Chapter 1

INTRODUCTI ON
1.1 Introduction
Battery energy storage has been widely applied in various applications such as Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS). These systems are standard solution when total outage or voltage sag compensation is required. Over the past decades an interest is growing up about the exploration of renewable energies, such as wind and solar energy, for generation of electrical energy. However, the electric power generated is fluctuating, since the wind presents a random characteristic and the available solar energy depends on the weather conditions. An alternative is to store energy in a battery bank. Another growing applications is the use of battery storage to limits at maximum the power delivered by the supply grid. A bidirectional converter for battery energy storage is connected with a utility grid operates at energy storage and peak cut modes. The load-adaptive variable-speed generating system comprises two energy sources: an engine driven alternator and a battery bank. When the energy from the alternator is insufficient to meet sudden increments in load demand, energy is pumped from the battery to the dc link. When there is excess engine capacity, the battery energy is replenished. An integrated dc UPS topology combination of battery charger and dc-dc converter. The battery charger stage is a buck converter and, when outage occurs, the battery supplies the load in a natural way through diode connected between the battery and output capacitor.

1.2 Scope of the Project

In this thesis, a dc-dc converter with battery energy storage is proposed for renewable energy systems. This system is named as Voltage Regulator Battery Energy Storage System (VR-BESS). For wind energy the proposed system is connected to a generator -turbine by means of an uncontrolled rectifier. In case of solar energy, this system is directly connected to photovoltaic array. The VR-BESS is interfaced with the ac utility source by means of a switch-mode dc-ac converter.

The VR-BESS has the following features: Voltage regulation Peak power leveling, Protection against outage, Compensation for power fluctuations. The Voltage Regulator Battery Energy Storage System (VR-BESS) is developed by combination of Buck converter and Boost converter operated in a single structure. In normal mode, the load gets feeded from DC grid or DC source by Boost converter operation and battery gets charged in Buck converter operation at a time. This part is presented as mode 1.When load power is more than DC grid power capability, then battery feeds the load for extra power that cant be supplied by DC grid, through Boost converter operation. This part is termed as mode 2.When DC grid voltage falls below rated level, then duty cycles of power switches are adjusted such that load feeding and battery charging can reestablish. This part is called as mode 3.All modes of operation are simulated and experimentally verified in open loop system.

1.3 Contents of the Thesis

Chapter 2 describes two dc-dc converters, Buck converter and Boost converter with their input-output voltage relations, operation in continuous mode of conduction, expressions for voltage ripple and effect of parasitic elements on voltage transformation ratio of converters. Chapter 3 describes the total power conversion system (VR-BESS) presented in project in general terms, power circuit diagram of the VR-BESS, various modes of operation, equivalent circuits of various stages in each mode and principal waveforms with description of each stage and analysis of voltage-current relations of elements present in power circuit and gives out input-output voltage relations Chapter 4 presents design aspects present in VR-BESS like voltage and power levels considered, design of values of inductors and capacitors, duty cycles of switches and representation of battery in simulation and experiment. Chapter 5 presents simulation diagrams, waveforms and results of each mode of operation of VR-BESS.

Chapter 6 gives experimental analysis including description of ICs used, design of inductors, schematic diagram of switching & driving circuits for each MOSFET and results with photographs of waveforms on CRO. Chapter 7 concludes this thesis work and presents the future scope.

Chapter 2

DC-DC CONVERTERS
2.1 Introduction
Switch mode dc-to-dc converters are used to convert the unregulated dc input into a controlled dc output at a desired voltage level. Buck (step down) converter and the Boost (step up) converters are basic converter topologies. In following description, the converters are analyzed in steady state. The switches are treated being ideal, and the losses in the inductive and capacitive elements are neglected. The dc input voltage to the converters is assumed as zero internal impedance.

2.2 Buck Converter

2.2.1 Principle of Operation Buck converter is a step down dc-dc converter which produces a lower average output voltage than the DC input voltage.

Fig 2.2.1.1 Circuit diagram for Buck converter

It consists of dc input voltage source Vd, controlled switch S, diode D, filter inductor L, filter capacitor C, and load resistance R. Assuming an ideal switch, a constant input voltage Vd, a purely resistive load, the instantaneous output voltage, voi waveform is shown in figure 2.2.2 as a function of switch voltage. The average output voltage in terms of switch duty ratio:

Vo =

Ts 1 Ts 1 ton ton vo(t) dt = ( Vd dt + 0 dt) = Vd = D Vd 0 0 ton Ts Ts Ts

Fig 2.2.1.2 voi voltage waveform

By varying duty ratio D (= ton/Ts) of switch, Vo can be controlled. In this buck converter average inductor current is equal to average output current Io, since the average capacitor current in steady state is zero. Buck converter operates in two modes: 1. Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM), where inductor current flows continuously [iL(t)>0]. 2. Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM), where inductor current falls to zero after some time in OFF period. In VR-BESS, only continuous conduction mode of operation is considered. 2.2.2 Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM): Switch in ON position: During the interval Ton when switch is on, the switch conducts inductor current, the diode becomes reverse biased and so the input provides energy to the load as well as to the inductor also. This results in positive voltage vL = Vd-Vo across the inductor.

