Session 4.

Posters

AUTOMATIC CHANGE DETECTION METHOD WITH MULTI-TEMPORAL SATELLITE IMAGES AND GIS DATABASE USING TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Ahed ALBOODY Paul Sabatier University (UPS)-Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062-CEDEX 9, Toulouse, France albahed@yahoo.fr
ABSTRACT Detecting changes is considered as an essential task to update Geographic Information Systems (GIS) databases and to study Land Use / Land Cover (LULC) changes using satellite imagery. In this paper, we propose and implement an automatic method for change detection based on topological analysis by enriching topological relations between geographic regions represented in satellite images and GIS vector maps. Change detection methods are briefly described with the RCC-16 spatial reasoning system. The RCC-16 system was developed in order to enrich the topological relations of the RCC8 system. The interest of the enriched relations of RCC-16 system is that they can automatically identify and detect different levels of topological details and topological changes. The change detection method between two geospatial scenes (vector data of old GIS map and new satellite image) is composed of three major stages: (1) Identification of topological relations between geographic objects of image and map into four matrices, (2) Similarity measures for topological relations and objects, and (3) Identification of topological rules to classify and detect changes automatically into seven different types and three change maps (Appearance, Disappearance, and Non-Change). We study and apply this change detection method for the following cases between: two GIS vector maps, and two satellite images taken at different dates. Results will be discussed to show the accuracy of the proposed method. Index TermsGeospatial Data, Change Detection, Topological Analysis, Spatial Reasoning System RCC-16, Similarity Measure, GIS, Multi-Temporal Satellite Image 1. INTRODUCTION In the update process of Geographic Information System (GIS) databases, change detection between an old GIS map and a new satellite image, or between two GIS maps, or between multi-temporal satellite images taken at different dates is regarded as an essential stage [1] [2] [3]. In this context, a large variety of change detection methods (Difference and Ratio Images [4]; Change Vector Analysis [5]; Principal Components Analysis, Post-Classification Comparison, Difference of Vegetation Indices NDVI, Qualitative Visual Interpretation Analysis [4] [6], etc.) was developed in these three last decades. These methods and others studied in [7] [8] try to detect and locate change zones between two or several observations of the same spatial scene. These spatial changes can be of different types, origins and temporal lengths. The most common and current change detection methods are difference images and post-classification comparison between two images. In practice, post-classification comparison method is the most precise procedure and it has the advantage of indicating the type and the nature of change but it requires a considerable effort to implement a reliable classification method. In spite of this large variety of methods, the search for new method of change detection does not cease in order to find and identify all change types that are so difficult to detect by other methods. Among these new methods, the qualitative methods by topological analysis are little studied and developed [9] [10]. It can be regarded as high-level methods of extraction, identification of topological characteristics by topological analysis and spatial reasoning methods [9] [10] [11] [12]. These topological analysis methods are based upon the identification of topological relations using RCC8 system [13] [14] [15] [16]. Topological analysis remains also a very active research topic in satellite image analysis [11], and detecting changes [9] [10]. In this context, the objective of this paper is to exploit the topological analysis by a new system called RCC-16 system with an aim of proposing a new automatic method of change detection. RCC-16 system gives more detailed descriptions than system RCC8 for topological relations. That makes its possible to better detect all change types. This paper presents an automatic method of change detection that can be used to detect and identify all types of spatial changes and kinds of spatial events. The structure of this paper is as follows: the RCC-16 spatial reasoning system will be presented in Section 2 with an example on their relations. In Section 3, we present our contribution as a new change detection method based on topological analysis using the RCC-16 system. In Section 4, we present the results of the application of this method for two cases: between two GIS vector maps at different dates, and between two multi-temporal satellite images. We summarize this method by a conclusion in Section 5 about

