Sarda Sahayak Canal Irrigation System A Case study

Arpan Sarkar


1 Introduction to SSP-2 CIS

1.1 What is CIS

1.2 How beneficial


1.3 Location

A 716 m. long barrage named Girija Barrage
1
has been constructed on river Ghagra near
Katarnia Ghat in Bahraich district comprising 35 bays of 18 m width. The purpose of the
barrage is to transfer water from Ghaghra through 28.7 km. long link channel of 480
cumecs capacity into river Sarda.

A 408 m. long barrage named Sarda Barrage has been constructed on river Sarda in
Lakhimpur district comprising 20 bays of 18 m width.




















Figure 1 The location plan for Sarda Sahayak Pariyojana


1.4 Command Area

1
Salient features of barrage in Annex
The Command area of the Sharda Sahayak Canal System is constituted by partial
or full inclusion of the 16 districts of Uttar Pradesh: Lakhimpur Khiri, Sitapur,
Barabanki, Lucknow, Rae-bareli, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Ambedkar
Nagar, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Mau, Allahabad, Varanasi, Ghazipur & Ballia. The
total number of blocks covered in these districts adds to 182.
Barabanki, Rae-bareli, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Ambedkar Nagar, Pratapgarh,
Jaunpur, Azamgarh and Mau are the nine districts that are almost fully included in
the Sharda Sahayak Canal command area. Kheri has one of its 15 blocks, Sitapur
has 8 out of 19 blocks, Allahabad has 11 out of 20 blocks, Varanasi has 5 out of 8
blocks, Ghazipur has 3 out of 16 blocks, Ballia has 11 out of 18blocks, and
Lucknow has 4 out of 8 blocks in this command area. The Geographical area of
the districts falling in the command area of Sharda Sahayak Canal System is
40.79 lac hectares. The district-wise revised culturable command area is given in
Table 1.

Table 1 : Regions of the Narmada Command

Sl. No. District CCA (ha.)
1. Ambedkar Nagar 635
2. Sitapur 5143
3. Mau 7457
4. Ballia 18116
5. Lucknow 20919
6. Ghazipur 25381
7. Varanasi 32076
8. Allahabad 100771
9. Faizabad 151631
10. Sultanpur 195840
11. Jaunpur 202330
12. Barabanki 215090
13. Azamgarh 215394
14. Rae Bareli 225490
15. Pratapgarh 257849
Total 1674122

2 Benefits

2.1 Irrigation

2.2 Drinking Water Supply

2.3 Power Generation

2.4 Water Supply for Industries

2.5 Ground Water use

2.6 Drought control

2.7 Employment generation

2.8 Wildlife Sanctuaries Development

2.9 Additional Benefits

3 Need for the Sarda Sahayak Pariyojana

3.1 Brief history

Sarda Canal was constructed about 60 years ago to protect the area lying in Ganga -
Ghaghra doab in the districts of Pilibhit, Lakhimpur-Kheri, Sitapur, Shahjahanpur,
Hardoi, Unnao, Lucknow, Barabanki, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Jaunpur,
Azamgarh, Ghazipur, Allahabad and Varanasi from recurring famines.

The original Sarda Sahayak Pariyojna was framed in 1967 and it envisaged increase in
annual irrigation to 70% of a C.C.A of 16.77 lac hectares, at a cost of rupees 99.61
crores. The planning commission cleared Stage-I of the project for Rs. 64.84 crores. The
construction work was commenced in October 1968. Due to rise in cost of labour and
construction materials and some changes in the extent and scope, the project estimate was
revised in October 1972 and was cleared by CWC for Rs. 199.87 crores in January 1976.
This project estimate envisaged enhancement of annual irrigation intensity from 70% to
85%. During the course of execution, the scope of the project was further enlarged by
extending the C.C.A to 20 lac hectares and increasing the annual irrigation intensity to
96%. Remodeling of old Ghagra and Tanda pump canals, construction of a permanent
pump house at Dalmau-A and linking of Dohrighat pump canal were also incorporated in
this project. The estimated cost of the project was updated to Rs. 314.85 crores in
October, 1976 considering the above factors.

