m 2

g M G v2 mv 2 , but g = E 2 . In this case r = 2 RE therefore, = or 4 2 RE r RE

j=

5.59 10 3 m s .

(b)

T=

6 2 r 2 2 6.37 10 m = = 239 min v 5.59 10 3 m s

a fe

(c)

F=

b2R g
E

GM E m
2

300 kg 9.80 m s 2 mg = = = 735 N 4 4

ge

Section 11.2 Structural Models

No problems in this section

Section 11.3 Keplers Laws

P11.13
(a) For the geosynchronous satellite, Fr = ma r becomes 2 r GM E = r T GmM E r2 = mv 2 and in turn r

FG H

IJ K

or r 3 =

GM ET 4 2

. Thus, the radius of the satellite orbit is

L e6.67 10 r=M MN
continued on next page

11

N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 86 400 s 4 2

je

jb

g OP PQ

2 1/3

= 4. 23 10 7 m .

304

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

(b)

The satellite is so far out that its distance from the north pole, d=

e6.37 10 mj + e4.23 10 mj
6 2 7

= 4.27 10 7 m is nearly the same as its orbital radius.

The travel time for the radio signal is t=

P11.14
7 2d 2 4.27 10 m = = 0.285 s . c 3.00 10 8 m s

By conservation of angular momentum for the satellite, rp v p = ra v a vp va = ra 2 289 km + 6.37 10 3 km 8 659 km = = = 1.27 . 6 829 km rp 459 km + 6.37 10 3 km

We do not need to know the period.

P11.15

T2 =

4 2 a 3 GM

(Keplers third law with m << M )

4 2 4.22 10 8 m 4 2 a 3 M= = GT 2 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 1.77 86 400 s

jb

= 1.90 10 27 kg

(Approximately 316 Earth masses)

P11.16

By Keplers Third Law, T 2 = ka 3

(a = semi-major axis)

For any object orbiting the Sun, with T in years and a in A.U., k = 1.00 . Therefore, for Comet Halley

a75.6f = a1.00fFGH 0.570 + y IJK 2

2

The farthest distance the comet gets from the Sun is y = 2 75.6
P11.17

FIG. P11.16

a f

23

0.570 = 35.2 A. U. (out around the orbit of Pluto)

Applying Newtons 2nd Law, GMM =

F = ma yields Fg = ma c for each star:

or M= 4v 2 r . G

a 2r f

Mv 2 r

We can write r in terms of the period, T, by considering the time and distance of one complete cycle. The distance traveled in one orbit is the circumference of the stars common orbit, so 2r = vT . Therefore M= 4v 2 r 4v 2 vT = G G 2

FG IJ H K

FIG. P11.17

3 2 v 3T 2 220 10 m s 14.4 d 86 400 s d = = 1.26 10 32 kg = 63.3 solar masses so, M = 11 2 2 G N m kg 6.67 10

ja
3

fb

Chapter 11

305

P11.18

F = ma :

Gm planet M star r2

m planet v 2 r

GM star = v 2 = r 2 2 r 3 3 GM star = r 3 3 = rx 2 = ry 2 x y

y =x

Fr I GH r JK
x y

32

y =

F 90.0 I 3 GH 5.00 yr JK

32

468 5.00 yr

So planet Y has turned through 1.30 revolutions .

FIG. P11.18 P11.19

The speed of a planet in a circular orbit is given by

F = ma :

GM sun m mv 2 = r r2

v=

GM sun . r

For Mercury the speed is

vM =

and for Pluto,

vP =

e6.67 10 je1.99 10 j m e5.79 10 j s e6.67 10 je1.99 10 j m e5.91 10 j s

11

30

10

= 4.79 10 4 m s

11

30

12

= 4.74 10 3 m s .

With greater speed, Mercury will eventually move farther from the Sun than Pluto. With original distances rP and rM perpendicular to their lines of motion, they will be equally far from the Sun after time t where
2 2 2 2 rP + v P t 2 = rM + v M t 2 2 2 2 2 rP rM = v M v P t 2

t=

e5.91 10 e4.79 10
4

12

j e5.79 10 m sj e 4.74 10
m
2 2

10 3

ms

3.49 10 25 m 2 = 1.24 10 8 s = 3.93 yr . 9 2 2 2.27 10 m s

306

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.20

For the Earth, Then

F = ma :

GM s m r2

mv 2 m 2r = r r T

FG IJ H K

GM s T 2 = 4 2 r 3 . L = mvr = m r= 2r r is a constant for the Earth. T

Also the angular momentum We eliminate GM s T 2 = 4 2

LT between the equations: 2m

FG LT IJ H 2m K

32

GM sT 1 2 = 4 2

FG L IJ H 2m K
s

3 2

Now the rate of change is described by GM s

FG 1 T H2

1 2

dM s 1 2 dT T +G 1 =0 dt dt

T t

dM s dt

dM F T I T dT IJ IJ FG = G2 J K H K dt dt H M K t FG 2 T IJ = 5 000 yrF 3.16 10 s I e3.64 10 kg sjF 2 1 yr GH 1 yr JK GH 1.991 10 H MK

s 7 9 s

30

I J kg K

T = 1.82 10 2 s

Section 11.4 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion

P11.21

(a)

3 1.99 10 30 kg MS = = 1.84 10 9 kg m 3 3 4 r 2 6 E 4 6.37 10 m 3

j j

(b)

g=

6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 1.99 10 30 kg GMS = = 3.27 10 6 m s 2 2 2 6 rE 6.37 10 m

je j

(c)

Ug =

6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 1.99 10 30 kg 1.00 kg GMS m = = 2.08 10 13 J rE 6.37 10 6 m

