EE 205 Dr. A.

Zidouri

Electric Circuits II The Transformer Lecture #23

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri The material to be covered in this lecture is as follows: o Introduction to Transformers o Analysis of a Linear Transformer Circuit o Reflected Impedance

After finishing this lecture you should be able to: Construct the frequency domain equivalent circuit of a transformer Analyze a linear transformer circuit Calculate the reflected impedance into the primary Calculate the scaling factor for the reflected impedance

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

Introduction
A Transformer is a magnetic device that takes advantage of the phenomenon of mutual inductance. A Transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two (or more) magnetically coupled coils. A Transformer may also be regarded as one whose flux is proportional to the currents in its windings. Consider the following general circuit model for a transformer used to connect a load to a source. jMI2 jMI1
a R1 jM R2 c

ZS

VS

I1

jL1

jL2

I2

Fig.33-1 Frequency-domain circuit model for a Transformer -3-

EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri Terminology The transformer winding connected to the source is the primary winding. The transformer winding connected to the load is the secondary winding. Where: R1 The resistance of the primary winding R2 The resistance of the secondary winding L1 The self inductance of the primary winding L2 The self inductance of the secondary winding M The mutual inductance VS The internal Voltage of the sinusoidal source ZS The internal impedance of the sinusoidal source ZL The Load impedance.

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

Analysis of a linear transformer circuit

The analysis of the circuit consists of finding I1 and I2 as a function of circuit parameters: R1, R2, L1, L2, M, VS, ZS, ZL and . Mesh 1 Mesh 2

VS = ( ZS +R1 + jL1 ) I1 - jMI2

(33-1) (33-2)

0 = -jMI1 + ( ZL +R2 + jL2 ) I2

For simplification, let

Z11 = R1 + jL1 + ZS Z22 = R2 + jL 2 + ZL

Thus,

Self impedance of the primary

(33-3)

Self impedance of the secondary (33-4) (33-5) (33-6)

VS = Z11I1 - jMI2 0 = -jMI1 + Z 22I2

From (33-6) yields:

I2 =

jM I1 Z 22

(33-7)

Substitute in (33-5) yields

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

Z11Z 22 + 2M2 2M2 VS = I1 = Z11 + I1 Z 22 Z 22

Therefore
I1 = Z 22 VS Z11Z 22 + 2M2 jM jM I2 = VS = I1 2 2 Z11Z 22 + M Z 22

(33-8)

Primary Current Secondary Current

(33-9) (33-10)

The impedance at the terminals of the source is: Z int - Z S so,

2M2 2M2 Z ab = Z11 + Z S = R1 + jL1 + Z 22 R2 + jL 2 + ZL

Impedance looking into the primary

(33-11)

Note: The impedance Zab is independent of the magnetic polarity of the transformer.

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

Reflected Impedance
2M2 The quantity Zr = R2 + jL 2 + ZL
is called the Reflected Impedance (33-12)

This is due solely to the existence of mutual inductance. To consider reflected impedance in more detail, we express the load impedance in rectangular form: ZL = RL + jXL (33-13) where XL is positive for inductive load and negative for capacitive load. Zr in rectangular form will be: 2M2 (RL +R 2 ) - j ( L 2 + XL ) Zr = 2 2 (RL +R2 ) + ( L2 + XL )

(33-14)

Zr =

2M2 Z 22
2

(RL +R2 ) - j ( L 2 + XL ) =

2M2 Z 22
2

Z 22

(33-15)

Therefore the Linear Transformer reflects the conjugate of the self-impedance of the secondary circuit

( Z 22 )

into the primary circuit.

2M2 Z 22
2

The coefficient

is called the scaling factor of the reflected impedance.

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

Example 33-1
Calculate the reflected impedance, the scaling factor, the primary and secondary currents for the Circuit of Fig.33-2: Parameters of the transformer R 2 = 40 , X1 = 400 ,

RL = 360 ,

XL = 200 ,
ZL

R1 = 100 , X2 = 100 , M = 80 , 245 ZS = 184 + j0 , VS = 0o V 2

M = k L1L 2
M = 0.4

( 0.125 )( 0.5 ) = 0.1 = 800 rad/s

Fig.33-2 Circuit for Example 33-1

The reflected impedance: Substituting equation (33-4) in equation (33-15) we get

2M2 Z 22
2

Z 22 = R 2 + jL 2 + ZL = (RL +R2 ) + j ( X2 + XL ) = 400 + j300

Z22 = 400 + j300 = 500 and Zr =
(RL +R2 ) - j ( L 2 + XL )

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri therefore

802 Zr = 400 - j300] =1.62 4 - j1.62 3 = 10.24 - j7.68 2 [ 500 802 64 = = 0.0256 Z 22 is reflected is The scaling factor by which 5002 2500
The primary current I1 is given by equation 33-9 as: Z 22 I1 = VS Z11Z 22 + 2M2 where Z11 = R1 + jL1 + ZS = 184 +100 + j400 = 284 + j400 and Z22 = 400 + j300 400 + j300 245 o 0 Therefore I1 = 2 ( 284 + j400 )( 400 + j300 ) + 80 2
50036.87o 245 0o = o 24528091.53 + 6400 2

0.5 - 53.13o A 2 o In the time domain, i1 = 0.5 cos 800t - 53.13 A =

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri The secondary current I2 is given by equation 33-10 as: jM I2 = I1 Z 22 where Z22 = 400 + j300 and M = 80

8090o 0.5 - 53.13o Therefore I2 = o 50036.87 2 80 0.08 I2 = = A 500 2 2 In the time domain, i2 = 0.08 cos 800t A

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EE 205 Dr. A. Zidouri

Self Test:
For the following circuit of Fig.33-3 What is the self-impedance of the primary? a) 500+j100 b) 700+j3700 c) 200+j3600 d) 1000+j4400 Correct answer b What is the self-impedance of the secondary? a) 900-j3700 b) 800-j2500 c) 900-j900 d) 100+j1600 Correct answer c What is the impedance reflected into the primary? a) 800-j2500 b) 100+j1600 c) 1000+j4400 d) 800+j800 Correct answer d

500+j100 a I1 300 V1

200 j1200

100

c I2 800-j2500

j3600

j1600 V2

b Fig.33-3 for SelfTest

What is the impedance seen looking into the primary terminals? a) 700+j4800 b) 200+j3600 c) 1000+j4400 d) 800+j800 Correct answer c - 11 -