The project was examined by C.W.C. and returned to State Government with the
observation that project be updated on the basis of actual cost of works executed upto
1990 and the cost of balance work be estimated on the price schedule prevalent in 1990.
On the instruction of C.W.C. the project estimate was revised in 1990 costing Rs.
1013.84 but it was not sent to C.W.C.

The project was further revised in 1995 on the basis of actual cost of works done upto
March 1995 and the cost of balance works on the basis of prices of 1995. The project
costing to Rs.1584.48 was submitted to C.W.C. in March 1995, but it was called back.

Finally it was decided that the project be closed in June 2000 and the revised project
estimate be submitted to C.W.C. on the basis of actual cost of works done upto March
1998 and the cost of the balance work to be done upto June 2000 on price schedule
prevalent in 1998. According the project estimate was framed in August 1999 and
submitted to C.W.C. in January 2000.

The revised cost of the project estimated to Rs. 1276.17 crores. Which comprises of inter
basin transfer of Ghagra water by constructing a barrage at Girijapuri (Bahraich District)
on River Ghaghra and diverting Ghaghra water through a link channel 28.7 km long into
River Sarda and thereafter utilizing both waters of Sarda and Ghaghra river by
constructing a barrage at Sarda Nagar (Lakhimpur District) and diverting water through
feeder channel 258.8 km,
4 Canal descriptions
4.1 Salient feature
The canal takes of from river Sarda at Banbasa. Its capacity is 350 cumecs, but the
supplies go down to about 130 cumecs during winter and early summer before snow
melting starts. The annual irrigation was limited to 33% of the culturable commanded
area of 25.5 lacs hectares. Even this irrigation was of a protective nature and in the
districts lower down in the system with C.C.A of 10.08 lac hectares, it was only 19%.
This region was, therefore, almost entirely dependant on rains and suffered from
succession of droughts.

Sarda Sahayak Pariyojna has been implemented to augment and extend irrigation in the
above referred lower reaches of Sarda Canal System. The project envisages diversion of
supplies of rivers Ghagra and Sarda by constructing barrages across and linking the two.
A 258.8 km. long Feeder channel with a capacity of 650 cumecs (23000 cusecs) has been
constructed to supply irrigation water to a culturable command area of 16.74 lac hectares.
The proposed annual irrigation intensity is 115% of C.C.A.

Against the provision of 16.74 lacs hectares C.C.A & 19.251 lacs hectares proposed
irrigation with intensity of 115%, the actual potential created is 19.033 lacs hectares upto
March 2001.
Construction of 258.80 km. long feeder channel with capacity of 650 cumecs (23000
cusecs) crossing river Gomti and Sai through aqueducts has been done. The lining in
feeder channel in filling reaches in a total length of 131.15 km. and protective lining on
slopes only in user reaches in 60.52 km. length has been done.
Under this project 1378.00 km. long main canal & branches and 14684.00 km. long
distributaries & minors has been constructed.
For improving the drainage system of the area by remodeling the departmental drains and
to a larger capacity channelising the small natural drainages an extensive program has
been launched under this project. The total length of drains executed were 17752 km.
including their pucca works.
2


The salient features of the canal system is given in Annexure I

Distribution system of Canal
Sl.
No.
Names of important
Channels
C.C.A. in Lac
Hectares (lac
acres)
3

Discharge in cumecs
(cusecs) (rounded
off)
1. Dariyabad Branch 6.87 (17.00) 242 (8533)
2. Barabanki Branch 1.03 (02.55) 36 (1250)
3. Haidergarh Branch 4.57 (11.31) 165 (5850)
4. Allahabad Branch 3.83 (09.45) 149.0 (5264)
5. Pratapgarh Branch 0.92 (02.28) 32.76 (1150)

A) Length of channel

2
Lay out of Canal network in Annex-1
3
Proposed 115% area in lac hectares
Sl. No. Length of channel New Remodeling Total
1. Branches - 1378.0 km
2. Distributaries and Minors 8552 km 6132 km

