PROJECT REPORT ON NOTCH FILTERS

SUBMITTED TO: SIR ANJUM SHAHZAD GONDAL SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD ASIF AAMER SHEHZAD NASREEN AKHTAR TAHIR AZIZ SUBMITTED DATE: 13th-JUNE-2011. SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEMS DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS Q.A.U. ISLAMABAD

OVERVIEW
1.

INTRODUCTION FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS MATLAB PROGRAM EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS

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1. INTRODUCTION

NOTCH FILTER:A notch filter rejects a narrow frequency band and leaves the rest of the spectrum little changed. The most common example is 60-Hz noise from power lines. Another is low-frequency ground roll. Such filters can easily be made using a slight variation on the all-pass filter. In the all-pass filter, the pole and zero have equal (logarithmic) relative distances from the unit circle.

BAND REJECT/BAND STOP FILTERS:Bandstop filters are those that pass voltages outside the band between the two cutoff frequencies to the output while attenuating voltages at frequencies between the two cutoff frequencies. Bandpass
filters and Bandstop filters thus perform complementary functions in the frequency domain.

The band reject filter is one that passes all frequencies except a single band. A typical amplitude response of a band reject filter is shown in fig.1.

Fig.1
The band reject filter passes all frequencies that

are greater than c2 and less than c1. Its stopband is c1< < c2.

Bandstop filters are also characterized by some parameters

1. 2. 3. 4.

Two cutoff frequencies c1 & c2. The center frequency 0. The bandwidth . The quality factor Q.

Only two of these four parameters can be specified independently. These parameters are defined in the same way for both types of filters. So we examine Bandstop filters in the same way as we

did with the Bandpass filters.

THE CENTRAL FREQUENCY, BAND WIDTH & QUALITY FACTOR .

1. The central frequency o is defined as the frequency for which a circuits T.F. is purely real. It is also defined as the resonant frequency or corner frequency. 2. The central frequency is the geometric center of the stopband, i.e. 3. The magnitude of the TF is the min. central frequency Hmax 4. The bandwidth is the width of the stopband, i.e. = c2 -c1. 5. The quality factor Q is the ratio of the center frequency of the bandwidth

2. Working & F.D. ANALYSIS OF BANDSTOP FILTERS:

Consider the circuit shown in fig. 2.Using the same arguments as in lowpass & high pass filters, so as before changing the frequency of the source results in changes to the impedance of the capacitor and the inductor.
At = 0 the impedance of the capacitor is

so that the capacitor behaves like an open circuit, and the impedance of the inductor is jL = 0 so the inductor behaves like an short circuit. Thus Vo = Vi as shown fig. 3. At = the impedance of the capacitor is so that the capacitor behaves like a short circuit, and the impedance of the inductor is jL = so the inductor behaves like an open circuit. Thus Vo = Vi as shown fig. 4

Fig. 2

Fig.3.

Fig. 4

Between these two passbands, both the capacitor & inductor have finite impedances of opposite signs. As the frequency is increased from zero, jL increases and decreases. The phase shift between the input and output approaches -90 degree as L approaches 1/C. As soon as L exceeds , the phase jumps to +90 degree and then approaches to zero as continues to increase as shown in fig. 5.

Fig. 5

F.D. ANALYSIS:Lets now examine the circuit quantitatively. Consider the s-domain equivalent circuit for the series RLC circuit as shown in below figure.

The T.F. of the circuit is

(1)

This equation gives the magnitude and phase as before if we express it in polar form and substituting s=j we get

(2)

We now calculate the five parameters characterized above,

CENTRAL FREQUENCY:

The pure real part of the T.F. after putting s=j0 is (4)

Solving for o, we get (5)

CUTOFF FREQUENCIES c1 & c2:

Substituting (5) into (2) and solving, we get + (6)

(7)

We can find geometric mean of cutoff frequencies as (8)

BAND WIDTH:

(9)

QUALITY FACTOR: (10)

3. T.D. ANALYSIS:
Taking the inverse Laplace of the transfer function shown in eq.A with the help of matlab or mathematica (It is better to choose mathematica because it is more accurate), we get, the following equation
e0(t) ei(t

Since, notch filter deals with the variable frequencies, so, those inputs which have a constant frequency will have to no avail. Hence, all those responses are zero which has constant frequency.

4. MATLAB PROGRAM:
%**MATLAB PROGRAM OF NOTCH FILTER GAIN BY M.ASIF**% clear; % clear matlab memory R = 100; L = 1e-3; C = 100e-9; % define circuit parameters w = -250000:2:250000; % frequency values for spectra H = (R/L)*j*w./((j*w).^2 + (R/L)*j*w + 1/(L*C)); % system TF figure(1); plot(w,abs(H)); % plot magnitude spectrum xlabel('\omega rad/sec'); ylabel('|H(\omega)|'); title('RLC Circuit Gain/Magnitude Spectra');

5.

EXAMPLE:

Using the series RLC circuit shown below after the statement compute the component values that yields a band reject filter with =250Hz, a central frequency o =750Hz, using 100nF capacitor. Compute values of R,L, the cutoff frequencies c1 & c2, and quality factor Q.

Solution:
We begin with the quality factor Q

Q = 3

To compute L we convert o to radians per second and

To compute R,

R = L = 707

We can find c1 & c2 by using equations (6) & (7) and we get c1 = 3992.0 rad/sec & c2 = 5562.8 rad/sec

and the bandwidth is = c2 - c1 = 5562.8-3992.0 = 1570.8 rad/sec =250Hz and central frequency is

The magnitude plot of the above example with the help of above written Matlab program is shown below.

6. Applications:
It is used to remove noise from any desired signal. Used in network communication to remove the undesired signals. Used in radio or television to filter the frequency of our desired station or channel. Used in medical instruments to detect a particular disease. Used in communicative devices.

7.

Conclusions:

Lastly, in this project it is concluded that notch filter has great importance particularly in communication systems. Without notch filter we cannot eliminate our desired frequency in the bunch of frequencies. Moreover, there are a lot of successes have been achieved in medical field. Now we can detect diseases more rapidly and can cure them at time.