1 2

je

jb

P11.22

W = U =

FG Gm m H r
11

IJ K je je
6

e+6.67 10 W=

N m 2 kg 2 7.36 10 22 kg 1.00 10 3 kg 1.74 10 m

j=

2.82 10 9 J

Chapter 11

307

P11.23

For her jump on earth,

1 mvi 2 = mgy f 2

(1)

vi = 2 gy f = 2 9.8 m s 2 0.5 m = 3.13 m s

We assume that she has the same takeoff speed on the asteroid. Here

ja

GM A m 1 mvi 2 =0+0 RA 2
The equality of densities between planet and asteroid,

(2)

4 3

ME RE 2

4 3

MA RA 2

implies

MA

F R IJ =G HR K
A E

ME GM E RE 2

(3)

Note also at Earths surface

g=

(4)

Combining the equations (2), (1), (3) and (4) by substitution gives 1 2 GM A vi = 2 RA

GM E R A 2 GM E yf = RE 3 RE 2

d i FGH IJK M R = y R = a0.5 mfe6.37 10 mj

G RA 1 2 gy f = R A RE 2
A
2 3

R A = 1.78 10 3 m
P11.24

(a)

The work must provide the increase in gravitational energy

W = U g = U gf U gi = = GM E M p rf GM E M p RE + y + + GM E M p ri GM E M p RE 1 RE + y

= GM E M p =

F 6.67 10 GH kg

F1 GH R

11 2

N m2

I 5.98 10 JK e

I JK

24

kg 100 kg

jb

gFGH 6.37 110

1 7.37 10 6 m

IJ K

W = 850 MJ

continued on next page

308

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

(b)

In a circular orbit, gravity supplies the centripetal force: GM E M p

E

bR
Then, 1 1 GM E M p Mp v2 = 2 2 RE + y

+y

= g bR
2

Mp v2
E

+y

So, additional work = kinetic energy required

11 N m 2 5.98 10 24 kg 100 kg 1 6.67 10 = 2 kg 2 7.37 10 6 m

e je FG H

je

jb

W = 2.71 10 9 J 1 1 1 1 mvi2 + GM E m = mv 2 f r f ri 2 2 or

P11.25

F GH

I JK

1 2 1 1 vi + GM E 0 = v2 f RE 2 2
2 v 2 = v1 f

IJ K

2GM E RE
12

and

2 v f = v1

vf

FG 2GM IJ H R K = Le 2.00 10 j 1.25 10 O MN PQ

E E
4 2 8

12

= 1.66 10 4 m s

P11.26

(a) (b)

v solar escape =

2 MSunG = 42.1 km s RESun

Let r = RES x represent variable distance from the Sun, with x in astronomical units. v= If v = 2 MSunG 42.1 = RES x x 125 000 km , then x = 1.47 A. U. = 2.20 10 11 m 3 600 s

(at or beyond the orbit of Mars, 125 000 km/h is sufficient for escape).

Chapter 11

309

P11.27

To obtain the orbital velocity, we use or We can obtain the escape velocity from or

F =
v=

mMG mv 2 = R R2

MG R

1 mMG 2 mv esc = 2 R v esc = 2 MG = R 2v

*P11.28

(a)

Energy conservation of the object-Earth system from release to radius r:

eK + U j
g

altitude h

= K +Ug

radius r

GM E m 1 GM E m 0 = mv 2 RE + h 2 r

F F 1 1 II v = G 2GM G H H r R + h JK JK
E E f f

12

dr dt

(b)

z z
i i

dt =
RE + h RE

dr i dr = . The time of fall is v f v

1 2

t = t =

6.87 10 m

6.37 10 6 m

z FGH 2GM FGH 1r R 1+ hIJKIJK dr z LMN2 6.67 10 5.98 10 FGH 1r 6.87 110 mIJK OPQ
E E
6

11

24

1 2

dr

We can enter this expression directly into a mathematical calculation program. r Alternatively, to save typing we can change variables to u = 6 . Then 10
t = 7.977 10 14

1 2

6 .87 6 .37

z FGH

1 1 6 10 u 6.87 10 6

IJ K

1 2

10 6 du = 3.541 10 8

10 6

6. 87 6. 37

e j
10

6 1 2

z FGH

1 1 u 6.87

IJ K

1 2

du

A mathematics program returns the value 9.596 for this integral, giving for the time of fall t = 3.541 10 8 10 9 9.596 = 339.8 = 340 s .

310

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.29

vi2 GM E = RE + h RE + h

Ki =

1 1 GM E m 1 mvi2 = = 2 2 RE + h 2

FG H

IJ K

LM e6.67 10 N m kg je5.98 10 kg jb500 kg g OP MN PQ = 1.45 10 e6.37 10 mj + e0.500 10 mj

11 2 2 24 6 6

10

The change in gravitational potential energy of the satellite-Earth system is

U =

Also,

Kf

F I GH JK = e6.67 10 N m kg je5.98 10 kg jb500 kg ge 1.14 10 1 1 = mv = b500 kg ge 2.00 10 m sj = 1.00 10 J . 2 2

GM E m GM E m 1 1 = GM E m Ri Rf Ri R f
11 2 2 24 2 f 3 2 9

m 1 = 2.27 10 9 J

The energy transformed due to friction is Eint = K i K f U = 14.5 1.00 + 2.27 10 9 J = 1.58 10 10 J .
P11.30

The gravitational force supplies the needed centripetal acceleration. Thus,

bR + hg b
E 2

GM E m

mv 2 RE + h

g g

or

v2 =

GM E RE + h

(a)

2r 2 RE + h T= = GM E v

T = 2

bR + hg
E

b R + hg
E

GM E

(b)

v=

GM E RE + h Emin = K f + U gf K i U gi .