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the advantages, the disadvantages and our perspectives to improve our method. 2. RCC-16 QUALITATIVE SPATIAL REASONING SYSTEM In this Section, we present briefly the RCC-16 spatial reasoning system (Table 1) that we have developed in [17] [18] [19]. The RCC8 spatial reasoning system (Region Connection Calculus) suggested by [13] [20] [21] contains eight basic topological relations (see Table 1). These relations are also developed and studied in [16] [22]. In our papers [17] [18] [19], we have proposed the RCC-16 system that contains sixteen topological relations instead of eight in RCC8 system (see Table 1). The RCC-16 system consists of the RCC8 enriched system by introducing the concept of separation number of points (nP) and lines (mL) of the Boundary-Boundary Intersection spatial set (S= A B) between two geographic regions A and B. The enriched system RCC8 was developed for the four relations: EC, PO, TPP, and TPPi. An example for the sixteen relations of RCC-16 system is presented in Fig.1. The purpose of RCC-16 system is to better describe and understand the topological equivalence and similarity, and to identify topological and structural changes of two geospatial scenes (GIS Maps) or two spatial scenes of satellite images by identification the changes of topological relations between a geographic region and other regions. The importance of RCC-16 system comes from its capability to describe topological similarity and equivalence between spatial configurations (Fig. 1) that cannot be discriminated with the relations of RCC8 system. Table 1. Topological Relations of the RCC8 System and the RCC-16 System
RCC8 System Disconnected (DC) Disjoint Externally Connected Meets (EC) Partially Overlapping (PO) Tangential Proper Part (TPP) Non-Tangential Proper Part (NTPP) Tangential Proper Part inverse (TPPi) Non-Tangential Proper Part inverse (NTPPi) Equals (EQ) Overlaps RCC-16 System DC ECmL With m 1 ECnP With n 1 ECmL, nP With m ,n 1 POmL With m 2 POnP With n 2 POmL, nP With m ,n 1 TPPmLT With m 1 TPPnPT With n 1 TPPmLT, nPT With m ,n 1 NTPP TPPimLT With m 1 TPPinPT With n 1 TPPimLT, nPT With m ,n 1 NTPPi EQ

objects extracted from satellite images and GIS vector maps. Fig. 1. Examples about Relations of RCC-16 System
B A EC2L B A PO2P B A B TPP1PT A B A TPPi1PT A A TPP3PT B B TPP1LT B A A A PO2L A B TPP2LT B EC2L,1P B B A PO1L,4P A A A EC1L,1P B A EC1P B A PO6P A B PO3L,2P B A B A EC1L B B

TPP1LT,2PT TPP2LT,1PT A B B A

TPPi3PT TPPi1LT TPPi2LT B B DC A NTPP A

TPPi1LT,1PT TPPi2LT,2PT B A B EQ

NTPPi

3. AUTOMATIC CHANGE DETECTION METHOD BASED USING TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS In this section, we propose and illustrate a new change detection method based on the topological analysis using the RCC-16 system (Fig. 2). The topological analysis using the RCC-16 system consists of three important stages: 1) Identification of topological relations into four matrices; 2) Similarity measures of topological relations and objects; 3) Identification of topological rules to detect and classify spatial changes into seven types as (see Table 2): (1) New Object, (2) Disappeared Object, (3) Object with New Part Appeared and Partially Disappeared, (4) Object with Tangential Expansion with New Part Appeared, (5) Object with Non-Tangential Expansion with New Part Appeared, (6) Object with Tangential Contraction Partially Disappeared, (7) Object with Non-Tangential Contraction Partially Disappeared. Three change maps (Appearance, Disappearance, and Non-Change) can be obtained at the end of this stage. We will study these spatial change types and maps presented in Table 2 in the identification stage of topological rules for change detection. The novelty of our proposed method can be summarized by : (1) the method uses topological relations between two regions from two different data (image I and map V, or map V1 and map V2, multi-temporal: image I1 and image I2, etc.) instead of using the same data, and (2) applying

Covered By

ContainedBy (Inside) Covers

Contains Equals

In the method proposed in the next section, we will apply the topological analysis using the RCC-16 system for the identification of topological relations between geographic

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topological rules to classify all change types and detect changes into three change maps (Appearance, Disappearance, and Non-Change). Table 2. Change Types (A: GIS Object from Old Map, B: Object Extracted from Satellite Image)
Object A and Object B A B A A B B Relation(A,B) DC EC PO Types of Changes (1) B: New Object or (2) A: Disappeared Object (1) B: New Object or (2) A: Disappeared Object (3) B: Object with New Part Appeared and Partly Disappeared (of A) (4) B: Extended Tangential Object with New Part Appeared (of A) (5) B: Extended Object with New Part Appeared (of A) (6) B: Rectified Tangential Object Partly Disappeared (of A) (7) B: Rectified Object Partly Disappeared (of A) Non Changes (A = B)

image I. We will take these four matrices for similarity measures of the relations and objects in the second stage. Fig. 2. Change Detection Method using Topological Analysis
New Satellite Image I Classification Raster2Vecteur Topological Relation Matrix R22 (I, I) Old GIS Vector Map V