Fig 2.2.2.1 Equivalent circuit of buck converter when Switch is ON

 Switch in OFF position: During the interval when switch is off, the inductor current flows to through the load and diode, transferring some of its stored energy to the load, and vL = -Vo

Fig 2.2.2.2 Equivalent circuit of buck converter when Switch is OFF

Figure 2.2.5 shows waveforms for continuous conduction mode (CCM) of operation where the inductor current flows continuously [iL(t)>0].

Fig 2.2.2.3 Waveforms for continuous conduction mode (CCM) of buck converter

When switch is on for a time duration ton , the switch conducts inductor current and the diode becomes reverse biased. This results in a positive voltage vL = Vd Vo across inductor in figure .This voltage causes a linear increase in inductor current iL. When the switch is turned off, because of the inductor storage, iL continues to flow. This current now flows through the diode, and vL = -Vo in figure.

Since in the steady state operation, the waveform must repeat from one time period to the next, the integral of the inductor voltage vL over one time period must be zero.
Ts ton Ts

Where

vLdt = vLdt + vLdt = 0

0 ton

Ts = ton + toff As volt-seconds balance is there in steady state, (Vd - Vo)ton = Vo(Ts ton) Or

Vo ton = =D Vd Ts
In this mode, output voltage varies linearly with duty ratio of switch for

given input voltage. It does not depend on any other circuit parameter. Neglecting power losses associated with all circuit elements, input power Pd equals output power Po. Pd = Po Therefore, V d Id = V o Io And

Io Vd 1 = = Id Vo D
2.2.3 Output voltage ripple: Assuming the entire ripple component in iL flows through the capacitor and its average component flows through the resistor, the shaded area in figure 2.2.6 represents an additional charge Q . Therefore, peak-to-peak voltage ripple Vo can be written as Vo = From figure during Toff, IL = Vo (1 D)Ts L Q 1 1 IL Ts = C C2 2 2

Substituting above equation into previous equation gives

Vo = Vo =

Ts Vo (1 D)Ts 8C L

1 Ts 2 (1-D) 2 fc = (1 D)( ) 2 8 LC 2 fs 1 2 LC

Where switching frequency fs = 1/ Ts and fc =

Fig 2.2.3.1 Output voltage ripple in step down converter

2.3 Boost Converter

2.3.1 Principle of operation A boost converter is a step up dc-dc converter produces a higher average output voltage than the DC input voltage.

Fig 2.3.1.1 Circuit diagram of Boost converter

The basic principle of a Boost converter consists in 2 distinct states Switch in ON position: When the switch S is closed, diode is reverse biased isolating the output stage. The input supplies energy to inductor. Voltage across inductor, vL = Vd resulting in an increase in the inductor current. Capacitor, C feeds the load for this duration in the on state. Switch in OFF position: When switch is OFF, the output stage receives energy from the inductor as well as from the input. Voltage across inductor, vL = Vd - Vo resulting in an decrease in the inductor current. It also results in transferring the energy accumulated during the On-state into the capacitor.

Fig 2.3.1.2 Equivalent circuit of boost converter when Switch is ON

Fig 2.3.1.3 Equivalent circuit of boost converter when Switch is OFF

Boost converter operates in two modes: 1. Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM), where inductor current flows continuously [iL(t)>0]. 2. Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM), where inductor current falls to zero after some time in OFF period. In VR-BESS, only continuous conduction mode of operation is considered. 2.3.2 Continuous conduction mode (CCM) When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the current through the inductor (IL) never falls to zero. Following figure shows the typical waveforms of currents and voltages in a converter operating in this mode.

Fig 2.3.2.1 Continuous mode of operation

10

The output voltage can be calculated as follows, in the case of an ideal converter (i.e. using components with an ideal behavior) operating in steady conditions. Since in steady state the time integral of inductor voltage over one time period must be zero.

Vd ton + (Vd-V o) t off = 0

Dividing on both sides by Ts and rearranging terms yield

Vo Ts 1 = = Vd toff 1 D
D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the switch is On. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on). From the above expression it can be seen that the output voltage is always higher than the input voltage (as the duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that it increases with D, theoretically to infinity as D approaches 1. This is why this converter is sometimes referred to as a step-up converter Assuming a loss less circuit, input power, Pd = load power, Po Therefore, And 2.3.3 Output voltage ripple: Assuming all the ripple component of the diode current iD flows through the capacitor and its average value flows through the load resistor, the shaded area in figure represents charge Therefore the peak-peak voltage ripple is given by Vo = Q IoDTs VoDTs = = C C RC Vd Id = Vo Io Io = (1 D) Id

11

Fig 2.3.3.1 Step up converter output ripple

Per unit ripple is

Vo DTs DTs (where =RC time constant) = = Vo RC

2.3.4 Effect of Parasitic Elements: The parasitic elements in a step up converter are due to he losses associated with the inductor, the capacitor, the switch and the diode. Figure shows effect of these parasitic elements on the voltage transfer ratio.
Fig 2.3.4.1 Effect of parasitic elements on voltage transformation ratio (step up converter)

Unlike the ideal characteristics, in practice, Vo/Vd declines as the duty ratio approaches zero. Because of very poor switch utilization ratio at high values of duty ratio, the curves in this range are shown as dashed.

12

Chapter 3

VOLTAGE REGULATOR - BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

3.1 General Voltage Regulator
The following figure shows the block diagram of a general system adequate for renewable energy systems. There are two power stages: dc-dc voltage regulator and battery energy storage.

