The 5th International Conference on Computer Science & Education Hefei, China.

August 2427, 2010

ThP8.23

A Three-phase Active Power Filter Based on the Space Vector Theory

Wang Li-ping,
Gansu Electric Power Design Institute, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China leepingwang@tom.com

Shi Zhen-yin,
Gansu Electric Power Design Institute, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China zhenyinshi@hotmail.com

Yang De-zhou
Gansu Electric Power Design Institute, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China yangdzh@vip.sina.com

AbstractThe three-phase active power filter, which bases on generalized instantaneous reactive power theory, has simple control and calculation principle, and it can effectively simplify instruction current calculation and applies in asymmetry and mutation network. However, this controlling method is also complicated, because of the higher-class filter and the constraint of the calculation speed. This article further generates a brand new controlling calculation for three-phase power filter that is built on the space-vector theory. Besides all the same advantages, it can also further decrease the low-pass filter classes, lower the addition and multiplication calculating times, and improve the calculation speed. Adopting the same circuit parameter, this kind of filter could gain the better compensation efficiency, and it outputs lower harmonic current. The simulation result proves it has fabulous static and dynamic compensation properties and practical values. key words Active Filtering; Park Transformation; Space Vector; Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory; Power Factor

The former active power filter, found on traditional instantaneous reactive power theory or generalized instantaneous reactive power theory, cant directly applies in three-phase and four-wire system, therefore, the reference [18] further proposes another new control method for three-phase and four-wire active power filter, which is directly established on generalized instantaneous reactive power theory. Not depending on the impact of voltage distortion, this control method can improve the calculation of command current, correct the calculation of current harmonic and reactive component, and also be applied in a condition of load current asymmetry. Its whole circuit structure is simple with smaller inductance and capacitor, lower breaker frequency and loss, and better economy and practicality, especially for three-phase and four-wire active power filter with three-group switch. References 17 and 18 give us a better improvement on the control method of active power filter, but the analysis is lack of the effect on output harmonic for the pulse modulation and the utilization rate for the DC bus voltage. Our article further proposes a brand new control method for three-phase and fourwire active power filter that is built on the space-vector control theory. Besides all the advantages mentioned above, this method takes DC coordinate directly calculate the whole harmonic wave and reactive component for three-phase current, the low-pass filter adopts the second-order Butterworth filter, and the space-vector modulation directly uses DC component. The entire control algorithm is simpler, also with both higher DC voltage utilization and lower output current harmonic. II.

I.

INTRODUCTION

As the power electronic technology rapidly develops, various kinds of power devices, which work under nonlinear boundary conditions, have been found a wide application. They play an important roles in energy saving, production efficiency increasing, and human life quality improving. However, because of their nonlinearity and diversity, the power electronic equipments result in lots of harmonic waves and reactive current entering the power grid, which cause lower power system efficiency, unexpected power factor, and other devices disturbance. These will seriously threat power grid quality and customer equipment [1, 2]. Based on traditional instantaneous reactive power theory or generalized instantaneous reactive power theory, the active power filter cant effectively filter out fundamental reactive component, and which generates slightly larger number [5~8] while calculating the positive-sequence fundamental amplitude. The reference [17] provides a new control method for threephase shunt active power filter that bases on generalized instantaneous reactive power theory. Not concerning sequencecomponent calculation, this control method is pretty simple, which has only few multiply operation. Almost not depending on the impact of voltage distortion, it can be not only applied in load asymmetry and mutation, but also effectively filter out fundamental reactive component.