(c)

Minimum energy input is

j e

It is simplest to launch the satellite from a location on the equator, and launch it toward the east. This choice has the object starting with energy with vi = 2RE 2RE = 1.00 day 86 400 s and Ki = 1 mvi2 2 GM E m . RE
E

U gi =

Thus,

Emin =

2 GM E GM E m 1 4 2 RE 1 m m 2 RE + h RE + h 2 86 400 s

FG H

IJ K

LM MN b
2

OP GM m + g PQ R
2 E

or

Emin = GM E m

LM R + 2 h OP 2 R m NM 2 R bR + hg QP b86 400 sg
E 2 E E E

Chapter 11

311

*P11.31

(a)

Energy conservation for the object-Earth system from firing to apex:

eK + U j = e K + U j
g i g

GmM E GmM E 1 mvi2 =0 2 RE RE + h where GmM E 1 2 . Then mv esc = 2 RE RE 1 2 1 2 1 2 vi v esc = v esc 2 2 2 RE + h

2 v esc vi2 = 2 v esc RE RE + h RE + h

2 v esc

1 = 2 vi2 v esc RE

h= h= 6.37 10 6 m 8.76
2 2

2 v esc RE v 2 R v 2 R + vi2 RE RE = esc E 2 esc E 2 v esc vi2 v esc vi2

RE vi2 2 v esc vi2

(b) (c)

h=

a f a11.2f a8.76f
FG H

= 1.00 10 7 m

The fall of the meteorite is the time-reversal of the upward flight of the projectile, so it is described by the same energy equation
2 vi2 = v esc 1

RE h 2 = v esc = 11.2 10 3 m s RE + h RE + h

IJ K

FG H

IJ e K

2 m j FGH 6.37 10.51 +10.51 10 m IJK m 2

2 7 6 7

= 1.00 10 8 m 2 s 2 vi = 1.00 10 4 m s RE vi2

2 v esc

(d)

With vi << v esc , h

0 2 = vi2 + 2 g h 0 .
P11.32

b ga f

RE vi2 RE GM E v2 . But g = , so h = i , in agreement with 2 2GM E 2g RE

For a satellite in an orbit of radius r around the Earth, the total energy of the satellite-Earth system is GM E E= . Thus, in changing from a circular orbit of radius r = 2 RE to one of radius r = 3 RE , the 2r required work is W = E = GM E m GM E m GM E m 1 1 + = GM E m = . 2r f 2ri 4 RE 6 R E 12 RE

LM N

OP Q

312

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.33

(a)

The major axis of the orbit is Further, in Figure 11.5, Then

2 a = 50.5 AU a + c = 50 AU e=

so so

a = 25.25 AU c = 24.75 AU

c 24.75 = = 0.980 a 25.25

(b)

In T 2 = K s a 3 for objects in solar orbit, the Earth gives us

b g
1 yr Then T
2

= K s 1 AU
2

Ks =

b1 yrg a1 AU f

2 3

b1 yrg a25.25 AU f = a1 AU f
3

T = 127 yr

(c)

6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 1.991 10 30 kg 1.2 10 10 kg GMm = = 2.13 10 17 J U= r 50 1.496 10 11 m

je

je

Section 11.5 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Theory of Hydrogen

P11.34

(a)

The energy of the photon is found as

E = Ei E f =

13.606 eV 13.606 eV 2 ni nf2

Thus, for n = 3 to n = 2 transition hc

F 1 1I GH n n JK F 1 1I E = 13.606 eV G J = 1.89 eV H 4 9K
E = 13.606 eV
f
2

(b)

E=

and

6.626 10 34 J s 2.998 10 8 m s 1.89 eV 1.602 10 3 10 8 m s 6.56 10 7 m

19

J eV

j=

656 nm

(c)

f=

f=

= 4.57 10 14 Hz

Chapter 11

313

P11.35

(a)

Lyman series

= R 1

F GH

1 ni2

I JK e jFGH I JK

ni = 2 , 3 , 4, K ni = 5

(b) Paschen series: 1

1 1 = 1.097 10 7 1 2 ni 94.96 10 9

=R

F1 1I GH 3 n JK
2 2 i

ni = 4, 5 , 6 , K

The shortest wavelength for this series corresponds to ni = for ionization 1

= 1.097 10 7

F1 1 I GH 9 n JK
2 i

For ni = , this gives = 820 nm This is larger than 94.96 nm, so this wave length cannot be associated with the Paschen series . Balmer series:

F1 1I GH 2 n JK F1 1 I 1 = 1.097 10 G J H4 n K
1 =R
2 2 i 7 2 i

ni = 3 , 4, 5 , K with ni = for ionization, min = 365 nm

Once again the shorter given wavelength cannot be associated with the Balmer series . kee2 m e r1 r1 = 1 a 0 = 0.005 29 nm = 5.29 10 11 m
9 2 2 19

P11.36

(a)

v1 = where

v1

af e8.99 10 N m C je1.60 10 Cj = e9.11 10 kg je5.29 10 mj

2 31 11

= 2.19 10 6 m s

(b)

K1 =

1 1 2 m e v1 = 9.11 10 31 kg 2.19 10 6 m s 2 2

je

= 2.18 10 18 J = 13.6 eV

(c)

8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 1.60 10 19 C k e2 U1 = e = r1 5.29 10 11 m

je

= 4.35 10 18 J = 27.2 eV

314

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.37

E = 13.6 eV

fFG n1 n1 IJ H K
2 i 2 f

Where for E > 0 we have absorption and for E < 0 we have emission. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (a) (b) (c)
P11.38

for ni = 2 and n f = 5 , E = 2.86 eV (absorption) for ni = 5 and n f = 3 , E = 0.967 eV (emission) for ni = 7 and n f = 4 , E = 0.572 eV (emission) for ni = 4 and n f = 7 , E = 0.572 eV (absorption) E= hc so the shortest wavelength is emitted in transition ii .

