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Ceramic Materials
1442 The specific gravity of Al2O3 is 3.96 g/cm3. A ceramic part is produced by sintering alumina powder. It weighs 80 g when dry, 92 g after it has soaked in water, and 58 g when suspended in water. Calculate the apparent porosity, the true porosity, and the closed pores. Solution: From the problem statement, r 58. From the equations, apparent porosity The bulk density is B Therefore: true porosity closed porosity r r 40.58 Ww Ww Wd Ws 3.96, Wd 92 92 80 g, Ww 80 58 92, and Ws

100 Ws) 3.96

100 58)

35.29% 2.3529 g/cm3.

Wd (Ww B

80 (92 2.3529 3.96

100 35.29

100

40.58%

5.29%

1443 Silicon carbide (SiC) has a specific gravity of 3.1 g/cm3. A sintered SiC part is produced, occupying a volume of 500 cm3 and weighing 1200 g. After soaking in water, the part weighs 1250 g. Calculate the bulk density, the true porosity, and the volume fraction of the total porosity that consists of closed pores. Solution: The appropriate constants required for the equations are: r Ww 3.1 g/cm3 1250 g Wd 1Ww B Wd 1200 g 500 cm3 1200 g Ws 2 1200 11250 Ws 2 2.4 g/cm3

Therefore: B 2.4 or Ws 750 g

157

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Instructors Solution Manual Ww Ww 1r r 10 Wd Ws B2 1250 1250 2.42 3.1 1200 750 100

apparent porosity true porosity closed porosity fclosed

100 13.1

100 22.58%

10%

22.58

12.58% 0.44

12.58 22.58

1454 Calculate the O:Si ratio when 20 wt% Na2O is added to SiO2. Explain whether this material will provide good glass forming tendencies. Above what temperature must the ceramic be heated to be all-liquid? Solution: MWsoda MWsilica 2122.992 28.08 16 21162 61.98 g/mol 60.08 g/mol 0.1951 2.24

mole fraction Na2O O Si

20 g 61.98 g/mol 20 61.98 80 60.08

11 O Na2O210.19512 12 O SiO2 210.80492 11 Si SiO2 210.80492

Since the O Si ratio is less than 2.5, it should be possible to produce a glass. From the Na2OSiO2 phase diagram (Figure 1411), we find that, for 20 wt% Na2O, the liquidus temperature is about 1000 C. We must heat the material above 1000 C to begin the glass-making operation. 1455 How many grams of BaO can be added to 1 kg of SiO2 before the O:Si ratio exceeds 2.5 and glass-forming tendencies are poor? Compare this to the case when Li2O is added to SiO2. Solution: We can first calculate the required mole fraction of BaO required to produce an O:Si ratio of 2.5: O Si fBaO 2.5 0.33 11 O BaO2 fBaO 12 O SiO2 211 11 Si/SiO2 211 fBaO 2 and fsilica 0.67 fBaO 2

The molecular weight of BaO is 137.3 16 153.3 g/mol, and that of silica is 60.08 g/mol. The weight percent BaO is therefore: wt% BaO 10.33 mol21153.3 g/mol2 10.3321153.32 10.672160.082 x g BaO x g BaO 1000 g SiO2 11 O Li2O2 fLi2O and fsilica 100 55.69%

For 1 kg of SiO2, the amount of BaO is: 0.5569 or x 1257 g BaO

The mole fraction of Li2O required is: O Si fLi2O 2.5 0.33 11 Si SiO2 211 0.67 12 O SiO2 211 fLi2O 2 fLi2O 2

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The molecular weight of Li2O is 2(6.94) 16 29.88 g/mol, and that of silica is 60.08 g/mol. The weight percent Li2O is therefore: wt% Li2O 10.33 mol2129.88 g mol2 10.332129.882 10.672160.082 100 19.7%

For 1 kg of SiO2, the amount of Li2O is: 0.197 x g Li2O x g Li2O 1000 g SiO2 or x 245 g Li2O

Much larger amounts of BaO can be added compared to Li2O and still retain the ability to form a glass. 1456 Calculate the O:Si ratio when 30 wt% Y2O3 is added to SiO2. Will this material provide good glass-forming tendencies? Solution: MWyttria MWsilica 2188.912 31162 225.82 g/mol

60.08 g/mol

The mole fraction of yttria is (assuming a base of 100 g of ceramic): fyttria 30 g 225.82 g/mol 30 225.82 70 60.08 0.102

The O Si ratio is then: O Si 13 O Y2O3 210.1022 12 O SiO2 210.8982 11 Si SiO2 210.8982 2.34

The material will produce a glass. 1457 Lead can be introduced into a glass either as PbO (where the Pb has a valence of 2) or as PbO2 (where the Pb has a valence of 4). Such leaded glasses are used to make what is marketed as crystal glass for dinnerware. Draw a sketch (similar to Figure 1410) showing the effect of each of these oxides on the silicate network. Which oxide is a modifier and which is an intermediate? Solution: PbO2 provides the same number of metal and oxygen atoms to the network as does silica; the PbO2 does not disrupt the silicate network; therefore the PbO2 is a intermediate. PbO does not provide enough oxygen to keep the network intact; consequently PbO is a modifier.

Pb Pb

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Instructors Solution Manual

1458 A glass composed of 65 mol% SiO2, 20 mol% CaO, and 15 mol% Na2O is prepared. Calculate the O:Si ratio and determine whether the material has good glass-forming tendencies. Estimate the liquidus temperature of the material using Figure 1416. Solution: Based on the mole fractions, we can determine the O:Si ratio: O Si O Si 12 O SiO2 210.652 2.54 11 O CaO210.202 11 Si SiO2 210.652 11 O Na2O210.152

The glass-forming tendencies are relatively poor and special attention to the cooling rate may be required. To determine the liquidus, we must find the weight percentages of each constituent. The molecular weights are: MWsilica MWCaO MWsoda wt% SiO2 60.08 g/mol 40.08 2122.992 16 16 56.08 g/mol 61.98 g/mol 10.652160.082 10.202156.082 10.202156.082 10.202156.082 10.152161.982 10.202156.082 10.152161.982 10.152161.982 10.152161.982 100

10.652160.082 65.56% 10.652160.082 18.83% 10.652160.082 15.61%

wt% CaO

100

wt% Na2O

100

From the ternary phase diagram, this overall composition gives a liquidus temperature of about 1140 C.