PARK TRANSFORMATION THEORY

Based on the following changes, Park transformation will make quantity a, b, and c into another three quantities (As different coefficients may be used, there will be several different forms. Only one type will be introduced here.) For example, to the current, we transfer the positive-sequence fundamental wave current ia,ib,ic into another three different current id, iq, and i0 and we call them as the stator current axis d, axis q, and axis zero components respectively. In this case, we have the following formulas:
cos cos ( 120D ) i cos ( + 120 D ) ia d 2 D D iq = sin sin ( 120 ) sin ( + 120 ) ib 3 1 1 1 i0 2 ic 2 2

978-1-4244-6005-2/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

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cos ( t + a ) 0 ia i I cos t a 120D ) b= m ( + 0 ic cos ( t + a0 + 120D ) id i = 2 I m q 3 i0 cos ( t + 0 ) cos ( t + 0 120D ) cos ( t + 0 + 120D ) D D sin ( t + 0 ) sin ( t + 0 120 ) sin ( t + 0 + 120 ) 1 1 1 2 2 2

cos ( t + a ) 0 cos ( t + a0 120D ) cos ( t + a0 + 120D ) cos (0 a0 ) = I m sin ( 0 a0 ) 0 1 = I m 0 0

Figure 1. voltage and current vector in - coordinate system

Space vector PWM is one method to control three-phase and six IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor), which could make sure less harmonic produced from three-phase inverting current. In comparison with Sinusoidal Modulation, it can improve the utilization efficiency of the power supply. 3 Figure 2 is a typical voltage-type PWM inverter. Using its switch state, sequence configuration, and switch-time adjustment, the inverter IGBT can make voltage space vector moving in circular trajectory and produce the output both in less harmonic and higher DC utilization efficiency.

III.

INSTANTANEOUS REACTIVE POWER THEORY AND SPACE VECTOR

The key transformation of instantaneous reactive power theory can be regarded as one of the Park transformation, and the essence is to change the nth harmonic to (n-1)th harmonic signal. So the general 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, and so on, all the odd harmonic will be changed to 200Hz, 300Hz AC signal, and fundamental frequency component will be turned into DC signal. Based on the digital signal processing theory, if DC signal is separated form 200Hz and even higher frequency signal, the parameter of the low-pass filter need fully be considered, which then could satisfy the higher filtering accuracy and faster response speed. Assuming the transient value of the three-phase voltage and current as ea, eb, ec and ia,ib,ic respectively, for the convenience of analysis, we put them in the - two-phase orthogonal coordinate system for research. From the following transformation, we can gain and two-phase instantaneous voltage e and e , and also two-phase instantaneous current i and i .
ea e = C32 eb e ec ia i i = C32 ib ic

Figure 2. Figure 2 three-phase voltage-type inverting circuit

In figure 2, the V1~V6 are the six IGBTs and a,b,c stand for the states of the three bridge-arms. Supposing the upper bridgearm of the IGBT is in on state, the switch state is 1. (At the mean time, the lower bridge-arm must be in off state.) When the lower bridge-arm of the IGBT is in on, the switch state is 0. (At this time, the upper bridge-arm must be in off state.) Therefore, the three bridge-arms have only 1 and 0 states, and a,b,c will form 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and 111, totally in eight switching modes. The 000 and 111 states make the inverter zero voltage output, so we call the two modes as zero state. The relationship between the line-voltage vectors of threephase inverter [UAB UBC UCA]T and switch-state vector [a b c]T can be described as:
U AB 1 1 0 a U = U 0 1 1 b BC DC 1 0 1 c U CA U A 2 1 1 a U = 1 U 1 2 1 b B 3 DC U C 1 1 2 c

In the above formula,

1 -1 2 -1 2 C32 = 2 3 0 3 2 - 3 2

As shown in figure 1, the vectors e ,e and i ,i can be synthesized into rotating voltage and current vector separately, so the formula is deduced as follow:
e = e + e = ee i = i + i = ii

In the formulas above, UDC is the DC power voltage, or called DC bus voltage. For the calculating convenience, we need reflect the eightswitch modes mentioned above into 0 plane rectangular