Fig 3.1.1 Block diagram of a general voltage regulator with battery energy storage.

The voltage regulation is accomplished by means of a dc-dc converter, which lifts the supply grid voltage to a regulated output dc bus voltage.Concerning the battery energy storage, this power stage stores the energy from the supply grid in the battery bank and injects the energy from the battery bank to output dc bus. Thus, compensation for power fluctuations and peak power leveling is obtained.

3.2 Power Circuit of the VR-BESS

The combination of above two power stages, includes in a simple structure named as Voltage Regulator - Battery Energy Storage System (VR-BESS), shown in Fig. 2.2 based on dc-dc bi-directional converter . The VR-BESS is composed of two

13

switches, three diodes, two inductors, two capacitors and a battery bank. This system is connected to an unregulated dc grid (Vs). Switches S1 and S2 switching simultaneously, dc grid voltage Vs, inductor Ls, diode D3, capacitor C0 and the load, form the voltage regulator.

Fig.3.2.1

Power circuit of the VR-BESS.

For battery charging it is used the buck converter formed by dc grid voltage Vs, inductor Ls and Lbat, switch S1, diode D2, capacitor Cbat and the battery bank. The boost converter formed by the battery bank, capacitor Cbat and C0, inductor Lbat, switch S2, diode D1 and the load steps up battery voltage to output dc bus. In the VR-BESS, energy flows in various paths. These can be differentiated into the following modes of operation: Mode 1 (Battery charge): Under normal operating conditions the dc grid is able to feed the load and charge battery bank. Mode 2 (Peak power leveling and compensation for power fluctuations): When the energy available in dc grid is not sufficient to supply the load, the battery bank supplements the energy required by load. Mode 3 (UPS): Upon detection of a voltage sag or outage the battery bank supplies full load current.

14

3.3 Principle of Operation

In continuous conduction mode the VR-BESS has presents three operating stages for modes 1 and 2. Assuming that devices used in the circuit are ideal, these stages are as follows: Mode 3 for voltage sag is same as mode 1 in operation with only duty cycles of switches changed accordingly with changed DC source voltage. 3.3.1 Mode 1 Operation In mode 1, DC source feeds load, provided load power is less than maximum DC grid power and DC source charges the Battery also. As Load voltage is greater than DC source voltage, the power transfer is through Boost converter operation. The battery charging is through Buck converter operation The three operating stages are presented below: First stage [0 t1]: The switching period begins when the switches S1 and S2 are turned on. Diodes D3 and D2 are reversed biased. The voltage across the inductor Ls is vLs = Vs and voltage across the inductor Lbat is vLbat = - Vbat. These voltages cause a linear increase in the inductor current iLs and a linear decrease in the inductor current iLbat. Second stage [t1 t2]: At t1 the switch S2 is turned off. Diode D3 conducts the current iLs - iLbat. This results in a negative voltage vLs = Vs - V0 across the inductor Ls and a positive voltage vLbat = V0 - Vbat across the inductor Lbat. Third stage [t2 t3]: This stage begins when the switch S1 is turned off. The load receives all energy from the inductor Ls as well as from dc grid. Current iLbat continues to flow, now through the diode D2, because of the inductive energy storage. The voltage across the inductor Lbat is vLbat = - Vbat. Fig. 4.1 illustrates the equivalent circuit for each operating stage and Fig.3.2 shows the theoretical waveforms of one switching cycle.

15

Fig 3.3.1.1 Equivalent circuit for each operating stage in mode 1

16

Fig. 3.3.1.2 Principal theoretical waveforms of VR-BESS in mode 1.

3.3.2 Mode 2 Operation

In mode 2, load power is more than maximum DC grid power that can be supplied. So the load power is supplied in two ways. One is DC source gives out the maximum power it can give and other way is Battery supplies the remaining power. As Load voltage is greater than DC source voltage, the power transfer from DC source to load is through Boost converter operation. Battery voltage is less than load voltage and power transfer from battery to load is through Boost converter operation. First stage [0 t1]: The switching period begins when the switches S1 and S2 are turned on. Diodes D3 and D1 are reversed biased, thus isolating the load. The dc grid supplies energy to the inductor Ls and the battery bank supplies energy to the inductor Lbat. The voltages across the inductors Ls and Lbat are vLs = Vs and vLbat = 17

Vbat, respectively. These voltages cause a linear increase in inductor currents iLs and iLbat. Second stage [t1 t2]: When the switch S1 is turned off at t1 the diode D3 conducts and dc grid and the inductor Ls feed the load. Meanwhile battery bank supplies the inductor Lbat through switch S2. Third stage [t2 t3]: This stage begins when the switch S2 is turned off. The load receives all energy from inductors s and Lbat as well as from dc grid and battery bank.