Topological Topological Relation Matrix Relation Matrix R12 (V, I) R21 (I, V)

Topological Relation Matrix R11 (V, V)

TPP

Similarity Measures for Topological Relations and Objects Topological Rules for Change Detection Change Detection Result

A A A A

B B

NTPP TPPi

Topological Analysis Using System RCC-16

B B

NTPPi EQ

We present the new change detection method in Fig. 2 for the case studied here where we suppose a new satellite image (I) as a spatial scene 1 and an old GIS vector map (V) as a spatial scene 2. We verify the results of this method by visual interpretation of these two geospatial data. Let us suppose that we have a new satellite image (I) and an old map (V) at different dates (T2 for image, and T1 for V with T1 < T2), thus the goal is to detect spatial changes between them. The objective of this paper and method is not to discuss object extraction and classification, and conversion rasterto-vector (R2V) methods of satellite images but to use them in our proposed method. We apply a non-supervised classification method in order to find classes in satellite image. Then, raster-to-vector conversion (R2V) of classification results is made to have regions and polygons vector data where RCC-16 system can be used for the determination of topological relations. Let us suppose that we have geographic objects (Ii with 1 i N ) extracted from satellite image (I) and objects (Vj with 1 j M ) from GIS vector map data (V).
The first stage is the identification of the topological relations in matrices. Four matrices of topological relations are identified by system RCC-16 [17] [18] [19] and given by: (1) The matrix M_VIM*N = R12(V, I) with (M*N) topological relations between the M objects of the GIS Vector Map (V) and the N objects extracted image I; (2) The matrix M_IVN*M = R21(I, V) with (N*M) topological relations between the N objects extracted image I and the M objects of the GIS Vector Map (V); (3) The matrix M_VVM*M = R11(V, V) with (M*M) topological relations between the M objects of the GIS Vector Map ; (4) The matrix M_IIN*N = R22(I, I) with (N*N) topological relations between the N objects extracted

The second stage concerns the similarity measures of topological relations and objects, which are taken as two principal similarity measures, given by the next : (1) Similarity measure for relations and objects for each object (Vj with 1 j M ) of GIS vector map V with all objects of image I (Ii with 1 i N ): Comparing each line of the matrix M_VIM*N with each line of the matrix M_IIN*N gives a similarity matrix of the relations noted Sim_Rel_VIM*N. The maximum value of each line leads to find the objects of image I, which are similar to the object in question (Vj) of V. These similar objects (from Vector V to Image I) make a similarity matrix of objects noted Sim_Object_VI. (2) Similarity measure for relations and objects for each image object (Ii with 1 i N ) with all objects of GIS vector map V (Vj with 1 j M ) : Comparing each line of the matrix M_IVN*M with each line of the matrix M_VVM*M gives a similarity matrix of the relations noted Sim_Rel_IVN*M. The maximum value of each line leads to find the GIS objects of V, which are similar to the object in question (Ii) of I. These similar objects (from Image I to Vector V) make a similarity matrix of objects noted Sim_Object_IV. This similarity measure of the topological relations (between each image object of I with all objects of V, or between each object of V with all objects of satellite image I) is taken by the report/ratio of the number of similar relations on the total number of the relations. This report/ratio ( 0 Similarity _ Re lation(*,.) 1 ) is general and positive for the similarity measures of relations and given by the expression:
Similarity_Relation(*,.) Nomber of Similair Topological Relations Total Nomber of Topological Relations (*,.)