The atom gains most energy in transition i . The atom loses energy in transitions ii and iii . En = 13.6 eV . n2

We use To ionize the atom when the electron is in the n th level, it is necessary to add an amount of energy given by (a) (b)

E = En =

13.6 eV . n2

Thus, in the ground state where n = 1, we have E = 13.6 eV . In the n = 3 level, r22 = 0.052 9 nm 2 meke e2 = me v2 = r2 E=
2

13.6 eV = 1.51 eV . 9

P11.39

(a)

ga f

= 0.212 nm

(b)

e9.11 10

31

kg 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 1.60 10 19 C 0.212 10 9 m

je

je

m e v 2 = 9.95 10 25 kg m s (c) L 2 = m e v 2 r2 = 9.95 10 25 kg m s 0.212 10 9 m = 2.11 10 34 kg m 2 s me v2 1 2 K 2 = me v2 = 2 2m e

je

(d)

g = e9.95 10 kg m sj 2e9.11 10 kg j
2 25 31

= 5.43 10 19 J = 3.40 eV

continued on next page

Chapter 11

315

(e) (f)
P11.40

8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 1.60 10 19 C kee2 = U2 = r2 0.212 10 9 m E2 = K 2 + U 2 = 3.40 eV 6.80 eV = 3.40 eV k e2 1 mev 2 = e 2 2r v2 = rn =

2 vn =

je

= 1.09 10 18 J = 6.80 eV

Starting with we have and using

kee2 mer n2h2 mekee2 me n 2 h 2 me ke e2 kee2 . nh

gives

ke e2

or
P11.41

vn =

Each atom gives up its kinetic energy in emitting a photon, so 6.626 10 34 J s 3.00 10 8 m s hc 1 2 mv = = = 1.63 10 18 J 7 2 1.216 10 m

je

v = 4.42 10 4 m s .

Section 11.6 Context ConnectionChanging from a Circular to an Elliptical Orbit

P11.42

The original orbit radius is r = a = 6.37 10 6 m + 500 10 3 m= 6.87 10 6 m . The original energy is Ei = 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 10 4 kg GMm = = 2.90 10 11 J . 6 2a 2 6.87 10 m

je

je

We assume that the perigee distance in the new orbit is 6.87 10 6 m. Then the major axis is 2 a = 6.87 10 6 m + 2.00 10 7 m = 2.69 10 7 m and the final energy is 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 10 4 kg GMm = 1.48 10 11 J . Ef = = 7 2a 2.69 10 m The energy input required from the engine is E f Ei = 1.48 10 11 J 2.90 10 11 J = 1.42 10 11 J .

je

je

316

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.43

(a)

Energy of the spacecraft-Mars system is conserved as the spacecraft moves between a very distant point and the point of closest approach: 0+0= GM Mars m 1 mv r 2 2 r 2GM Mars vr = r

After the engine burn, for a circular orbit we have F = ma: GM Mars m r2 = mv 0 2 r GM Mars r

v0 = The percentage reduction from the original speed is vr v 0 = vr (b) 2 v0 v0 2 v0 = 2 1 2

100% = 29.3%

The answer to part (a) applies with no changes , as the solution to part (a) shows.

Additional Problems
P11.44

Let m represent the mass of the spacecraft, rE the radius of the Earths orbit, and x the distance from Earth to the spacecraft. The Sun exerts on the spacecraft a radial inward force of while the Earth exerts on it a radial outward force of Fs = FE =

br x g
E

GM s m

GM E m x2

The net force on the spacecraft must produce the correct centripetal acceleration for it to have an orbital period of 1.000 year. Thus, FS FE =

br x g
E

GMS m

GM E m x2

mv 2 m = = rE x rE x

g b

LM 2 br xg OP g NM T QP
E

which reduces to

br x g
E

GMS

GM E x
2

4 2 rE x T
2

g.

(1)

Cleared of fractions, this equation would contain powers of x ranging from the fifth to the zeroth. We do not solve it algebraically. We may test the assertion that x is between 1.47 10 9 m and 1.48 10 9 m by substituting both of these as trial solutions, along with the following data: MS = 1.991 10 30 kg , M E = 5.983 10 24 kg , rE = 1.496 10 11 m, and T = 1.000 yr = 3.156 10 7 s . continued on next page

Chapter 11

317

With x = 1.47 10 9 m substituted into equation (1), we obtain

6.052 10 3 m s 2 1.85 10 3 m s 2 5.871 10 3 m s 2 or 5.868 10 3 m s 2 5.871 10 3 m s 2

With x = 1.48 10 9 m substituted into the same equation, the result is 6.053 10 3 m s 2 1.82 10 3 m s 2 5.870 8 10 3 m s 2 or 5.870 9 10 3 m s 2 5.870 8 10 3 m s 2 .

Since the first trial solution makes the left-hand side of equation (1) slightly less than the right hand side, and the second trial solution does the opposite, the true solution is determined as between the trial values. To three-digit precision, it is 1.48 10 9 m. As an equation of fifth degree, equation (1) has five roots. The Sun-Earth system has five Lagrange points, all revolving around the Sun synchronously with the Earth. The SOHO and ACE satellites are at one. Another is beyond the far side of the Sun. Another is beyond the night side of the Earth. Two more are on the Earths orbit, ahead of the planet and behind it by 60. Plans are under way to gain perspective on the Sun by placing a spacecraft at one of these two co-orbital Lagrange points. The Greek and Trojan asteroids are at the co-orbital Lagrange points of the Jupiter-Sun system.
P11.45

The acceleration of an object at the center of the Earth due to the gravitational force of the Moon is given by M a = G Moon d2 At the point A nearest the Moon,
a+ = G

ad r f ad + r f
MM

MM

FIG. P11.45
2

At the point B farthest from the Moon, a = G

a = a + a = GM M For d >> r , Across the planet, a =

LM 1 NM ad r f

1 d2

OP QP

2GM M r = 1.11 10 6 m s 2 3 d

g 2 a 2.22 10 6 m s 2 = = = 2.26 10 7 2 g g 9.80 m s

318

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

*P11.46

Energy conservation for the two-sphere system from release to contact:

Gmm Gmm 1 1 = + mv 2 + mv 2 R 2r 2 2

Gm

FG 1 1 IJ = v H 2r R K
12

v = Gm

FG L 1 1 OIJ H MN 2r R PQK

12

(a)