Fig. 3.3.2.1 Equivalent circuit for each operating stage in mode 2

18

Fig. 3.3.2.2 Principal theoretical waveforms of VR-BESS for mode 2

19

3.4 System Analysis

The analytical expressions describing the operation of the VR-BESS are presented below. The average output voltage V0 and the average battery bank voltage Vbat can be obtained by the analytical study of the operating stages illustrated in Fig. 3.3.1.2 and 3.3.2.2. Definitions: - Switching time period: Ts = t3 - Duty cycle 1: D1 =

t1 TS
t2 TS

.3.1

-Duty cycle 2: D2 = - D

..3.2

t2-t1 Ts
..3.3

3.4.1 Mode 1 Operation In steady state, the integral of the inductor voltages vLs and vLbat over one time period must be zero
Ts t1 t2 T

0
Ts

vLs dt =

Vs dt +
t1

t 1

(Vs -Vo )dt +

t2 t1

t2

(Vs -Vo )dt = 0

Ts t2

...3.4 3.5

vLbat dt =

-Vbatdt + (Vo-Vbat)dt + Vbatdt = 0

Solving 3.4 and 3.5 gives

Vo(Ts-t1) = VsTs

.3.6 ..3.7

Vbat Ts = Vo(t2-t1)
Dividing both sides by Ts and rearranging terms

Vo 1 = Vs 1 D1

.3.8

Vbat = D Vo
20

.3.9

In mode 1 the system operates like a simple boost converter, with input voltage Vs and output voltage V0, operating with duty cycleD1 as observed from equation 4.8. Also the system operates like a simple buck converter, with input voltage V0 and output voltage Vbat, operating with duty cycle D. 3.4.2 Mode 2 Operation In steady state, the integral of the inductor voltages vLs and vLbat over one time period must be zero.
Ts t1 t2 Ts

vLs dt =

Vs dt + (Vs-Vo)dt +
t1

t2

(Vs-Vo)dt = 0

.3.10 .3.11

Ts

vLbatdt =

t1

Vbatdt +

t2

1 t

Vbatdt +

T s

2 t

(Vbat-Vo)dt = 0

Solving of 3.10 and 3.11 gives

Vo(Ts-t1) = VsTs

..3.12 3.13

Vo(Ts-t2) = Vbat Ts
Dividing both sides by Ts and rearranging of terms gives

Vo 1 = Vs 1 D1 Vo 1 = Vbat 1 D2
two independent boost converters in parallel.

.3.14 3.15

It can be seen from equations 3.14 and 3.15 that in mode 2 the system operates like

21

Chapter 4

DESIGN ASPECTS
4.1 Voltage and Power Levels Considered
The parameters considered for both simulation and experimental setup are as follows: DC grid voltage, Vd = 30V Battery bank open circuit voltage, Vb = 16V Load voltage, Vo = 40 V Maximum DC grid power = 50W Load power, Po = 40-60 W Switching frequency, fs = 50 kHz

4.2 Design of Inductor Ls:

The source side inductor, Ls value is designed in the way of designing inductor value for Boost converter. Here in mode1, DC source has to feed load with 40W power and charge battery drawing 10 Watts power. In total a boost converter supplying 50W power. Parameters involved: DC source voltage, Vd = 30V Output voltage, Vo = 40V Load power, Po = 50W Load current, Io = 50/40 = 1.25 A As in boost converter, Vo/Vd = 1/(1-D) 1-D = 30/40 = 0.75 D = 0.25 Inductor current, iL = Io/(1-D) = 1.25/(1-0.25) = 1.67A Considering 15% ripple in iL, value of Ls needed is LS = Vs D iL fs

= 30* 0.25/(0.2505*50000) = 600 H

22

4.3 Design of Inductor Lb:

The inductor value Lb is designed in the way of designing inductor value for Boost converter when battery is feeding the load in mode2. In mode 2 load draws a power of 60W which is greater than DC source power(50W) Here 50W power is supplied by DC source and remaining 10W by battery. Parameters (of boost converter formed by battery as source and load of 10W): Battery voltage, Vb = 16V Output voltage, Vo = 40V Load power, Po = 10W Load current, Io = 10/40 = 0.25 A As in boost converter, Vo/Vb = 1/(1-D) 1-D = 16/40 = 0.4 D = 0.6 Inductor current, iLb = Io/(1-D) = 0.25/(1-0.6) = 0.625A Considering 20% ripple in iLb, value of inductor Lb needed : Lb = VbD iL Fs

= 16* 0.6/(0.125*50000) =1536 H

4.4 Design of Load Side Capacitor, Co

As load feeds from dc source in boost converter operation, the capacitor across load can be determined in the following way: From topic 2.3.3, Ripple in output voltage of boost converter, Co = D1Ts Vo RL ( ) Vo Vo D1Ts = Vo RLCo

From above equation,

Maximum value of Co needs minimum value of RL (60W load in mode 2). RL = (40*40)/60 = 26.67 ohms Considering 1% ripple in output voltage, Co = (0.25*(1/50000)) / (26.67*0.01) = 18.75 F 23

Nearest available value in practice is 22 F.So final value of Co is 22 F.

4.5 Design of Value of Battery Side Capacitor, Cb

As battery charges from source in mode 1 through Buck converter operation, The capacitor across battery can be designed as capacitor across load in buck converter. From topic 2.2.3, ripple in voltage across load terminals of Buck converter is Vo 2 fc = (1 D)( )2 Vo 2 fs fc 2 = fs 2 ( Vo 2 ) 2 Vo (1 D)

= (50000*50000)*(0.01)*(2/(pi*pi(1-0.4))) = 8443431 fc = 2906 As fc = 1 2 LbCb

Cb = 2 F Nearest available value in practice is 3.3uF.So final value of Cb is 3.3 F.