B) Capital cost of the revised project : 1276.17 crores
Actual expenditure occurred : 1299.12 crores
C) Culturable Command Area : 16.74 lac hectares
D) Proposed Irrigation (lac hectares)
Sl.
No.
Crops Proposed irrigation Lac
Hectares
Potential created Lac
Hectares
1. Rabi 48% of C.C.A 7.944
2. Rice 33% of C.C.A 5.462
3. Sugarcane 7% of C.C.A 1.158
4. Other
Kharif
27% of C.C.A 4.469
Total 115% of C.C.A 19.033

5. Agricultural coverage (planned and actual)

5.1 Soil Survey Details

Soil in the Sharda Sahayak Canal Command Area are formed by alluvial deposits by the
Sharda River, Ghaghra River the Ganges River and their tributaries, which are composed
of weathering materials originating sand stone, shale, lime stone in the Himalaya Range
and gravel or stone are not seen in the soils. Topography is generally flat and land
system is divided into three portions; a) Lowland which is located in lower portion
adjacent to inland ponds and marshy area such as ox-bow lakes; b) Upland which is
located on the natural level formed along river course; and c) vast Midland which forms
back plain of Upland and surround Lowland.

Agriculturally the alluvial soils of Uttar Pradesh are highly productive and constitute one
of the most fertile formations of the country. The soils respond very well to fertilizer
applications .They have immense potential for increased production levels. It have lately
been increased through adopting high yielding varieties and improved practices for
cultivation. The fertility status of N.P.K. are enclosed at Annexure.

5.2 Railfall

There are three main seasons such as winter, summer and Rainy season. The winter
period starts from middle of March, the summer season is from middle of June to
October. The normal yearly rainfall in command area is of the order of 980 mm.
Normally 85% of the rainfall occurs during the months of June to September. However
this timing is uncertain and the frequent breaks in the rains may be prolonged. Pre-
monsoon storms occur in May and early June but minimum rainfall comes with pre -
monsoon. Post-monsoon rainfall comes from late October to December and Sometimes
between January to April. Average Rainfall (50 years average) in district of Sarda
Sahayak Canal System is given at Annexure.

5.3 Humidity

The humidity of the area is high during the rainy season from July to September and is
minimum during the summer season from April to May. The recession is gradual.

5.4 Temperature

The rise in temperature is observed with beginning of March, May becomes the hottest
when mean day temperature rises upto 45C creating unbearable hot weather in the area.
Nights are still hot specially in the months of May and June. The day temperature begins
to drop in the later half of the month of July with the arrival of south-west monsoon. In
the month of October the day temperature continues to be more and less. Both day and
night temperature continues to fall till January when the minimum temperature is about
2.7C.
Comment [a1]: Data not available at present
Comment [a2]: Data available

5.5 Wind

The period from October to January is characterized by calm winds. During April to
June strong and scorching winds locally called Loo continue to blow till replaced by the
rain bearing winds after June, Fog occur occasionally during the winter on few occasion.

5.6 Cropping pattern
Crops and Cropping Pattern
Pre project cropping pattern under rain fed conditions: The Sharda canal System,
constructed in the year 1928 was to cater irrigation for 25.492 lac. Hectares With
intensity of irrigation as 32.7% (Rabi 17.4% and Kharif 15.3%).

The above figures show that the existing irrigation facilities cater for only a very small
percentage of the culturable area. This may be the basic reason for very low yields of the
crops and most of the crops given under rain fed condition.
Cropping pattern projected in irrigation scheme: A detailed study of crops which are
sown in Ghaghra-Gomti doab, Gomti-Sai doab and Sai-Ganga doab covering the tail
reaches of Sharda Canal greater has been conducted in the bulletin of Agricultural
Statistics for Uttar Pradesh (1963-64). The Geographical area, culturable area, crop
pattern etc. district wise and doab wise in the Ganga-Ghaghra doab lying to the east of
the proposed feeder channel are given as below:
Sl.
No.
Name of doab Culturable
area in lac
hectares
%age of
Rabi area
to C.A.
%age of
kharif
area to
C.A.
%age of
Total area
to C.A.
1. Ghaghra-Gomti doab 19.259 49.4 60.8 110.2
2. Gomti-Sai doab 7.465 46.6 59.1 105.7
3. Sai-Ganga doab 8.731 49.4 60.6 110.0
Total 35.455 48.8 60.4 109.2