The injected impulse is the final momentum of each sphere,

mv = m 2 2 Gm

FG L 1 1 OIJ H MN 2r R PQK LM N

= Gm 3

LM N

FG 1 1 IJ OP H 2r R K Q
12

12

(b)

If they now collide elastically each sphere reverses its velocity to receive impulse
mv mv = 2mv = 2 Gm 3

a f

FG 1 1 IJ OP H 2r R K Q

P11.47

(a)

The free-fall acceleration produced by the Earth is g = Its rate of change is

GM E r2

= GM E r 2 (directed downward)

dg = GM E 2 r 3 = 2GM E r 3 . dr

a f

The minus sign indicates that g decreases with increasing height. At the Earths surface, (b) For small differences, g r = g
h dg 2GM E . = 3 dr RE

2GM E 3 RE

Thus,

g =

2GM E h 3 RE 1.85 10 5 m s 2

(c)

g =

2 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 6.00 m

je

ja

e6.37 10 mj
6

f=

*P11.48

(a)

Each bit of mass dm in the ring is at the same distance from the object at A. The separate GmM ring Gmdm contributions to the system energy add up to . When the object is at A, r r this is 6.67 10 11 N m 2 1 000 kg 2.36 10 20 kg kg
2

e1 10 mj + e2 10 mj
8 2 8

= 7.04 10 4 J .

continued on next page

Chapter 11

319

(b)

When the object is at the center of the ring, the potential energy is 6.67 10 11 N m 2 1 000 kg 2.36 10 20 kg kg 2 1 10 8 m = 1.57 10 5 J .

(c)

Total energy of the object-ring system is conserved:

eK + U j = eK + U j
g A g

1 2 0 7.04 10 J = 1 000 kgv B 1.57 10 5 J 2

4

vB =
P11.49

F 2 8.70 10 J I GH 1 000 kg JK
4

12

= 13.2 m s

To approximate the height of the sulfur, set

mv 2 = mg Io h 2 v = 2 g Io h h = 70 000 m g Io = GM = 1.79 m s 2 r2

v = 2 1.79 70 000 500 m s over 1 000 mi h

a fb

A more precise answer is given by

GMm GMm 1 mv 2 = r1 r2 2

1 2 v = 6.67 10 11 8.90 10 22 2

je

jFGH 1.82 1 10 a

1 1.89 10 6

IJ K

v = 492 m s

P11.50

From the walk, 2r = 25 000 m. Thus, the radius of the planet is r = From the drop: so, y =
g=

25 000 m = 3.98 10 3 m 2

2 1.40 m

a29.2 sf

1 2 1 gt = g 29.2 s 2 2
2

= 1.40 m
3

f = 3.28 10

m s2 =

MG r2

M = 7.79 10 14 kg

320

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.51

For both circular orbits,

r
GM E m r v=
2

F = ma :

mv r

r r

GM E r
FIG. P11.51

(a)

The original speed is vi =

(b)

The final speed is

vi =

e6.67 10 N m kg je5.98 10 e6.37 10 m + 2 10 mj e6.67 10 N m kg je5.98 10 e6.47 10 mj

11

24

kg

j= j=

7.79 10 3 m s .

11

24

kg

7.85 10 3 m s .

The energy of the satellite-Earth system is

K +Ug = GM E m 1 GM E GM E GM E m 1 mv 2 = m = r r r 2 2 2r
11

(c)

Originally

Ei =

e6.67 10

N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 100 kg 2 6.57 10 m

je

j j

jb

g= g=

3.04 10 9 J .

(d)

Finally

Ef

e6.67 10 =

11

N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 100 kg 2 6.47 10 m

je

jb

3.08 10 9 J .

(e)

Thus the object speeds up as it spirals down to the planet. The loss of gravitational energy is so large that the total energy decreases by
Ei E f = 3.04 10 9 J 3.08 10 9 J = 4.69 10 7 J .

(f)

The only forces on the object are the backward force of air resistance R, comparatively very small in magnitude, and the force of gravity. Because the spiral path of the satellite is not perpendicular to the gravitational force, one component of the gravitational force pulls forward on the satellite to do positive work and make its speed increase.

P11.52

(a)

The net torque exerted on the Earth is zero. Therefore, the angular momentum of the Earth is conserved;
mra v a = mrp v p and v a = v p

F r I = e3.027 10 GH r JK
p a

ms

471 jFGH 1..521 IJK = 1

2.93 10 4 m s

continued on next page

Chapter 11

321

(b)

Kp =

1 1 2 mv p = 5.98 10 24 3.027 10 4 2 2

je

= 2.74 10 33 J

6.673 10 11 5.98 10 24 1.99 10 30 GmM Up = = = 5.40 10 33 J rp 1.471 10 11 (c) Using the same form as in part (b), K a = 2.57 10 33 J and U a = 5.22 10 33 J . Compare to find that K p + U p = 2.66 10 33 J and K a + U a = 2.65 10 33 J . They agree.
P11.53

je

je

(a)

At infinite separation U = 0 and at rest K = 0 . Since energy of the two-planet system is conserved we have, 0=
Gm1 m 2 1 1 2 2 m 1 v1 + m 2 v 2 d 2 2

(1)

The initial momentum of the system is zero and momentum is conserved. Therefore, Combine equations (1) and (2): 0 = m 1 v1 m 2 v 2
v1 = m 2

(2)

2G d m1 + m 2

g b
d

and

v 2 = m1

2G d m1 + m 2

Relative velocity (b)

v r = v1 v 2 =

b g

2G m1 + m 2

Substitute given numerical values into the equation found for v1 and v 2 in part (a) to find
v1 = 1.03 10 4 m s

and and

v 2 = 2.58 10 3 m s K2 =

Therefore,
*P11.54

K1 =

1 2 m1 v1 = 1.07 10 32 J 2

1 2 m 2 v 2 = 2.67 10 31 J 2

(a)

Let R represent the radius of the asteroid. Then its volume is For your orbital motion,

