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Manuales de la CEPAL N°2 Guía general para la gestión de residuos sólidos domiciliarios...

• Posibilidad de reciclado. Si las condiciones operativas, de costos, sanitarias, etc., lo permiten,

las estaciones de trasferencia pueden dar una excelente posibilidad de reciclado primario de
algunos materiales previamente a ser dispuestos.
• Personal. Se debe dotar a los servicios de infraestructura técnica necesaria para alcanzar los
mejores resultados, tanto medioambientales como económicos. Se debe fijar el número de
empleados por equipos y se limitará el sector del cual son responsables. Se les debe proveer de los
medios necesarios para desarrollar su trabajo con la higiene y seguridad que la normativa dicte.
• Educación ciudadana. La colaboración por parte de los usuarios de un servicio de recogida de
basuras y en general de todos los vecinos de una determinada población puede posiblemente
llegar a ser el problema más difícil con el que se enfrentan todas las administraciones locales.
A la vez que se inicia un servicio de recogida de basuras, se debe planificar una serie de
campañas de publicidad por el mayor número posible de medios, con el fin de llegar a crear en
el ciudadano una auténtica conciencia del servicio de limpieza, dándole a conocer los medios
humanos y mecánicos que se emplean con expresión de sus costos para que se den cuenta de la
importancia que su colaboración puede representar a fin de no incrementarlos
innecesariamente.
De esta manera, la recogida de residuos debe ser planificada de forma detallada en cuanto a
itinerarios a seguir, horarios, número de viajes a realizar, tipo de equipo más idóneo, recipientes
adecuados, personal necesario y frecuencia.
Los costos de explotación de un sistema de recogida pueden variar considerablemente en función
de las condiciones características con que se realizan las operaciones de recogida. Los costos más
elevados se registran cuando en una misma población las viviendas están dispersas, originando grandes
desplazamientos y un llenado inadecuado de los camiones recolectores, o bien cuando las poblaciones
son muy densas e implican problemas de tráfico y de estacionamiento. La mano de obra, la amortización
de equipos, mantenimiento y combustibles, son los componentes que más influencia tienen en los costos
de la recogida.

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Una vez recolectados y antes de ser depositados en los sitios de disposición final (o rellenos sanitarios),
los residuos sólidos pueden ser sometidos a procesos que produzcan beneficios técnicos, operativos,
económicos y ambientales. Así, el objetivo del tratamiento y valoración de los residuos es realizar
operaciones encaminadas a la eliminación o al aprovechamiento de los recursos contenidos en ellos.
La tecnología aporta multitud de soluciones, entre las cuales se pueden mencionar las siguientes
(véase el cuadro 14).
El tratamiento y valoración son más eficaces cuando (a nivel local o regional) hay empeño en la
reducción de la cantidad de residuos, evitando el desperdicio, reaprovechando los materiales, separando
los reciclables y desechando los residuos de forma correcta.

68
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Manuales de la CEPAL N°2 Guía general para la gestión de residuos sólidos domiciliarios...

Sin embargo existen también una serie de inconvenientes que generalmente son de tipo económico:
• Inversión alta de la instalación.
• Costes operacionales elevados.
• Escasa flexibilidad para adaptarse a variaciones estacionales de la generación de residuos.
• Técnica de explotación muy especializada.
• Exposición a paros y averías, por lo que precisan un sistema alternativo.
• Precisan, en mayor o menor grado, aporte de energía exterior para su funcionamiento.
• No suponen un sistema de eliminación total, precisando un relleno para los rechazos.

Los problemas de contaminación atmosférica están resueltos, pero suponen importantes

inversiones en sistemas de depuración de humos.
También ha de considerarse el coste de tratamiento de las aguas residuales generadas por los
residuos en la zona de almacenamiento y de las utilizadas en el enfriamiento de escorias.
Algunos de los factores que determinan o condicionan la implantación de un sistema de
incineración son los siguientes:
• Volumen de residuos a incinerar.
• Poder calorífico inferior de las basuras (PCI).
• Costes de inversión.
• Gastos de explotación.

El PCI es fundamental para estudiar la posibilidad de incineración. Un valor de 1.000 kcal/kg es

el límite mínimo para adoptar este sistema, ya que permite la combustión de residuos en los grandes
incineradores sin necesidad de combustible adicional.
La combustión de los residuos libera una cantidad de energía térmica que puede ser recuperada
para usos como:
• Alimentación a una red de calefacción.
• Producción de agua caliente.
• Producción de vapor para la industria.
• Producción de energía eléctrica por vapor de alta presión.
• Accionamiento de turbinas por los gases de la combustión.
El aprovechamiento para calefacción y agua caliente no es frecuente por la gran variación
estacional de la demanda y sobre todo por el alto costo de infraestructura, por lo que normalmente se
produce energía eléctrica mediante vapor.
Los parámetros que, en definitiva, deciden la adopción de incineradores con sistema de
recuperación de energía son: el poder calorífico de los residuos, la capacidad de la instalación y el precio
de comercialización de la energía producida.
En los incineradores nuevos que se instalan con todos los procesos de control ambiental los
costos, incluyendo los de costos de capital, por tonelada tratada varían de US$ 100 a 200, descontando
ya los ingresos por venta de energía.

70
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