The percentage of various crops shown to the culturable area are as under :-
Sl. No. Crops Area in lac hectares % of C.C.A
1. Kharif 3.90 15.3
2. Rabi 4.43 17.4
Total 8.33 32.7
Season Crops Revised Cropping
Pattern (%)
Area in lac
hectares
Kharif Rice 33.5 5.61
Sugarcane 4.5 0.75
Other Khrif 22.4 3.75
Total 60.4 10.11
Rabi Wheat 11 1.84
Barley 14.3 2.39
Other Rabi 23.50 3.93
Total 48.8 8.16
Grand Total 109.2 18.27

The percentage of non food crops to culturable area is very low. The average percentage
of sugarcane area to the culturable area is only 4.58. This poor development is partly due
to shortage of water and partly due to absence of the required structure. It is expected
that due to the recent advancement in agricultural techniques and ushering of the Green
revolution, there should be a marked change in the cropping pattern and quality of crops
of this backward region. The main improvement will be the changes over of early rice to
late rice increase in sugarcane area and cultivation of high yielding varieties of wheat rice
and crops.
The cropping pattern has been adopted as suggested by Ministry of Agriculture, Delhi.
The area of paddy is kept 6.ha out of 20.000 lac hectares.C.C.A. But instead of late
variety, high yielding early to medium varieties of rice shall be introduced that matures in
not more than 135 days. Transplantation of rice has to be delayed to the 2
nd
weak of July
when the monsoon is active. The area under sugarcane has been proposed as 0.753 lac
hectares and the planting to start in the month of March, water availability in summer is
low and so maize showing is proposed to be taken up in the middle of June and the crops
will largely be allowed to mature from rain water. The area proposed under maize is 3.64
lac hectares. Area under fodder has been proposed only 0.405 lac hectares. as the water
requirement of the crop in summer is very high, in winter water availability in the month
of February is critical for Rabi crops and only 4.77 lac hectares., high yielding variety of
wheat which is sown later can be grown as the best choice.
With the above cropping pattern it is seen that plenty of water is available between the
months of October to January when potato and oil seeds can be introduced as a cash
crop. Accordingly 1.41 lac hectares. of potato and 1.01 lac hectares. of oil seeds have
been proposed for irrigation.
Present cropping pattern :
Cropping pattern of different crops for the years viz. 1992-93, 1997-98, 2006-07 and for
projected year (2015-16) in Sharda Sahayak Canal System is given at Annexure
Statistics of crop coverage (2006-07) in all the 16 districts as a whole apportioned to the
no. of blocks falling in the project area is given at Annexure. It is seen that major crops in
Sharda Sahayak Canal Command are rice, maize, wheat, arhar, masoor, pea, rapeseed-
mustard and sugarcane. Out of gross area sown under kharif and rabi, the area covered
under Rice is 32.52%, Maize 1.99%, Wheat 41.06%, Arhar 1.86%, Masoor 1.60% and
Sugarcane 4.48%.
The statistics of coverage of major crops apportioned to the number of blocks falling in
the project area for the year 2006-07 as under:-
Season Sl.
No.
Crop Area (ha) Productivity
(Qts/ha)
Kharif
1. Paddy 1338.375 19.40
2. Maize 81.750 12.03
3. Other kharif 100125 9.23
4. Sugarcane 184.223 474.28
Rabi
5. Wheat 1690.045 22.56
6. Barley 27.615 15.57
7. Arhar 76.74 11.47
8. Masoor 65.789 9.29
9. Pea 56.083 9.55
10. Rapeseed mustard 39.650 7.70
11. Potato 74.211 177.26
12. Gram 55.086 9.26
CROPS
% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA TOTAL AREA (Hectare)
1992-
93
1997-
98
2006-
07
Projecte
d in the
year
2015-16
1992-
93
1997-
98
2006-
07
Projected
in the
year
2015-16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RICE 34.08 34.11 32.52 37.96
147821
8
143943
0
133837
5
1539031
MAIZE 2.30 1.51 1.99 2.61 99855 63795 81750 105627
BAZARA 1.19 1.19 1.15 1.29 51596 50158 47512 52232
JOWAR 1.60 2.45 1.15 1.28 69455 103270 47248 51863
URD 0.84 0.89 0.93 1.04 36392 37500 38412 42102
MOONG 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.08 2191 1846 1450 3350
MOTH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 83 11 0 25
Comment [a4]: Data available