Where * and . indicate the object Vj with 1 j M for objects of V, or the object Ii with 1 i N for objects of I. For our study, two following expressions for similarity

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true). Therefore, a new matrix of similarity called similarity of objects from Vector to Image noted Sim_Object_Vec2Img is determined by this step. objects of V, and Similarity _ Re lation( V j , I ) for each object Vj Consequently, the object Ii of image I similar to the object of V with all objects of I : Vj of V is taken as: Sim_Object_Vec2Img (Vj, Ii) = Sim_Object (Vj, Ii). Nomber of Similair Topological Relations (I i , V) Similarity_Relation(I i , V) Else if the number of similar objects of I to the object Total Nomber of Topological Relations Vj is equal to one, then, the object Ii remains similar to the Nomber of Similair Topologica l Relations (V j , I) Similarity _Relation( V j , I) object Vj : Sim_Object_Vec2Img (Vj, Ii) = Sim_Object (Vj, Total Nomber of Topologica l Relations Ii). Whereas the similarity measure of objects Else if the number of similar objects of I to the object ( Similarity _ Object (*,.) ) is taken by the maximum value of this Vj is equal to zero or more than one object (>1), then, the report/ratio Similarity _ Re lation(*,.) . It is general and positive topological relation between the object Vj and all objects of image I is equal to the relation DC. Consequently, we say ( 0 Similarity _ Object (*,.) 1 ) and given by the expression: that the object Vj does not exist anymore in the new image I Similarity _Object(*, .) Max(Simila rity_Relat ion(*,.)) and the object Vj is a disappeared object from GIS spatial Nomber of Similair Topologica l Relations scene (Map). Max( (*,.)) Total Nomber of Topologica l Relations Second-Step : The First-Step is repeated by exchanging Where * and . indicate the object Vj with 1 j M for I and V for each object Ii of image I of the similarity matrix of objects Sim_Object_IV. objects of V, or the object Ii with 1 i N for objects of I. The third stage of this method is the stage of change For our study, the two following expressions for similarity detection based upon the topological rules applied to these measures of relations are given by: two similarity matrices of objects Sim_Object_Vec2Img Similarity _ Object( I i ,V ) for each object Ii of I with all and Sim_Object_Img2Vec in order to detect and classify objects of V, and Similarity _ Object( V j , I ) for each object changes. These topological rules help to make a decision on the similar objects and the changes of each object in satellite Vj of V with all objects of I : Similarity _Object(I i ,V) Max(Simila rity_Relat ion(I i ,V)) image I and the GIS vector map V. We present these Nomber of Similair Topologica l Relations topological rules as follows: (I i ,V)) Max( Total Nomber of Topologica l Relations If the topological relation R12(Vj, Ii) between objects Vj Similarity _Object(V j , I) Max(Simila rity_Relat ion(V j , I)) and Ii of the matrix Sim_Object_Vec2Img or the relation Nomber of Similair Topologica l Relations R21(Ii, Vj) between objects Ii and Vj of the matrix Max( (V j , I)) Total Nomber of Topologica l Relations Sim_Object_Img2Vec is equal to the topological relation EQ. Then, these two objects Ii and Vj are identical. These similarity measures of objects from I towards V: Consequently, the object Vj did not changed and the object Sim_Object _IV and from V towards I: Sim_Object_VI Vj is equal to object Ii in the new satellite image I. are equivalent to the concept of mapping between objects Else if the topological relation R12(Vj, Ii) between objects of V and objects extracted from image I in two directions. Vj and Ii of the matrix Sim_Object_Vec2Img or the With aim to check the similarity between objects of V and I, relation R21(Ii, Vj) between objects Ii and Vj of the matrix we develop an algorithm to define the (definitive) similar Sim_Object_Img2Vec is not equal to the topological objects known as Object-to-Object of V and I in two relation EQ. Then, the two objects Vj and Ii are not directions. Two new similarity matrices of objects identical. Consequently, the two objects Vj and Ii are Sim_Object_Vec2Img and Sim_Object_Img2Vec will be changed. Then, we will detail these changes caused in seven replaced definitively these two matrices Sim_Object_VI types: (1) New Object, (2) Disappeared Object, (3) Object and Sim_Object_IV, respectively. with New Part Appeared and Partially Disappeared, We present this algorithm in two major steps : 1) Mapping: (4) Object with Tangential Expansion with New Part Object-to-Object from V towards I for each object of the Appeared, (5) Object with Non-Tangential Expansion with matrix Sim_Object_VI; 2) Mapping: Object-to-Object New Part Appeared, (6) Object with Tangential from I towards V for each object of the matrix Contraction Partially Disappeared, (7) Object with NonSim_Object_IV. These two steps used in this algorithm Tangential Contraction Partially Disappeared. The are given as follows: similar objects and the changes are defined by the following First-Step : For each object of the similarity matrix topological rules for these two directions of change of objects Sim_Object_VI : mapping Change Mapping from V towards I and Change If an object Vj from Sim_Object(Vj, Ii) of Mapping from V towards I: Sim_Object_VI is equal to Ii or an object Ii of Sim_Object Change Mapping from V towards I: To detect changes (Ii, Vj) of Sim_Object_IV is equal to Vj, then, the object Vj from objects of V towards objects of the new satellite image of V is similar to the object Ii of image I (and the inverse is measures of relations are given by: Similarity _ Re lation( I i , V ) for each object Ii of I with all