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coordinate. (TI Company in DSP reflects to dq0 coordinate, and MATLAB simulation environment does in 0 plane rectangular coordinate.) This eight states figure out six nonezero phasors and two zero phasors. The six none-zero phasors compose a regular hexagon, and all the adjacent phasors angles are 60 degree. In the regular hexagon, the two zero phasors are on the origin point. This eight phasors are right the basic voltage space ones, and they can be described as U0, U60, U120, U180, U240, U300, O000, and O111. The transformation matrix is as follow:
1 -1 2 -1 2 TABC = 2 3 0 3 2 - 3 2

Figure 5. calculation block diagram of instruction current

9 By using this matrix, the phase voltages in three-phase abc plane coordinate can be transfer into the 0 plane rectangular coordinate, and the conversion matrix is deduced:
1 U 2 U = 3 0 1 1 U A 2 2 UB 3 3 U C 2 2

10 According to formula (10), the phase voltages for the eight switch states a, b, and c will be converted into the components in the 0 plane rectangular coordinate, details see figure 3.

Figure 5 shows the controlling principle of the three-phaseshunt active power filter, which bases on the improved generalized instantaneous reactive power theory and the space vector controlling method. This controlling scheme is similar to the triangular wave modulation method (hysteresis-loop compare method), but there are also differences. Firstly, this method adopts second-order Butterworth filter. Secondly, after AC/DC transition, the DC component id minus the only positive fundamental component id that has been low-pass filtered, and then the whole AC harmonic and reactive component are gained. At the same time, the component id, which maintains DC capacitor-voltage component stable. Thirdly, the formula (12) shows the transfer matrix T, and the formula (11) does the transfer matrix T. As analyzed above, the current component in DC rotating coordinate dq0 can be transferred to DC static coordinate 0 (MATLAB Simulation Environment), and then the trigger impulse needed is generated through space-vector modulation. In the paragraph above,
D D 2 cos cos ( 120 ) cos ( + 120 ) T= 3 sin sin ( 120D ) sin ( + 120D )

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V.
Figure 3. Basic voltage space vector and conversion model

SIMULATION ANALYSIS

IV.

CONTROLLING SCHEME

This article utilizes MATLAB software to simulate the three-phase-shunt active power filter, which bases on the improved generalized instantaneous reactive power theory and the space vector controlling method. The low-pass filter adopts the second-order Butterworth filter, the SVPWM inverted switch frequency is 2 kHz, and the other circuit parameters are the same as references 16 and 17, which uses the triangular wave modulation method to make the active power filter.

Figure 4. the components of three-phase current in axis

and dq

Through the Clark transformation, the three-phase rotating coordinates a, b, and c can be transfer to the two-phase rotating coordinates d and q, then through the Park transformation, they will be convert to the two-phase static coordinates and Figure 4 describes the position relationships of the current components in the two coordinates 0dq and 0 , and the 0dq coordinate rotates in systematic synchronous speed . Depending on vector conversion principle, from figure 3 we can get the following formula.
i cos t sin t id i = cos t iq sin t

Figure 6. the current compensation waveform

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Figure 7. the frequency spectrum analysis for current waveform after compensation

We know from figure 6 and 7, the active power filter designed in this paper, which adopts the space vector controlling method and bases on the improved generalized instantaneous reactive power theory, could gain the better compensation efficiency with the same circuit parameter, less class of low-pass filter, and lower inverted switch frequency. Adopting the triangular wave controlling method and the space vector controlling method, the active power filter will turn out the THD 3.65% and 1.72% respectively after compensation. VI.

CONCLUSION

This paper designs a controlling method for three-phase active power filter, which is established on the space vector technology and the improved generalized instantaneous reactive power theory. Besides all the advantages designed before, this method calculates entire harmonics and reactive components for three-phase current in the rectangular coordinate system, the low-pass filter adopts the second-order Butterworth filter, and the space vector modulation directly utilizes DC component, therefore, the whole controlling calculation is even more simpler. In addition, once using this method, the active power filter has higher DC voltage utilization rate and lower harmonic wave output current. REFERENCES
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