4.6 Duty Cycle of Switches

4.6.1 Mode 1 DC source voltage, Vs = 30 V Load voltage, Vo = 40 V Battery terminal voltage, Vbat = 16 V Load power, Po = 40 W Battery power (charging), Pb = 10 W Total power supplied by DC source = 40 + 10 = 50W Source feeds load by supplying 40W power in Boost converter operation. From equation 3.8,

Vo 1 = Vs 1 D1
1-D1 = Vs / Vo = 30/40 = 0.75 D1 = 0.25

24

Now D1 is the duty ratio for switch S2 from figure 3.3.1.2. Battery gets charged from DC source in buck converter mode of operation. From equation 3.9,

Vbat = D Vo
= D2 D1 D2- D1 = Vbat / Vo = 16 / 40 = 0.4 D2 = 0.4 + D1 = 0.4 + 0.25 = 0.65 D2 = 0.65 Now D2 is the duty ratio for switch S1 from figure 3.3.1.2. 4.6.2 Mode 2 DC source voltage, Vs = 30 V Load voltage, Vo = 40 V Battery terminal voltage, Vbat = 16 V Load power, Po = 60 W Power supplied by DC source (to load) = 50W Battery power (discharging to load), Pb = 10 W Total power supplied to load = 50 + 10 = 60W Source feeds load by supplying 50W power in Boost converter operation. From equation 3.8,

Vo 1 = Vs 1 D1
1-D1 = Vs / Vo = 30/40 = 0.75 D1 = 0.25

Now D1 is the duty ratio for switch S1 from figure 3.3.2.2. Battery supplies load a power of 10W in Boost converter operation.

25

From equation 3.9,

Vo 1 = Vbat 1 D2
1-D2 = Vbat / Vo = = 16/40 = 0.40 D2 = 0.60 Now D2 is the duty ratio for switch S2 from figure 3.3.2.2. 4.6.3 Mode 3 DC source voltage, Vs = 24 V Load voltage, Vo = 40 V Battery terminal voltage, Vbat = 16 V Load power, Po = 40 W Battery power (charging), Pb = 10 W Total power supplied by DC source = 40 + 10 = 50W DC source feeds load by supplying 40W power in Boost converter operation. From equation 3.8,

Vo 1 = Vs 1 D1
1-D1 = Vs / Vo = 24/40 = 0.60 D1 = 0.40

Now D1 is the duty ratio for switch S2 from figure 3.3.1.2. Battery gets charged from DC source in buck converter mode of operation. From equation 3.9,

Vbat = D Vo
= D2 D1 D2- D1 = Vbat / Vo

26

= 16 / 40 = 0.4 D2 = 0.4 + D1 = 0.4 + 0.40 = 0.80 D2 = 0.80 Now D2 is the duty ratio for switch S1 from figure 3.3.1.2.

4.7 Load Resistance

For Mode 1 Operation Load power, Po = 40W Load terminal voltage, Vo = 40V Load resistance, RL = (Vo*Vo)/Po = 40 ohms For Mode 2 Operation Load power, Po = 60W Load terminal voltage, Vo = 40V Load resistance, RL = (Vo*Vo)/Po = 26.67 ohms For Mode 3 Operation Load power, Po = 40W Load terminal voltage, Vo = 40V Load resistance, RL = (Vo*Vo)/Po = 40 ohms

4.8 Representation of Battery

4.8.1 For Mode 1 Operation In mode 1, battery gets charged from DC grid or DC voltage source in Buck mode. Its terminal voltage is 16 volts and charging current is 0.625A corresponding to charging power of 10W. So it is indirectly represented with a resistance load of 25.6 ohms in parallel with a capacitor Cb (3.3uF).The 16V voltage developing across capacitor and supply of 0.625A current into load resistance load indicates that battery placed there can be charged.

27

4.8.2 For Mode 2 Operation In mode 2, load power becomes greater than maximum power available from DC grid. The excess power will be given out by battery. As battery is not available in simulation software (MATLAB 7.2) and also in practice, the battery, discharging current is represented by a voltage source equivalent to open circuit voltage of battery bank, in series with a resistance representing the internal resistance of battery. Power to discharged, Pbat = 10 W Open circuit voltage of battery (considered), Voc = 15.5 V As battery is discharging, the terminal voltage, Vt falls. So it was taken as 15 V when it gives out current corresponds to 10 W power at Vt = 15 V.

Fig 4.8.2.1 Equivalent circuit of battery

I is the average current drawn from battery ( I )(Rb) + 15.5 = 15 I *I * Rb + 15.5 *I = 15 *I I ( I * Rb + 15.5 ) = 10 I * 15 = 10 I = 10 / 15 = 0.67 Voc + I * Rb = Vt I * Rb = Vt Voc = 15 15.5 = - 0.5 Rb = 0.5 / I = 0.5 / 0.67 = 0.75 ohms So duty cycle is slightly varied as described below: 28

Vo 1 = Vbat 1 D2
1-D2 = Vbat / Vo = 15/40 = 0. 375 4.8.3 For Mode 3 Operation In mode 3, DC source voltage falls from rated value of 30V to 24V. In this mode 3, battery gets charged from DC grid or DC voltage source in Buck mode. Its terminal voltage is 16 volts and charging current is 0.625A corresponding to charging power of 10W. So it is indirectly represented with a resistance load of 25.6 ohms in parallel with a capacitor Cb (3.3uF).The 16V voltage developing across capacitor and supply of 0.625A current into load resistance load indicates that battery placed there can be charged. D2 = 0.625 Now D2 is the duty ratio for switch S2 from figure 4.2.2.