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I, we take the similarity matrix Sim_Object_Vec2Img with the topological relations of RCC-16 system and applying the topological rules established in Table 3. Change Mapping from I towards V: To detect changes from objects of the new satellite image I towards objects of V, we take the similarity matrix Sim_Object_Img2Vec with the topological relations of RCC-16 system and applying the topological rules established in Table 4. In the two following tables (Table 3 and Table 4), we present the configurations of the topological rules of RCC16 system to detect changes. In a geographic space, a new object in the new image is equivalent to the disappearance of one or more objects, or part of an object or several parts of several objects occupying the space of the new object in the old map of the same scene. For this reason, we find that the new objects in the new satellite image cannot be identified and detected by the similarity matrix of objects Sim_Object_Vec2Img and we can only identify and detect them by the similarity matrix of objects Sim_Object_Img2Vec. On the other hand, we note that the disappeared objects from GIS Vector Map V in the new image cannot be detected by the similarity matrix of objects Sim_Object_Img2Vec and we can only identify and detect it by the similarity matrix of objects Sim_Object_Vec2Img. We present in Fig. 3 two spatial scenes, the detected changes presented into three change maps: New (Appearance), Disappeared (Disappearance), NonChanged objects or parts of objects for these scenes.
Fig. 3. (1) GIS Vector Map (V) Objects, (2) Objects Extracted from Satellite Image (I), (3) New Objects or New Parts of Objects (Green), (4) Disappeared Objects or Disappeared Parts of Objects (Red), (5) Non-Changed Objects or Non-Changed Parts of Objects (Bleu) (1) (2)

In this section, we will study the application of this change detection method based on topological analysis using the RCC-16 system. We will apply this method for the two following cases: (1) between two GIS vector map of the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) geospatial database on different dates (CLC1990 and CLC2000) ; (2) between two satellite images taken at different dates. The two applications are taken as examples to use this method. 4.1 Application 1: Change Detection between Two GIS Vector Maps of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) GeoSpatial Database The first application of this new method is to detect spatial changes between two GIS vector maps on various dates. For that, we take two GIS vector maps of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) spatial database on two different dates for the years 1990 (data CLC1990) and 2000 (data CLC2000) (see CORINE Land Cover Changes from CLC1990 to CLC2000: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-andmaps/data/corine-land-cover-changes-clc1990-clc2000-100m-version-12-2009) for the department of Somme in France (Fig. 4). The verification of the results is made by a visual interpretation of data (CLC1990 and CLC2000) by ENVI EX software (http://www.ittvis.com/).
Fig. 4. Geographic objects from two GIS vector maps of CLC geospatial database: (1) CLC1990, (2) CLC2000, (3) Overlapping of these two maps; Three change maps: (4) New objects or new parts of objects (Green), (5) Disappeared objects or disappeared parts of objects (Red), (6) Non-changed objects or non-changed parts of objects (Blue) (1) (2) (3)

(3)

(4) (4) (5)

(5)

(6)

New Object 4

Disappeared Object 6

4. APPLICATION & RESULTS

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In these two GIS maps: CLC1990 and CLC2000, we detect: objects without change (Relation EQ), objects with change of the type: New Objects and Disappeared Objects (Relations DC or EC), Object with New Appeared Part and a Disappeared Part (Relation PO), Rectified Tangential Object Partly Disappeared and Extended Tangential Object with New Appeared Part (Relations TPPi or TPP). For example, we find that it is easily possible to detect and identify these change types of objects.