WHEAT 37.54 38.46 41.06 45.83
162847
1
162308
0
169004
5
1858217
BARLEY 1.12 0.83 0.67 0.39 48750 35004 27615 15691
GRAM 3.14 2.17 1.34 0.97 136009 91632 55086 39185
PEA 1.42 1.32 1.36 0.97 61416 55790 56083 39267
ARHAR 2.78 2.36 1.86 1.32 120767 99576 76739 53706
MASOOR 0.86 0.98 1.60 1.97 37401 41488 65789 80046
SUGARCANE 3.90 3.99 4.48 5.19 169208 168515 184223 210597
POTATO 1.89 1.87 1.80 1.74 81825 78746 74211 70376
TIL 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.17 5595 6802 7529 6800
GROUNDNUT 0.21 0.36 0.12 0.60 9241 15309 5111 24242
SOYABEEN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 30 10 152
RAPESEED&
MUSTARD
0.88 1.01 0.96 1.08 38281 42617 39650 43770
LINSEED 0.14 0.13 0.05 0.06 6282 5281 2114 2270
GROSS CROPPED
AREA
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
433748
7
422039
8
411607
5
4238549

Variation of GCA for RICE
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA
% OF GROSS
CROPPED AREA
34.08 34.11 32.52 37.96
1992-93 1997-98 2006--07
Projected in
the year
2015-16


Variation of G.C.A for WHEAT
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA
% OF GROSS
CROPPED AREA
37.54 38.46 41.06 45.83
1992-93 1997-98 2006--07
Projected in
the year

Rice, Wheat and Sugarcane are the main crops grown in the Command Area of Sarda
Sahayak Pariyojna. On analysis of the pre project, present and post project crop coverage
and productivity, it is seen that area under rice, wheat, maize and sugarcane has reached
over the projected area coverage in the Irrigation Scheme but productivity of these crops
are at a very low level in comparison to the targeted yields in the Irrigation Project. As
described earlier there has been continuous increase in the irrigated area of the project
which indicates that area under these crops irrigated by canals has been increasing and
thereby increases in productivity. Under CAD program when field channels up to each
holding would be provided and better water distribution system is ensured through PIM
4
,
farmers trained and demonstrated in improved cultivation practices, the crop coverage
would increase at a faster rate thereby full utilization of Irrigation potential.
The percentage of non food crops to culturable area is very low. The average percentage
of sugarcane area to the culturable area is only 4.5%. This poor development is partly due
to shortage of water and partly due to absence of the required irrigation structure. It is
expected that due to the recent advancement in agricultural techniques there should be a
marked change in the cropping pattern and the quality of crops of this backward region.

4
Participatory irrigation management : A key factor in improving water use efficiency as well as productivity, is responsible of
maintaining the field channels below the outlets and the field / intermediate drains are to be maintained by the water users association
for which the management subsidy for the farmers association is provided by the Govt. of India at the rate of Rs. 600 per ha.

