1.

Ren Descartes was a natural philosopher more than a mathematician, best known for his quote Cogito ergo sum (French), which is translated as I think, therefore I am. However, his philosophy on the Universe is all about matter and motion, like a gigantic mathematically designed engine, which was the first philosophy that explains the nature with science and mathematics, inspired him to further his philosophy using mathematics, and gained him the title of The Father of Modern Philosophy. Ren Descartes was born on March 31st, 1596 in the town of La Haye in the south of France. His name in Latin was Renatus Cartesius, for he was the one who discovered the 2D-coordinates system, the system is then named after him as the Cartesian Coordinates system. On the other hand, the story that tells us that he discovered the system when he was gazing at spider webs was one that did not have proofs in official records. For a philosopher like him, it would be possible; but there are stories that were made up for enhancing one greatness, like the story Newton and his apple and Washington the honest. In spite of that, Ren Descartes Cartesian Coordinates System uses algebra to describe geometry and representing it in equations using x, y, and z for the unknowns and a, b, and c for the knowns. He also pioneered the use of standard notation using superscript to show the powers or exponents, for example the square of 2 is written as , and is to represent the square of

. As the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system, Descartes founded analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes theory provided the basis for calculus of Newton and Leibriz, by applying infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics and also the physics concept Conservation of Momentum, also known as Newtons Second Law of Motion, which we studied in Form 4 Chapter 2 Physics. Beside analytic geometry, Descartes mathematical legacy includes Descartes' rule of signs, a commonly used method to determine the number of positive and negative roots of a polynomial, and discovered the Law of Refraction, which is known as Descartes Law or more commonly Snells Law, which we studied in Form 4 Chapter 5 Physics. Lastly, Descartes authored many books in the field of philosophy, science and mathematics. His book on mathematics, Geometry, was published in 1637 in France and was translated into English by Michael Mahoney in 1979. Others were works of Descartes in hand scripts, and were rearranged to publish in various country and language.

2. (a)

Area Q: Trapezium Formula :

= 12

Area R: Square GFEE + trapezium CDEE = GF (EG) +

GF = EE= AB GH = 4m CE=CF EG = 2m

= 4(2) + =8+7 = 15

Area P: Calculus: Fitting the diagram into Cartesian plane, using scale of 1 m to 1 unit for both x-axis and y-axis. Thus, find the equations of line AE, ED, and DC. E(3, 4), A(0, 0). Gradient AE = =

Line eqn. AE: y = x

E(3, 4), D(4,2). Gradient ED =

= -2 substitute point E, 4 = -2(3) + c c = 10

Therefore, Line eqn. ED: y = -2x + 10 Line eqn. DC: y = 2 Area of P = +

= 15

(b) Perimeter of region P without hedge AB = AE + ED + DC + CB = +2

=5+

+3+2

= 10 +

// 12.2361 m

(c) Total cost of fence = 25(10 + = RM 305.90 -

The total cost for the length of fence needed exceeds the budget, and it is not possible to shorten the perimeter of region P, thus, it is not possible to carry out the fencing with an allocation of RM 250.00. However, the mathematics society could find another source of fence at a lower cost that would not exceeds the allocation. The mathematics society could also appeal to the board of the school for greater allocation.

(d)(i) - The flag chain can be tied to the hedge AB at two points because the triangle formed by th flag chain is an ambiguous case of triangle.

AE = 5 m, remaining flag chain = 9.2 5 = 4.2 m, = , EAB =

Let the points on the hedge AB be B for smaller angle EBA. =

EBA and B for greater angle

EBA =

AEB =

Therefore, AB =

= 4.2806 m EBA = AEB =

Therefore, AB = = 1.7194 m The flag chain can be tied at two points, B or B, 1.7194 m from point A on the hedge AB and 4.2806 m from point A on the hedge AB respectively. The calculations above are to find the 2 possible points on hedge AB due to the ambiguity of the triangle.

(ii) Maximum area of triangle obtained = Area of AEB

= (5)(4.2)

= 8.5613

3.

(a) radius =

m, Extend the line ED to the x-axis, and it touches the point D (5,0).

y = -2x +10, When y = 0, 2x = 10 x=5 Cut AED with line x= 3 to produced two right angle triangle AEA and EAD.

AA = 3 m, AD = 5 3 = 2 m, EA = 4 m.

AED = AEA + AED

AED =

AEA =

= 1.1071 rad.

AE = AD , EAD =

EDA = AED = = 1.1071 rad.

)(

(b) 80% Volume of water in pond =

= (

(1)

= 2.2142

(c)(i)

,V=

= 0.001(

= 2.7678

= 0.0003613

(ii)

0.0003613(10)(60) = 0.2168 m

(iii)

0.001t = 2.7678

t=

2767.8 s (

= 2767.8 s

748 // 46 minutes 7.8 seconds

(iv) Area AED =

Volume AED = 5(2)

=5

= 10

0.001t = 10

t = 10(1000)

10000 s ( )

= 10000 s Further Exploration

// 166 minutes 40 seconds

(i)

(60) = 5.8125(60) = 348.75 km

(ii) Malaccas latitude =

, 60 nautical miles = 111.12 km,

41-

) 111.12 = 387.068 km.

There is difference between the two answers. The deviation is cause by the less sensitivity of the map without smaller scale to obtain more accurate reading. (a)

Coordinates of SMJK (C) Kwang Hua = (

0351.3 N,

2734.74 E)

Coordinates of Klinik Guan Sdn. Bhd. = (

0337.8 N,

2735.28 E)

Coordinates of Poliklinik Rakyat = (

0350.01 N,

2716.14 E)

(i) Distance between Kwang Hua and Klinik Guan = 111.12

111.12

= 0.00375 = 0.4167 km

111.12

Distance between Kwang Hua and Poliklinik Rakyat = 111.12

111.12

= 0.005171 = 0.5746 km

111.12

Distance between Klink Guan and Poliklinik Rakyat = 111.12

111.12

= 0.006382 = 0.7092 km

111.12

(ii) Gradient of Line connecting Klink Guan and Poliklinik Rakyat = y= x+c

c=

46.99

Line eqn. of Line connecting Klink Guan and Poliklinik Rakyat: y =

x+

46.99

Gradient of Line connecting Kwang Hua and the Line connecting both clinics:

M = -1

y=

x+c

M=

c=

28.85

Line eqn. of Line connecting Kwang Hua and the Line connecting both clinics: y= x+ 28.85

Point that intercept both lines:

x+

28.85

x+

46.99

2.17x =

38.14

When x =

42.18, y =

28.68 // (

42.18N,

28.68E)

Distance between Kwang Hua and the Line connecting both clinics = 111.12

111.12

= 0.00304 = 0.3380 km

111.12