In conclusion, using this method, we can easily identify and detect any type of changes from the point where objects appear to the point where the objects disappear.
Fig. 7. Water zones: (1) LANDSAT 1987, (2) LANDSAT 2007, (3) Overlapping of two zones; and Three changes maps for water zones: (4) Appearance (Green), (5) Disappearance (Red), and (6) Non-Change (Blue) (1) (2) (3)

4.2 Application 2: Change Detection between MultiTemporal Satellite Images

The first application of this new method is to detect and identify the changes between two satellite images taken on various dates. The verification of this method is made by the post-classification method using the software ENVI V4.7 (http://www.ittvis.com/). In this application of validation of this method, we take two satellite images LANDSAT for the area and the town of LATTAKIA in Syria. The resolution of these two images LANDSAT is of 30m. The old image LANDSAT is dated from October 1, 1987 (Fig. 5). The new image is dated from June 26, 2007 (Fig. 6). Classification, conversion from raster to vector (R2V or Raster2Vector) and post-classification (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6) are made by software ENVI V4.7 and ENVI EX (http://www.ittvis.com/). Same parameters of ISODATA non-supervised classification and conversion R2V are applied for the two images in order to avoid the confusion problems between the polygonal objects. Fig. 5. (1) LANDSAT Satellite Image (Date 01-10-1987), (2) ENVI Classification, (3) R2V Objects, for LATTAKIA in Syria (Lakes: ALSEN and 16 October)

(4)

(5)

(6)

New Object Lake: ALSEN

(1) Lake : 16 October (2) (3) Fig. 6. (1) LANDSAT Satellite Image (Date 26-06-2007), (2) ENVI Classification, (3) R2V Objects, for LATTAKIA in Syria (Lakes: ALSEN and 16 October) Fig. 8. Study the changes of 16 October lake Lake : 16 October

(1) Lake : ALSEN (3)

(2)

In these two images, we are interested to detect objects with change of the type (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8): New Objects and Disappeared Objects (Relation DC or EC), and Object with New Part Appeared and Partially Disappeared (Relation PO). For example, we find new objects (changes of the water zones: lake, etc.) which appear on the spatial scene and it is the case of ALSEN lake built in 1990. The objects that occupied the space of this new lake are disappeared from the new scene.

New Parts

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Table 3. Topological Rules for Change Detection by the Matrix of Similarity of the Objects Sim_Object_Vec2Img
From Object Vj towards Relation Types of Changes Disappeared Part New Part Object Ii R12(Vj , Ii) DC Vj : Disappeared Object Vj Disappeared Vj Ii EC Vj : Disappeared Object Vj Disappeared Vj Ii The difference The PO Vj : Object with New Part " Ii Vj region Vj - Ii difference Appeared and region Ii - Vj PartlyDisappeared (to be Ii) The TPP Vj : Extended Tangential Vj Ii difference Object with New Part region Ii - Vj Appeared (to be Ii) The NTPP Vj : Extended Object with Vj Ii difference New Part Appeared (to be Ii) region Ii - Vj The difference TPPi Vj : Rectified Tangential region Vj - Ii Object (Decreased) Partly Vj Ii Disappeared (to be Ii) The difference NTPPi Vj : Rectified Object Ii region Vj - Ii (Decreased) Partly Vj Disappeared (to be Ii) Vj EQ Non-Change (Vj = Ii ) Ii Non-Changed Part The intersection region Vj

Ii

The intersection region Vj

Ii

The intersection region Vj

Ii

The intersection region Vj

Ii

The intersection region Vj

Ii

The intersection region Vj

Ii

Table 4. Topological Rules for Change Detection by the Matrix of Similarity of the Objects Sim_Object_Img2Vec
From Object Ii towards Relation R21(Ii , Vj) Object Vj DC Vj Ii Ii Ii Vj Vj Ii EC PO Types of Changes Ii : New Object Ii : New Object Disappeare d Part New Part Ii New Ii New Non-Changed Part -