F = ma ,
12 2

4 4 R 3 and its mass is R 3 . 3 3 G 4 R 3 v 2 Gm1 m 2 m 2 v 2 = , = R R 3R 2 R2

2 3 12

F 3v I R=G H G 4 JK
2

F 3b8.5 m sg kg m I =G GH 6.67 10 N m b1 100 kg g4 JJK

11

= 1.53 10 4 m

(b)

R 3 = 1 100 kg m3
2 R v= T

4 3

4 j 3 e1.53 10 mj
4

= 1.66 10 16 kg

(c)

4 2 R 2 1.53 10 m T= = = 1.13 10 4 s = 3.15 h 8.5 m s v

continued on next page

322

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

(d)

Angular momentum is conserved for the asteroid-you system:

Li = L f
0 = m 2 vR I 2 2 0 = m 2 vR m1 R 2 Tasteroid 5 4 m1 R m2 v = 5 Tasteroid
Tasteroid

16 4 4 m1 R 4 1.66 10 kg 1.53 10 m = = = 8.37 10 17 s = 26.5 billion years 5m 2 v 5 90 kg 8.5 m s

gb

je

This problem is realistic. Many asteroids, such as Ida and Eros, are roughly 30 km in diameter. They are typically irregular in shape and not spherical. Satellites such as Phobos (of Mars), Adrastea (of Jupiter), Calypso (of Saturn), and Ophelia (of Uranus) would allow a visitor the same experience of easy orbital motion. So would many Kuiper-belt objects.
P11.55

(a)

15 2r 2 30 000 9.46 10 m T= = = 7 10 15 s = 2 10 8 yr v 2.50 10 5 m s

(b)

4 2 30 000 9.46 10 15 m 4 2 a 3 M= = GT 2 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 7.13 10 15 s

je

= 2.66 10 41 kg

M = 1.34 10 11 solar masses ~ 10 11 solar masses

The number of stars is on the order of 10 11 .

P11.56

(a)

From the data about perigee, the energy of the satellite-Earth system is
GM E m 1 1 2 E = mv p = 1.60 8.23 10 3 rp 2 2

a fe b

6.67 10 je5.98 10 ja1.60 f j e 7.02 10

2
11

24

or (b)

E = 3.67 10 7 J

L = mvr sin = mv p rp sin 90.0 = 1.60 kg 8.23 10 3 m s 7.02 10 6 m

ge

je

= 9.24 10 10 kg m 2 s (c) Since both the energy of the satellite-Earth system and the angular momentum of the Earth are conserved, at apogee we must have and
continued on next page GMm 1 2 mv a =E ra 2 mv a ra sin 90.0 = L .

Chapter 11

323

Thus, and Solving simultaneously, which reduces to so

6.67 10 11 5.98 10 24 1.60 1 2 1.60 v a = 3.67 10 7 J 2 ra

a f a f

e e

je je

ja f

b1.60 kg gv r

a a

= 9.24 10 10 kg m 2 s .

6.67 10 11 5.98 10 24 1.60 1.60 v a 1 2 1.60 v a = 3.67 10 7 2 9.24 10 10

2 0.800 v a 11 046 v a + 3.672 3 10 7 = 0

ja fa f
7

va =

11 046

b11 046g 4a0.800fe3.672 3 10 j . 2a0.800 f

2

This gives v a = 8 230 m s or 5 580 m s . The smaller answer refers to the velocity at the apogee while the larger refers to perigee. Thus,
ra =

9.24 10 10 kg m 2 s L = = 1.04 10 7 m . mv a 1.60 kg 5.58 10 3 m s

ge

(d)

The major axis is 2 a = rp + ra , so the semi-major axis is

a=

1 7.02 10 6 m + 1.04 10 7 m = 8.69 10 6 m 2

(e)

T=

4 2 a 3 = GM E

4 2 8.69 10 6 m

e6.67 10

11

N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg

je

T = 8 060 s = 134 min

P11.57

Let m represent the mass of the meteoroid and vi its speed when far away. No torque acts on the meteoroid, so its angular momentum is conserved as it moves between the distant point and the point where it grazes the Earth, moving perpendicular to the radius:
Li = L f :
r r r r mri v i = m rf v f

FIG. P11.57

m 3 RE vi = mRE v f v f = 3 vi

Now energy of the meteoroid-Earth system is also conserved:

eK + U j = eK + U j :
g i g f

GM E m 1 1 mvi2 + 0 = mv 2 f 2 2 RE GM E 1 2 1 vi = 9 vi2 2 2 RE

e j

GM E = 4vi2 : RE

vi =

GM E 4 RE

324

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.58

From Keplers third law, minimum period means minimum orbit size. The treetop satellite in Figure P11.27 has minimum period. The radius of the satellites circular orbit is essentially equal to the radius R of the planet.

F = ma :

FG H R R e 4 R j GV =
GMm
2

mv 2 m 2R = R R T
2 2 2

IJ K

RT 2 4 4 2 R 3 G R 3 = 3 T2

FG H

IJ K

The radius divides out: T 2G = 3

P11.59

T=

3 G

If we choose the coordinate of the center of mass at the origin, then 0=

bMr

mr1

M+m

and

Mr2 = mr1

(Note: this is equivalent to saying that the net torque must be zero and the two experience no angular acceleration.) For each mass F = ma so
2 mr1 1 =

MGm d2

and

2 Mr2 2 =

MGm d2 d2

Adding these two equations gives r1 + r2 2 = with 1 = 2 = . Now using d = r1 + r2 and T = 2

aM + mfG

FIG. P11.59

4 2 d 3 G M+m

we find T 2 =
*P11.60

(a)

The gravitational force exerted on m 2 by the Earth (mass m1 ) accelerates m 2 according to: Gm1 m 2 m2 g 2 = . The equal magnitude force exerted on the Earth by m 2 produces negligible r2 acceleration of the Earth. The acceleration of relative approach is then g2 = 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg Gm1 = = 2.77 m s 2 . 2 7 r2 1.20 10 m

je j

(b)

Again, m 2 accelerates toward the center of mass with g 2 = 2.77 m s 2 . Now the Earth accelerates toward m 2 with an acceleration given as

continued on next page

Chapter 11

325

m1 g 1 =

Gm1 m 2 r2

6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 2.00 10 24 kg Gm 2 g1 = 2 = = 0.926 m s 2 2 7 r 1.20 10 m

je j

The distance between the masses closes with relative acceleration of g rel = g 1 + g 2 = 0.926 m s 2 + 2.77 m s 2 = 3.70 m s 2 .
P11.61

Let r represent the distance between the electron and the positron. The two move in a circle of r radius around their center of mass with opposite velocities. The total angular momentum of the 2 electron-positron system is quantized according to Ln = where mvr mvr + = nh 2 2

n = 1, 2 , 3 , K .