29

Chapter 5

MODELLING & SIMULATION

5.1 Introduction

The circuit considered is simulated using MATLAB 7.2 (R2006a) software. The simulation diagrams for various modes of operation are presented below. As battery block is not present in MATLAB 7.2, it is indirectly represented in each mode. Parameters used: Ls: Lb: Cb: Co: : 600 uF : 1500 uF : 3.3 uF : 22 uF

Maximum DC grid power, Ps = 50 W

5.2 Mode 1 Operation

5.2.1 Parameters and definitions Parameters: DC grid voltage: 30 V Load resistance, RL = 40 ohms Load power, Po = 40W Equivalent battery resistance, Rb = 25.6 ohms D1 = 0.25 (for switch S2) D2 = 0.65 (for switch S1) Definitions: Load voltage = Vo volts Average dc source current = ILs amperes Input power to converter, Psource = Vs * ILs watts Load power, Pload = Vo2/RL watts Power drawn by battery, Pbat = Vcb2 / Rb watts

30

5.2.2 Simulation Diagram

Ls D3

C o n t in u o u s p o w e rg u i
D2 P u ls e G e n e ra to r 1 D1 S1 + Lb D C V o lt a g e S o u r c e D1 P u ls e G e n1 e r a t o r C o R L V o 2 V l ,oi al od a d
m 2

iL s

g 1

S c 7o p e M u l t1 i m e t e r

S c 5o p e -- M u ltim e t e r S2 D2

g 1

C b

R b P lo a d

m 2

P r o Sd uc 6co tp e

V cb
+v -

S c 4o p e P bat 2 P s 2 1 iL b P r o1 d u c t M u l t2 i m e t e r S c 2 o p e

P r o2 d u c t M u l t4 i mS ec 1to e0 p r e M u l t3 i m e t e r S c 9 o p e Fig. 5.2.2.1 Simulation diagram of Mode-1

31

5.2.3 Waveforms
pulses to S1 (V)

10 5 0 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

pulses to S2 (V)

10 5 0 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

2 iLs (A) 1.5 1 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

0.8 iLbat (A) 0.6 0.4 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

Fig 5.2.3.1 Triggering Pulses to switches and inductors currents

2 iS1 (A) 1 0 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

50 Vs1 (V)

8.01

8.02

8.03

8.04

8.05 time (s)

8.06

8.07

8.08

8.09

8.1 x 10
-3

2 iS2 (A) 1 0 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

50 Vs2 (V)

8.01

8.02

8.03

8.04

8.05 time (s)

8.06

8.07

8.08

8.09

8.1 x 10
-3

Fig 5.2.3.2 Switch voltages and currents

32

V load (V)

100 50 0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005 time (s)

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.01

40 V bat (V) 20 0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005 time (s)

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.01

10 iLs (A) 5 0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005 time (s)

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.01

2 iLb (A) 1 0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005 time (s)

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.01

Fig 5.2.3.3 Voltages across load & battery and inductor currents

Fig 5.2.3.4 Ripples in Vload, Vbat.

5.2.4 Results of Mode 1 Operation Load voltage, Vo = 40 V Load power, Pload = 40 W Battery terminal voltage, Vbat = Vcb = 16 V Battery power (charging), Pb = 10 W Ripple in load voltage, Vo = 0.3V Ripple in voltage across battery terminals, Vcb = 0.1V 33

5.3 Mode 2 Operation

In mode 2, load power becomes greater than maximum power available from DC grid. The excess power will be given out by battery. As battery is not available in simulation software, the battery discharging current is represented by a voltage source equivalent to open circuit voltage of battery bank, in series with a resistance representing the internal resistance of battery, is used in simulation. 5.3.1 Parameters and definitions Parameters: DC grid voltage, Vs = 30 V Load power, Po = 60 W Battery power (discharging), Pbat = 10 W Battery terminal voltage (rated), Vbat = 16 V Load resistance, RL = 26.67 ohms Open circuit voltage of battery (considered), Voc = 15.5 V Internal resistance of battery, Rb = 0.75 ohms D1 = 0.25 (for switch S1) D2 = 0.625 (for switch S2) Definitions: Load voltage = Vo volts Average dc source current = ILs amperes Input power to converter, Psource = Vs * ILs watts Load power, Pload = Vo2/RL watts Power supplied by battery, Pbat = Vcb * iLb watts

34

5.3.2 Simulation Diagram

Ls

D3

C o n t in u o u s p o w e rg u i
D1 P u ls e G e n e ra to r
g 1

iL s 1 D1 S1 + C o R b R LV o 2 S c7o p e M u l t1 i m e t e r

m 2

Lb D C V o lta g e S o u rc e D2 V s P u ls e G e n1 e r a t o r
g 1

V l ,oi al od a d

- - M u l t i m S ec 5t oe pr e

S2
m 2

D2

C b

V oc

P lo a d

P r o Sd uc 6 co tp e

V cb
+v -

S c4o p e P s 2 P r o2 d u c t M u l t3 i m e t e r S c 9 o p e iL b 1
Fig. 5.3.2.1 Simulation diagram of mode-2