Vj

TPP

Ii

Vj

NTPP

TPPi Ii Ii Ii Vj Vj NTPPi Vj EQ

The Ii : Object with New Part difference Appeared and Partly region Vj - Ii Disappeared (from Vj) The Ii :Rectified Tangential Object difference (Decreased) Partly region Vj - Ii Disappeared (from Vj) The Ii : Rectified Object difference (Decreased) Partly region Vj - Ii Disappeared (from Vj) Ii : Extended Tangential Object with New Part Appeared (from Vj) Ii : Extended Object with New Part Appeared(from Vj) Non-Change (Ii = Vj ) -

The difference The intersection region region Ii - Vj Ii Vj The intersection region Ii Vj The intersection region Ii Vj

The difference The intersection region region Ii - Vj Ii Vj The difference The intersection region region Ii - Vj Ii Vj The intersection region Ii Vj

5. CONCLUSION In this paper, we proposed and implemented an automatic change detection method based on topological analysis using the RCC-16 spatial reasoning system. This new change detection method between two spatial scenes (a new satellite image and an old GIS vector map, or two GIS vector maps, or multi-temporal satellite images) is composed of three important stages: (1) Identification of topological relations by four matrices, (2) Similarity measures of topological relations and objects, (3) Identification of topological rules to detect changes. The interest of this method lies in the fact that it is possible automatically to detect various changes in details (New,

Disappearance, Expansion of Object, etc.). We studied the application of this change detection method for two applications: between multi-temporal satellite images, between two GIS vector maps on different dates. This new method gives so good results in the change detection. This method is regarded as a high-level method that uses the spatial reasoning system RCC-16. The advantage of this new method is that it enables us to detect and identify in details all changes in spatial scenes. Meanwhile, the disadvantage of this method is that: it depends on the quality of vector data; it is expensive in terms of calculations.

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The improvement of this method is essential by adopting the graph theory for similarity measures. From the point of view of the graph theory and its applications in the field of the image processing [11] [23], the matrices of the topological relations are equivalent to a graph of which: the nodes are the objects and the connections between the objects are directed and labeled by topological relations of system RCC-16. The topological analysis using the RCC-16 system appears applicable to spatial scene similarity assessments, object detection and recognition in high-resolution satellite images. 6. REFERENCES
[1] V. Walter, D. Fritsch, Automated Revision of GIS Databases, In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, ACMGIS2000, Washington D.C., USA, pp. 129-134, 2000. [2] Q. Zhang, I. Couloigner, A Framework for Road Change Detection and Map Updating, In International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Information Sciences, ISPRS Symposium, vol. 35, part. 2, pp. 729-734, 2004. [3] J. Feranec, G. Hazeu, S. Christensen, G.Jaffrain, Corine Land Cover Change Detection in Europe (Case Studies of the Netherlands and Slovakia, In Land Use Policy, Science Direct, vol. 24, issue. 1, pp. 234-247, 2007. [4] J. Gao, Chapter 13: Multi-Temporal Image Analysis, In Gao, J. (Eds), Digital Analysis of Remotely Sensed Imagery, The McGraw-Hill Companies, pp. 525-566, 2009. [5] P. Coppin, M. Bauer, Change Detection in Forest Ecosystems with Remote Sensing Digital Imagery, In Remote Sensing Reviews, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 13, issue. 3 & 4, pp. 207-234, 1996. [6] H. Sui, Q. Zhou, J. Gong, Ma, G, Chapter 17: Processing of MultiTemporal Data and Change Detection, In Li, Z., Chen, J., Baltsavias, E. (Eds.), Advances in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, ISPRS Congress Book, pp. 227-247,Taylor & Francis Group, 2008. [7] D. Lu, P. Mausel, E. Brondizio, E. Moran, Change Detection Techniques, In Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 25, N. 12, pp. 2365-2407, Taylor & Francis, 2004. [8] G. Jianya, S. Haigang, M. Guorui, Z. Qiming, A Review of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Data Change Detection Algorithms, In International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Commission VII, WG VII/5, vol. XXXVII, part. B7, pp.757-762, 2008. [9] J. Jiang, Specifying and Detecting Topological Changes to an Areal Object, In Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Maine, 2009. http://130.111.64.156/theses/pdf/JiangJ2009.pdf [10] H. Wang, L. Pan, H. Zheng, P. Liu, Automatic Detection Technique of Residential Area Change Based on Topological Analysis, In International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Workshop on Updating Geo-spatial Databases with Imagery & The 5th ISPRS Workshop on DMGISs, pp. 29-33, 2007.

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