For each particle,

F = ma expands to
nh to find mr

k e e 2 mv 2 = . r 2 r2 k e e 2 2mn 2 h 2 = . r m 2r 2 r= 2n 2 h 2 = 2 a0 n 2 = mk e e 2

We can eliminate v =

So the separation distances are The orbital radii are

e1.06 10

10

m n2 .

r = a0n 2 , the same as for the electron in hydrogen. 2 E = K +U = E= k e2 1 1 mv 2 + mv 2 e . r 2 2

The energy can be calculated from Since mv 2 = kee2 , 2r

ke e 2 ke e 2 k e2 k e2 6.80 eV = e = e 2 = . 2r 2r r n2 4a0n

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P11.2

(a) 2.50 10 5 N toward the 500-kg mass; (b) between the masses and 0.245 m from the 500 kg mass

P11.8

(a) 3.46 10 8 m; (b) 3.34 10 3 m s 2 toward the Earth (a) 1.31 10 17 N toward the black hole; (b) 2.62 10 12 N kg (a) 5.59 10 3 m s ; (b) 239 min; (c) 735 N downward

P11.4 P11.6

e10.0 $i + 5.93$jj 10

11

P11.10

N
P11.12

see the solution, either 1.000 m 61.3 nm or 2.74 10 4 m

326

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

P11.14 P11.16 P11.18 P11.20 P11.22 P11.24 P11.26 P11.28 P11.30

1.27 35.2 AU planet Y has turned through 1.30 revolutions 18.2 ms 2.82 10 9 J (a) 850 MJ ; (b) 2.71 10 9 J (a) 42.1 km/s; (b) 2.20 10 11 m (a) see the solution; (b) 340 s (a) 2

P11.40 P11.42 P11.44 P11.46

see the solution

1.42 10 11 J

see the solution (a) see the solution;

3

L F 1 1 IO (b) 2 MGm G J P N H 2r R K Q
7.79 10 14 kg

12

P11.48

(a) 7.04 10 4 J ; (b) 1.57 10 5 J ; (c) 13.2 m/s

P11.50 P11.52

bR + hg
E

GM E

; (b)

(c) GM E m

launch the satellite from a location on the equator, and launch it toward the east
P11.32 P11.34 P11.36 P11.38

LM R + 2 h OP 2 R m NM 2R bR + hg QP b86 400 sg
E

GM E ; RE + h
2

2 E

,
P11.54

(a) 2.93 10 4 m s ; (b) K = 2.74 10 33 J , U = 5.40 10 33 J ; (c) K = 2.57 10 33 J , U = 5.22 10 33 J , K a + U a = 2.65 10 33 J , total energy is constant (a) 1.53 10 4 m ; (b) 1.66 10 16 kg ; (c) 1.13 10 4 s ; (d) 8.37 10 17 s (a) 3.67 10 7 J ; (b) 9.24 10 10 kg m 2 s ; (c) 5 580 m s , 1.04 10 7 m ; (d) 8.69 10 6 m ; (e) 134 min

GM E m 12 RE (a) 1.89 eV; (b) 656 nm; (c) 4.57 10 14 Hz (a) 2.19 10 6 m s ; (b) 13.6 eV; (c) 27.2 eV (a) 13.6 eV; (b) 1.51 eV

P11.56

P11.58 P11.60

see the solution (a) 2.77 m s 2 ; (b) 3.70 m s 2

CONTEXT 2 CONCLUSION ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

QCC2.1

The hypothetical anti-Earth will be right here six months from now. Your spacecraft can be here then by leaving the Earths orbit and slowing down relative to the Sun, to fall into an elliptical orbit around the Sun. This point in the Earths orbit is the aphelion of the spacecrafts new orbit. For its period to be 1/2 year, we want T2 =

a3

F 4 I a = e2.97 10 s m j a GH GM JK e e3.156 10 sjj = 8.38 10 m =

2 3
19

1 2

2.97 10 19 s 2 m 3

32

FIG. QCC2.1

continued on next page

a = 9.43 10 10 m

Chapter 11

327

Then the major axis is 2 a = 1.89 10 11 m . The perihelion distance is 1.89 10 11 m 1.496 10 11 m = 3.9 10 10 m , less than the distance from the Sun to Mercury, so we will want some insulation, air conditioning and a highly reflective surface for the spacecraft. From its current speed in solar orbit, v= 2 1.496 10 11 m 3.156 10 s
7

j = 2.98 10

m s,

the spacecraft needs to drop to a speed given by E = K + Ug GMm 1 GMm = mv 2 2a 2 r 1 1 v 2 = 2GM r 2a

FG H

IJ K

v = 2 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 1.991 10 30 kg = 1.92 10 4 m s

QCC2.2

je

jFGH 1.496 110

11

1 1.89 10 11 m

IJ K

If you can survive for an hour, the commander of the other shuttle can most simply give the picnic basket a very slow push (say at 0.5 m/s) tangent to the orbit. Both space shuttles and the basket are in free fall around the Earth. Since 0.5 m/s is negligible in comparison to orbital speed, the basket will maintain nearly the same orbit as the spacecrafts, to bump into yours or pass close to it. More precisely, in this maneuver the speed of the basket would be not quite enough for the circular orbit. It would start at the apogee of a slightly eccentric eclipse and would pass below your spacecraft, perhaps just out of reach. Your benefactor could compensate by doing a calculation and launching the basket with any convenient tangential speed toward you and with a small appropriately chosen radially outward speed component.