Variation of GCA for SUGARCANE
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA
% OF GROSS
CROPPED AREA
3.90 3.99 4.48 5.19
1992-93 1997-98 2006--07
Projected in
the year
2015-16
The cropping pattern has been adopted as suggested by Ministry of Agriculture, Delhi.
The area of paddy is kept 16.2 lac acres out of 49.5 lac acres of C.C.A .but instead of late
variety, high yielding early to medium varieties of rice shall be introduced, which will
mature in not more than 135 days. Transplantation of rice has to be delayed to the 2
nd

week of July when monsoon is active. The area under sugarcane has been proposed as 3.0
lacs acres and the planting to start in the in the month of March. Water availability in
summer is low and so maize sowing is proposed to be taken up in the middle of June and
the crops will largely be allowed to mature on rain water. The area proposed under maize
is 9.0 lacs acres. Area under fodder has been proposed only 1 lac acre as the water
requirement of this crop in summer is very high. In winter water availability is critical for
Rabi crops mainly in the month of February and only high yielding variety of wheat
which is sown later can be grown as the best choice in 11.80 lac acres.
With the above cropping pattern it is seen that plenty of water is available between the
months of October to January when potato and oil seeds can be introduced as a cash crop.
Accordingly 3.50 lac acres land for potato and 2.5 lacs acres land for oil seeds have been
proposed for irrigation.
Constraints and proposed remedial measures
In the last few years the irrigation efficiency has gone down. The reasons
for non-achievement of proposed irrigation are shortage of water to meet the
present requirement for high yielding varieties. Masonry works are still required
to be strengthened to run the main canal and branches upto their full capacities,
some works of distribution system are also required to be remodeled and
strengthened, some new head and cross regulators and escape heads are required
to be constructed.
The present constraints in the operation of water supply are as follows:
(a) Insufficient canal water against crop water requirements.
(b) Irregular water requirements due to mixed cropping pattern.
(c) Irregular water supply because of poor water management.
(d) High canal water loss, especially seepage.
(e) No regulation of diversion to outlets.
(f) Insufficient communication system.
In view of the above stated conditions, it is essential that canal banks are
strengthened and masonry works are replaced, renovated and improved. It is
necessary to make the detailed studies regarding design provision and actual
conditions existing on the field. In case of the existing Sharda Canal System, so
that remedial measures and provisions of additional facilities could be identified
and executed accordingly.
Status of On Farm water management system
Water is one of the most important inputs in an assured crop production particularly in all
such area where there is scarcity of water and irregular distribution of rainfall. In fact,
plants need water continuously during their life and that too in huge quantities. An
efficient utilization of available irrigation water is of paramount importance.
Mismanagement of water as improper scheduling, over utilization, lack of proper
drainage etc.. In some area vast tract of agricultural land has been rendered unproductive
due to these problems.
Importance of Irrigation water for crop production
Plants need water for their growth including photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration,
metabolic activities and utilization of mineral nutrients. Both its shortage and excess
after the growth and development of plant directly and, consequently effects its yield and
quality.

Efficient Irrigation Water management
In fact irrigation water management with respect to crop production is a multidimensional
which takes in account the management of water at its source, during its conveyance in
irrigation channels, to the farmers fields where it is distributed and finally when it is
utilized by the crop plants. Plants as well as the soil lose the water due to unabated
evaporative demand of the enveloping atmosphere. As a result, water deficit occurs in
plants and soil. In order to avoid the deficit the rate at which plant and soil lose the water
must be compensated by the flow of water from soil to plant roots. Over a period of time,
there will not be enough waters in soil to maintain the rate of supply of water to plant
roots .
Therefore. in order to achieve efficient water, management all efforts are concentrated to
minimize water losses in conveyance channels which can be achieved through using
standard design. Maintaining designed cross sectional area, cleaning lining etc.. And
uniform application of water in farmers field .