P bat 2 P r o3 d u c t M u l t5 i m e t e r S c 1 o 1 p e

M u l t4 i mS ce 1 ot 0e p r e

35

5.3.3 Waveforms
S1 pulses (V) 10 5 0 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

S2 pulss (V)

10 5 0 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

2 i Ls (A) 1.5 1 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

0.8 i Lb (A) 0.6 0.4 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

Fig 5.3.3.1 Triggering pulses to switches and inductors currents

2 i S1 (A) 1 0 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

50 V S1 (V)

8.01

8.02

8.03

8.04

8.05 time (s)

8.06

8.07

8.08

8.09

8.1 x 10
-3

4 i S2 (A) 2 0 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 time (s) 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.1 x 10
-3

50 V S2 (V)

8.01

8.02

8.03

8.04

8.05 time (s)

8.06

8.07

8.08

8.09

8.1 x 10
-3

Fig 5.3.3.2 Switch voltages and currents

36

V load (V)

100 50 0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01 time (s)

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.02

16 V bat (V) 15 14

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01 time (s)

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.02

10 i Ls (A) 0 -10

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01 time (s)

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.02

2 i Lb (A) 0 -2

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01 time (s)

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

0.02

Fig 5.3.3.3 Voltages across load, battery and inductor currents

Fig 5.3.3.4 Ripples in Vload, Vbat

5.3.4 Results of Mode 2 Operation Load voltage, Vo = 40 V Load power, Pload = 60 W Battery terminal voltage, Vbat = Vcb = 15 V Battery power (discharging), Pb = 10 W Ripple in load voltage, Vo = 0.35V

37

5.4 Mode 3 Operation

In mode 3, dc grid voltage falls from rated 30V to 24V representing sag in dc source voltage. The operation of circuit is same as that of mode-1 only with changes in duty cycles of triggering pulses to switches. 5.4.1 Parameters and Definitions Parameters: DC grid voltage: 24 V Load resistance, RL = 40 ohms Load power, Po = 40W Equivalent battery resistance, Rb = 25.6 ohms D1 = 0.40 (for switch S2), D2 = 0.80 (for switch S1) Definitions: Load voltage = Vo volts, Average dc source current = ILs amperes Input power to converter, Psource = Vs * ILs watts Load power, Pload = Vo2/RL watts, Power drawn by battery, Pbat = Vcb2 / Rb watts

38

5.4.2 Simulation Diagram

Ls D3

C o n t in u o u s p o w e rg u i
D2 P u ls e G e n e ra to r 1 D1 S1 + Lb D C V o lta g e S o u rc e D1 P u ls e G e n1 e r a t o r C o R L V o 2 V l o, i al od a d
m 2

iL s

g 1

S c 7o p e M u l t 1i m e t e r

S c 5o p e - - M u lt im e t e r S2 D2

g 1

C b

R b P lo a d

m 2

P r o S uc 6co t p e d

V cb
+v -

S c 4o p e P bat 2 P s 2 P r o2 d u c t M u l t3 i m e t e r S c 9 o p e 1 M u l t4i mS ec 1t oe0 pr e iL b P r o1 d u c t M u l t2 i m e t e r S c 2 o p e

Fig. 5.4.2.1 Simulation diagram of mode-3

39

5.4.3 Waveforms
15 puls es to S 1 (V ) 10 5 0

8 .0 1

8 .0 2

8 .0 3

8 .0 4

8 .0 5 t im e (s )

8 .0 6

8 .0 7

8 .0 8

8 .0 9

8 .1 x 10
-3

15 puls es to S 2 (V ) 10 5 0

8 .0 1

8 .0 2

8 .0 3

8 .0 4

8 .0 5 t im e (s )

8 .0 6

8 .0 7

8 .0 8

8 .0 9

8 .1 x 10
-3

2 .5

iLs (A )

1 .5

8 .0 1

8 .0 2

8 .0 3

8 .0 4

8 .0 5 t im e (s )

8 .0 6

8 .0 7

8 .0 8

8 .0 9

8 .1 x 10
-3

0 .8

iLb (A )

0 .6

0 .4

8 .0 1

8 .0 2

8 .0 3

8 .0 4

8 .0 5 t im e (s )

8 .0 6

8 .0 7

8 .0 8

8 .0 9

8 .1 x 10
-3

Fig 5.4.3.1 Triggering pulses to switches and inductors currents

3 2 iS 1 (A ) 1 0

8 .0 1

8 .0 2

8.0 3

8 .0 4

8 .0 5 t im e ( s )

8 .0 6

8 .0 7

8 .0 8

8 .0 9

8 .1 x 10
-3

40 v S 1 (V ) 20 0

8 .0 1

8 .0 2

8.0 3

8 .0 4

8 .0 5 t im e ( s )

8 .0 6

8 .0 7

8 .0 8

8 .0 9

8 .1 x 10
-3

iS 2 (A )

8 .0 1

8 .0 2

8.0 3

8 .0 4

8 .0 5 t im e ( s )

8 .0 6

8 .0 7

8 .0 8

8 .0 9

8 .1 x 10
-3

40 v S 2 (V ) 20 0

8 .0 1

8 .0 2

8.0 3

8 .0 4

8 .0 5 t im e ( s )