CONTEXT 2 CONCLUSION SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

CC2.1

The Hohmann transfer path is one half of an ellipse with major axis: rEarth + rVenus = 1.496 10 11 m + 1.08 10 11 m = 2 a Then a = 1.29 10 11 m . Now T 2 = transfer time
1 1 T= 2 2

4 2 a 3 gives for the GMS

4 2 1.29 10 11 m

e6.67 10

11

N m 2 kg 2 1.991 10 30 kg

je

FIG. CC2.1

= 1.26 10 7 s = 146 d

continued on next page

328

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

During this time Venus will move around in its orbit by = t = 360

F 1.26 10 s I = 234 . The GH 1.94 10 s JK

7 7

spacecraft departure and rendezvous points are 180 apart, so the spacecraft should be sent off when Venus is behind the Earth by 234180 = 53.8 . *CC2.2 The radius of the circular orbit of the space station is r = RE + 500 km = 6.37 10 6 m + 5.00 10 5 m = 6.87 10 6 m . From this, as in Example 11.1, we can find the orbital speed of the space station, which is the initial speed vi of the golf ball: GM E vi = = r

e6.67 10

11

N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 6.87 10 m
6

je

j = 7.62 10

m s.

The initial energy of the golf ball-Earth system, using Equation 11.8, is E =

mass of the golf ball. After the golf ball is hit, it returns to precisely the same location after the space station has made 2.00 orbits. Thus, the period of the golf ball is 2.00 times that of the space station: Tb T = 2.00 b Ts Ts

GM E m where m is the 2r

FG IJ H K

= 4.00 .

According to Keplers third law, the ratio of the squares of the periods of the golf ball and the space station should be the equal to the ratio of the cubes of the semimajor axes:

FG T IJ = FG a IJ HT K Ha K
2

b s

b s

= 4.00

ab = 4.00

a f

13

as = 1.587 a s = 1.587r

where we have identified the semimajor axis of the orbit of the space station as the radius r of its circular orbit. From the semimajor axis of the golf ball orbit, we can find the new energy of the golf GM E m ball-Earth system, using Equation 11.9: E = . Just after the golf ball is hit, the golf ball-Earth 2 ab system has the same potential energy as it did before the ball was hit, so the difference in energy must be equal to the change in kinetic energy of the golf ball: E = K = = Setting this equal to K = GM E m GM E m GM E m GM E m = + 2 ab 2r 2 1.587r 2r

GM E m GM E m 1 + 1 = 0.185 2r 1.587 r

FG H

FG H

IJ K

IJ K

1 1 mv 2 mvi2 , we find, f 2 2

continued on next page

Chapter 11

329

GM E m 1 1 mv 2 mvi2 = 0.185 f 2 2 r GM E v f = vi2 + 0.370 = vi2 + 0.370 vi2 = 1.17 vi r Thus, the speed of the golf ball relative to the space station is, v = v f vi = 1.17 vi vi = 0.17 vi = 0.17 7.62 10 3 m s = 1.30 10 3 m s
CC2.3

(a)

The speed of an object in a circular orbit at the Earths distance is given by F = ma: GMSun m mv 2 2 = rE rE 2 v2 = GMSun = rE
4

e6.67 10

11

N m 2 kg 2 1.991 10 30 kg 1.496 10
11

je

= 2.98 10 m s For the transfer orbit at perihelion, the speed is described by

E = K + Ug v 3 = 2GMSun GMSun m 1 GMSun m = mv 3 2 2a 2 rE 1 E + rM

FG 1 Hr r
E

IJ K

v 3 = 2 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 1.991 10 30 kg v 3 = 3.27 10 4 m s

je

F jGG 1.496 110 H

11

e1.496 10

1
11

+ 2.28 10 11

I J jmJK

The speed change required is v 3 v 2 = 2.95 10 3 m s .

4 11 v 3 rE 3.27 10 m s 1.496 10 m = = 2.15 10 4 m s . The The crafts aphelion speed is v 4 = 11 rM 2.28 10 m

(b)

speed for a circular orbit at the distance of Mars is GMSun = v5 = rM

e6.67 10

11

N m 2 kg 2 1.991 10 30 kg 2.28 10
11

je

j = 2.41 10

m s.

The change in speed required at rendezvous to fly along with Mars is v 5 v 4 = 2.65 10 3 m s .

continued on next page

330

Gravity, Planetary Orbits, and the Hydrogen Atom

(c)

Consider the Earth as a frame of reference, rather than the Sun. The speed of a launch point 6 2 RE 2 6.37 10 m = = 463 m s . Escape speed from the Earths on the equator is v 0 = 1d 86 400 s gravity is given by

GM E m 1 mv1 2 = 2 RE v1 = 2GM E = RE 2 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 5.98 10 24 kg 6.37 10 m

6

je

j = 1.12 10

ms

So the launch speed change should be v1 v 0 = 10.7 10 3 m s . (d) In the reference frame of Mars, imagine a spacecraft at rest with respect to the planet and far from it, then falling in to the surface and making a soft landing at the equator, headed east. The speed it would gain as it falls is given by 0+0= v6 = GM M m 1 mv 6 2 2 RM 2GM M = RM 2 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 6.42 10 23 kg 3.37 10 m 2 3.37 10 6 m
6

je

j = 5.04 10

ms

It should land with speed v 7 =

24.6 h 3 600 s 1 h

g = 239 m s . So it must change speed by

v 6 v 7 = 4.80 10 3 m s . Comparison of our answers shows that the most fuel is used in taking off from Earth.

ANSWERS TO EVEN CONTEXT 2 CONCLUSION PROBLEMS

CC2.2

1.30 10 3 m s