Water Management in Command Area
Irrigation management in Command Area may be defined as a process of monitoring,
controlling and guiding the water flow in irrigation channels comprising of main
canal, branch canal, distributaries, minor, water courses and in the farmers field
so as to utilize maximum water release from reservoir or diversion bear by crop
and possibly through manipulating cropping pattern to minimum water losses
and achieving maximum water use efficiency without causing environmental and
land degradation including water logging, salinity or alkalinity build-up in the
root zone.
Project Objectives and proposed work
Aims and Objectives
C.A.D. programme sponsored by Government of India, Ministry of Water Resources
envisages utilisation of created potential and optimum production by taking up
construction of field channels and formulation and implementation of osrabandi
alongwith other allied activities for integrated and overall development of Command
Area. With this aim and objective Sharda Canal System has been included under the
centrally sponsored programme. Already there exists a comprehensive U.P. Area
Development Act, 1976 in which provisions for taking up the activities have been
included. Different elements of the programme as envisaged in this act are enumerated
as follows :-
1. Modernisation, maintenance and efficient operation of the irrigation system up
to the outlet.
2. Development of field channels and field drains within the command of each
outlet.
3. Development and maintenance of the main and intermediate drainage system.
4. Land leveling on an outlet command based on the type of irrigated crop that is
to be grown.
5. Consolidation of holdings and redrawing of field boundaries on an outlet
command basis, wherever necessary.
Creation and Utilisation
The ultimate irrigation potential in the irrigation project is 19.25 lac ha. . Against this,
potential utilization has reached the level of 891.396 th. ha. in the year 1994-95. The
utilization in the year2004-05 are given below:

Seuson Progresslve Creuted
Potentlul (000 hu.)
Potentlul Utlllzutlon
(000 hu.)
Khurlf 1108.900 346.961
Rubl 794.400 373.507
Totul 1903.300 720.468
6 Water utilization (planned and actual)
One of the main objectives under CAD Program is to raise irrigation utilization to the
level of created potential. The first activity which attracts attention in achieving this goal
is, construction of field channels. In various ways the terms of potential created and
utilized are defined. If the potential as having been created once when the government
outlet on a distributary / minor has been constructed, then the entire command in respect
of which potential has been reported as having been created, could be treated as having
been utilized only if the construction of field channels upto the holding or within the
block had also been fully completed. This being so, due emphasis was laid on the
construction of field channels in the command. The construction network of field
channels in the command provides the infrastructure, needed for supply of water to the
whole of the command area.
Year wise potential creation and utilization in Sharda Sahayak Canal system is given
below
5
:
Sl.
No.
Year Cumulative
Potential
Creation
Utilization
Kharif Rabi Total
1 2 3 4 6 8
1 1974-75 127.00 13.0 54.0 67.0
2 1975-76 175.00 38.0 81.0 119.0
3 1976-77 385.00 55.0 91.0 146.0
4 1977-78 770.00 143.0 199.0 342.0
5 1978-79 890.00 145.0 288.0 433.0
6 1979-80 1000.00 282.0 400.0 682.0
7 1980-81 1050.00 195.0 435.0 630.0
8 1981-82 1100.00 222.0 450.0 672.0
9 1982-83 1235.00 297.0 453.0 750.0
10 1983-84 1300.00 314.0 444.0 758.0
11 1984-85 1350.23 359.3 438.7 798.0
12 1985-86 1408.33 351.2 456.7 807.9
13 1986-87 1428.33 380.1 363.8 743.9
14 1987-88 1438.52 278.3 460.6 738.9
15 1988-89 1478.56 365.0 463.1 828.1
16 1989-90 1481.11 371.9 451.1 823.0
17 1990-91 1499.26 373.1 464.7 837.8
18 1991-92 1510.44 382.7 469.1 851.8
19 1992-93 1520.42 409.9 473.6 883.5
20 1993-94 1528.71 368.5 474.6 843.1
21 1994-95 1530.48 414.8 476.6 891.4
22 1995-96 1536.67 407.3 367.3 774.6
23 1996-97 1544.17 397.6 452.0 849.6
24 1997-98 1464.18 396.9 336.8 733.7

5
Source : Irrigation Department,Lucknow (U.P.)
25 1998-99 1571.35 402.5 431.8 834.3
26 1999-00 1586.35 394.0 416.5 810.5
27 2000-01 1903.35 364.7 370.9 735.6
28 2001-02 1903.35 389.8 413.0 802.8
29 2002-03 1903.35 373.7 348.1 721.8
30 2003-04 1903.35 339.7 358.8 698.5
31 2004-05 1903.35 347.0 373.5 720.5