8 .0 6

8 .0 7

8 .0 8

8 .0 9

8 .1 x 10
-3

Fig 5.4.3.2 Switch voltages and currents

40

6 0 V load (V ) 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 4 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 6 t im e (s ) 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 0 9 0 .0 1

3 0 2 0 V bat (V ) 1 0 0

0 .0 0 1

0 .0 0 2

0 .0 0 3

0 .0 0 4

0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 6 t im e (s )

0 .0 0 7

0 .0 0 8

0 .0 0 9

0 .0 1

1 0

iLs (A )

0 .0 0 1

0 .0 0 2

0 .0 0 3

0 .0 0 4

0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 6 t im e (s )

0 .0 0 7

0 .0 0 8

0 .0 0 9

0 .0 1

1 .5 1 iLb (A ) 0 .5 0

0 .0 0 1

0 .0 0 2

0 .0 0 3

0 .0 0 4

0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 6 t im e (s )

0 .0 0 7

0 .0 0 8

0 .0 0 9

0 .0 1

Fig 5.4.3.3 Voltages across load, battery and inductor currents

45 0 . 2 4 0 . 2 45 0 . 1 V a ( ) lo d V 4 0 . 1 45 0 . 0 4 0 35 9 . 9 3 9 . 9 35 9 . 8 8 .1 0 8 .2 0 8 .3 0 8 .4 0 8 .5 0 t e) i ( m s 8 .6 0 8 .7 0 8 .8 0 8 .9 0 x0 1 8 . 1
3

14 6 . 0

12 6 . 0 Va ( ) bt V

1 6

18 5 . 9

16 5 . 9

14 5 . 9 8 .1 0 8 .2 0 8 .3 0 8 .4 0 8 .5 0 t e) i ( m s 8 .6 0 8 .7 0 8 .8 0 8 .9 0 x0 1 8 . 1
3

Fig 5.4.3.4 Ripples in Vload, Vbat

5.4.4 Results of Mode 3 Operation Load voltage, Vo = 40 V Load power, Pload = 40 W Battery terminal voltage, Vbat = Vcb = 16 V Battery power (charging), Pb = 10 W Ripple in load voltage, Vo = 0.4V Ripple in voltage across battery terminals, Vcb = 0.08V

41

Chapter 7

CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Conclusions
The thesis presented an analysis of system composed of voltage regulator and battery energy storage. Voltage regulation, peak power leveling and compensation for power fluctuations were realized by a simple structure. The proposed system becomes adequate for applications in renewable energy system, such as wind and solar power. Functionally, Voltage Regulator Battery Energy Storage System (VR-BESS) operates like a conventional boost converter to provide voltage regulation and to step up the battery bank voltage to output dc bus. For battery charging the VR-BESS operates like a conventional buck converter. Various modes of operation were analyzed in open circuit. Mathematical expressions, digital simulations and experimental results for various modes of operation were developed in order to describe the operation of the VR-BESS. The results validate the operational concept.

7. 2 Future Scope
This proposed strategy can be extended to closed loop operation so that and accordingly change into different mode of operation to supply power accordingly, i.e. peak power leveling and compensation for power fluctuations. It detect the voltage sag in input DC source voltage and change duty cycles of switches accordingly to operate load and battery charging at rated parameters It detect voltage outage and supply the load current from battery, i .e. Uninterruptible Power Supply operation or protection against outage. It detect itself the changes in power requirement from load side

42

REFERENCES
[1] E. Rodrigues, H. Visairo and J. Arau, A High Efficiency DC-UPS with PFC, IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics Specialist Conference (PESC) vol. 3, Jun., pp. 1439-1444, 2000. [2] F. L. Luo and L. Jin, Two-Quadrant DC/DC Soft-Switching Converter, IEEE 31st Annual Power Electronics Specialist Conference (PESC) vol.1, Jun., pp. 173-178, 2000. [3] E. Hiraki, M. Kurokawa, S. Sugimoto and M. Nakaoka, A Novel Resonant DC Link Multi-functional Three Phase PWM Converter for Battery Energy Storage System,7th European Power Electronics Conference( vol. 4, Sept. 1997, pp. 4362-4367. [4] L. M. Grzesiak and W. Koczara, Load-adaptive Variable Speed Generating System Behaviour Analyse of Electronics [5] Conference (EPE), Sept. 1999. Equipped with Forced Commutated (EPE), vol. 2, Dynamic, 8th European Power EPE),

M. P. Plsson, K. Uhlen and T. Toftevaag, Modeling and Simulation ofan Autonomous Wind/Diesel System Sept.1997, pp. 2646-2651. Converter, 7th European Power Electronics Conference

[6]

H.-S. Kim, N. Okada and K. Takigawa, A Study on Utility Interactive PV System in Harmony with Utility, IEEE 31st Annual PowerElectronics Specialist Conference (PESC) vol. 3, Jun. 2000, pp. 1179-1184.

[7]

Ned mohan, Tore.M. Undeland, William P.Robbins: Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design, 3rd Edition, John Willy and Sons, 2007

[8] [9] [10]

L.Umanand, S. R. bhatt, Design of magnetic components for switched mode converters, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1992. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1993. http://www.alldatasheet.com

43