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GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. It is the world's most popular standard for mobile telephony systems. GSM is a cellular network(radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver known as a cell site or base station).It is a second generation (2G) mobile system. Main Principle-> Siignalliing and speech S gna ng and speech channells arre diigiittall channe s a e d g a Modullattiion used--> Gaussiian miiniimum--shiifftt Modu a on used > Gauss an m n mum sh keyiing ((GMSK)),, a kiind off conttiinuous-key ng GMSK a k nd o con nuous phase ffrrequency shiifftt keyiing phase equency sh key ng Frrequency Range--> 900 MHz or 1800 MHz F equency Range > 900 MHz or 1800 MHz 900 bands bands CELLULAR NETWORK: Mobile phones connect to GSM by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. The five types of cell are Macro cells - base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level Micro cells - antenna height is under average roof top level Pico cells - mall cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors Femto cells - residential or small business environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells - shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. SECTIONS OF GSM NETWORK The Mobile Station(MS) The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) GPRS Core Network The Operation Support Subsystem(OSS)

Mobile Station (MS)

The MS is the combination of subscriber data and the terminal equipment (ME-Mobile Equipment).The subscriber data is stored in a special module called SIM (Subscriber Identity Module).

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HLR-Home Location Register EIR-Equipment Identity Register MSC-Mobile Services Switching Center AUC-Authentication Center

BTS-Base Transceiver Station VLR-Visitor Location Register

PSTN- public switched telephone network

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) The base station subsystem consists of Base Station Controller or BSC Base transceiver station or BTS The BTS contains the equipment for transmitting and receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications with the base station controller (BSC). The base station controller (BSC) provides,

classically,

the intelligence behind

the

BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and controls handovers from BTS to BTS. Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS): The network subsystem consists of network elements MSC, HLR, VLR, AC and

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EIR. The component of a GSM system that carries out call switching and mobility phones

services in GSM. The core network also provides functions interception. Operation Support Subsystem (OSS): Operations Support Systems are computer systems used by telecommunications support such for other additional lawful

management functions for mobile

as billing and

roaming on the network of base stations. It allows mobile devices to communicate with each other and telephones in the

wider Public Switched Telephone Network or (PSTN). The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network, used for traditional GSM services such as voice

service providers. The term OSS most frequently describes "network systems"

calls, SMS, and circuit switched data calls. Functions Call switching Mobility management functions (i.e.) subscribers information Signaling Charging Subscriber Data Handling GPRS Core Network: It is the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections. It is the centralized part of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) system for 2G.The GPRS system is used for

dealing with the telecom network itself, supporting processes such as maintaining network inventory, provisioning network services, and

configuring

components,

managing faults. applications of OSS.

Network management

systems, Service delivery, are some of the

FEATURES Low-cost implementation of

the short message service (SMS) Subscriber Identity Module,

commonly known as a SIM card ( a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book) worldwide emergency

transmitting IP packets and the GPRS core network is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem. GPRS core network provides mobility management and Protocol packet

telephone number feature (112) Supports indoor coverage

management, session transport for Internet

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SIXTH SENSE TECHNOLOGY

Senses are used for perception. With five senses giving only the basic data about the milieu, a detail information and analysis cannot be performed without the intervention of the digital world. Sixth Sense bridges intangible, this gap, digital

the colored markers (visual tracking fiducials that act as reference in the field of view of an imaging system) at the tip of the users fingers using simple computer-vision techniques. The movements and arrangements of these fiducials are interpreted into gestures that act as interaction instructions for the projected

bringing

information out into the tangible world, and allowing us to interact with this information via natural hand gesture and suppots multi -touch and multi- user interaction.. Sixth Sense frees information from its confines by integrating it with

reality, and thus making the entire world your computer. It consists of a pocket projector, camera and mirror which are linked in a device. The projector projects visual pendant-like mobile wearing

application interfaces.

information enabling surfaces, walls and physical objects around us to be

GESTURES IN SIXTH SENSE:

Drawing a circle on the users wrist projects an analog watch. Drawing an @ symbol lets the user check his mail

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TECHNO CRACKS
1) Interviewer: Why is a thicker conductor necessary to carry a current in A.C.as compared to D.C? Candidate : An AC current goes up and down (drawing a sinusoid) and requires more space inside the wire, so the wire has to be thicker. 2) Customer :"You've got to fix my computer. I urgently need to print document, but the computer won't boot properly."

Tech Support : "What does it say?" Customer : "Something about an error Tech Support : "Look at your machine. Is there a floppy inside?" Customer : "No, but there's a sticker saying there's an Intel inside."

Tech support : @@@@@

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

ROLLTOP: The Laptop of the Future

How imaginary it will be to roll up your laptop like a paper and hang it on to your shoulder like a bottle or flask? If not then see this incredible design of foldable laptop . around the removable power supply stand. Tucked into the power stand is a webcam, speaker sound bar, USB ports, and the power supply and power cord. German Roll Top 's screen can either be formed into a 13-inch conventional laptop or rolled flat for a 17-inch tablet with stylus. Another great feature is you can stand it upright with a fold out support leg and watch videos like a flat screen There is an awesome Rolltop laptop concept by Evgeny Orkin. This is like a rolled up newspaper, but a digital one! The Rolltop is the best dream of flexible screen, and a screen serving as a multi touch keyboard. The RollTop is a flexible notebook concept that can be folded like a roll of paper allowing the user ultimate convenience of carrying and storing it even in a congested place. Apart from the touch-screen controlling, it features full fledged keyboard like conventional notebooks with which TV. And with multi-touch technology you dont need a separate mouse and keyboard because

everything is right on the screen.

convenient typing can be performed. When folded, this compact notebook takes the size of a water carrier and can easily be hanged over the shoulder with a hanging belt.

The Roll top computer is constructed of a flexible OLED display that wraps

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RED TACTON
While the idea of a "human area network" that works by using weak electrical fields on the surface of the body does creep us out a little, NTT's RedTacton system based on the

based on fluctuations in the weak electric field induced in the body. The electric field is

received using super-sensitive electric field sensing technology. The naturally occurring electric field induced on the surface of the human body dissipates into the earth. Therefore, this electric field is exceptionally faint and unstable. The super-sensitive electric field sensing technology measures

concept does have a certain appeal. Imagine a wireless headset that carries music from your audio player to your ears via your skin. Imagine security systems that can track you every time you touch But a it conductive does surface ID-

example.

include

verification techniques, such as a smart door that can unlock by reading signals from a digital ID card as they're transmitted over your skin. Some of its potential uses just, well, make our skin crawl.

the weak electric fields induced by the super-efficient alternating electricfield induction technology developed by NTT

In addition to WANs and LANs, MECHANISM: 1.The RedTacton transmitter induces a weak electric field on the surface of the body. 2. The electric field sensor detects electric field that reaches the red tacton will be able to provide services centered therefore based on humanand and

interaction move intimate

easier for people to use.

RedTactonreceiver. 3. Signals are processed in the receiver circuit and the data is downloaded.

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REASON OUT
1) What is the difference between time period and time constant

2) There are 3 switches that can turn on and off light in a room. How to connect them?

WHOZZAT??
ANSWERS:

(II

He is

an

American physicist and

electrical engineer, who won the Nobel Prize in1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor (I

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