Factors affecting potential creation and utilization
The extent of irrigation potential created and utilized is dynamic in character and is
subject to change depending on the following parameters / variables
(i) Actual availability of water being less from the planned availability.
(ii) Actual canal capacities being less than the designed capacities.
Comparison of Utilisation and
Potential
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1
9
7
4
-
7
5
1
9
7
7
-
7
8
1
9
8
0
-
8
1
1
9
8
3
-
8
4
1
9
8
6
-
8
7
1
9
8
9
-
9
0
1
9
9
2
-
9
3
1
9
9
5
-
9
6
1
9
9
8
-
9
9
2
0
0
1
-
0
2
2
0
0
4
-
0
5
Year
H
e
c
t
a
r
e
s
Cumulative Potential Creation Utilization
(iii) Actual cropping pattern being different from the planned / anticipated
cropping pattern.
(iv) Actual requirement of water being different from planned requirements.
(v) Actual conveyance / operational / seepage and other losses being different
from the designed losses.
(vi) Absence of right irrigation and inefficient use of irrigation water as against
the norms of warabandi system.
(vii) Poor maintenance of macro and micro distribution network.
(viii) Inadequate construction of infrastructural works meant for conveyance
and distribution of water.
(ix) Use of water more than the requirement of crops.
(x) Inadequate drainage facilities leading to water logging and salinity /
alkalinity.
(xi) Gestation period normally encountered in creation of and asset and its
complete utilization.
Because of these parameters / variables of potential creation and its utilization before
comparing a particular project, it will be necessary to take cognizance of above factors
and adopt the figures of created potential realistically. The lag between the two should
then be analyzed on the basis of cropping pattern adopted in addition to the other factors
relating to inadequacies in the system and availability of water.

6.3 Domestic

6.4 Industrial

6.5 Historical discharge


6.6 Potential utilization and gap
Environmental precautionary measures by SSP-2

1 page
Externalities (positive & negative)

2 pages
Cost benefit analysis (methodology & gist)

2 pages



Future scenarios (water demand & supply, demographic, economic and other
parameters)

4 pages

Main issues and policy implications

2 pages
Tables


1. Particulars of the river


2. Location of CIS


3. Characterisctic of barrage


4. Command area details


5. Supporting tables for cropping pattern, LU, etc





ANNEXURE I
Salient Features of Feeder Channel
Length - 258.80 km
Twin channel - 26 to 104.15 km
Lined section- Total 131.10 km. in filling reaches
A) Designed discharge
a) Upto silt ejector at 0.3 km.- 765 cumecs
b) Beyond silt ejector 650 cumecs
c) Slope 0.091 m/km (1/11000)
B) Cross drainage works
a) Major Syphons
I. Chuka river syphon 12 barrels of 4.5 m x 4.5 m
II. Ull river syphon 18 barrels of 4.5 m x 4.5 m
III. Local river syphon - 4 barrels of 3.0 m x 3.0 m
IV. Local river syphon - 4 barrels of 3.5 m x 3.5 m
V. Kewani river siphon 12 barrels of 3.5 m x 3.5 m
VI. Lashkarpur siphon - 6 barrels of 3.0 m x 3.0 m
VII. Bakwa siphon - 7 barrels of 3.5 m x 3.5 m
VIII. East Kalyani siphon 12 barrels of 3.5 m x 3.5 m
IX. Reth siphon - 6 barrels of 4.5 m x 4.5 m
b) Small syphons 30 nos.
c) Acquaducts
i) Gomti Acquaduct
Canal discharge : 357 cumecs
River discharge : 4530 cumecs
No. of spans : 12 spans
Length of spans : 31.8 m
Size of through : 12.8 x 7.45 m
ii) Sai Acquaduct
Canal discharge : 167 cumecs
River discharge : 2830 cumecs
No. of spans : 5 spans
Length of spans : 35.5 m
Size of through : 73 x 6.35
C) Bridges
i) P.R.Bs : 18 nos.
ii) V.R.Bs : 70 nos.
iii) Railway bridges : 4 nos.
D) Earth Work
i) By manual labour, donkeys and camels : 619 lac cumecs
ii) By machines : 86 lac cumecs