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First National Awareness Workshop for Demonstration of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environmental Practices (BEP) in fossil fuel-fired utility and industrial boilers in response to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Overview of BAT and BEP relevant to Article 5 and Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and Environmental Impact
Assist. Prof. Dr. Siwatt Pongpiachan School of Social & Environmental Development National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA)

Topics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Chemical Structures of Dioxin and Furan Carcinogenicity & Mutagenicity Genotoxicity Screening Tests Toxic Equivalence Factor (TEF) & Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) A Study of Mutagenic Index in Bangkoks PM10

Chemical Structures of Dioxin and Furan

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLC) are by-products of various industrial processes, and are commonly regarded as highly toxic compounds that are environmental pollutants and persistent organic pollutants (POPs).They include: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), or simply, but inaccurately, dioxins. Technically PCDDs are derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin. There are 75 PCDDs, and seven of them are specifically toxic. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), or simply furans. Technically PCDFs are derivatives of dibenzofuran. There are 135 congeners (derivatives differing only in the number and location of chlorine atoms). Whilst they strictly speaking are not dioxins, ten of them have "dioxin-like" properties. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which also are not dioxins, but twelve of them have "dioxin-like" properties. Under certain conditions PCBs may form more toxic dibenzofurans through partial oxidation. Finally, dioxin may refer to dioxin proper, the basic chemical unit of the more complex dioxins. This simple compound is not persistent and has no PCDD-like toxicity.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD or DIOXINS)

Homologue 1-Cl 2-Cl 3-Cl 4-Cl 5-Cl 6-Cl 7-Cl 8-Cl PCDD MCDD DCDD TrCDD TCDD PeCDD HxCDD HpCDD OCDD

tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

Structure of 2,3,7,8-

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDF or FURANS)

Homologu e 1-Cl 2-Cl 3-Cl 4-Cl 5-Cl 6-Cl 7-Cl 8-Cl PCDF MCDF DCDF TrCDF TCDF PeCDF HxCDF HpCDF OCDF
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Structures of the ten 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDF congeners that are toxicologically of most relevance

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

1,4-dioxin

CARCINOGENICITY & MUTAGENICITY

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MUTATION
A change in the DNA molecule Process which produces changes in the DNA that may be inherited.

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MUTAGENICITY
= mutagenic activity = genotoxicity (genotoxic activity) Mutagenic (genotoxic) compound = a compound that causes mutation Mutations in certain genes could lead to malignant transformation of the cell. Many mutagens are supposed to be carcinogenic.

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CARCINOGENS
Karkinos crayfish (Greek) =

Compounds or other factors that induce transformation of a normal cell into a tumor one

Benzo(a)pyrene

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Carcinogenic activity confirmed A product of combustion processes (e.g. tobacco smoking)

M etabolic conversio n

A typical promutagenic agent Metabolic conversion (addition of epoxide group and two OH-groups).

binds to DNA

A metabolic product binds to DNA adduct (a compound that results from addition).

BaP guanin adduct

Presence of adduct can cause mutation.

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CLASSIFICATION OF MUTAGENS
Chemical (different compounds) Alkylating agents Aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzo(a)pyrene) Intercalating agents (e.g. fluorescent dyes) Artificial derivatives of DNA bases Physical (ionizing radiation, UV-radiation) Biological (viruses, transposable elements)

Genotoxicity Screening Tests

1. On molecular level (Comet Assays) 2. On gene level (Ames Test) 3. On chromosomal level (Micronucleus Test)

Comet Assay

Ames Test

Micronucleus Test

Toxic Equivalence Factor (TEF)

Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) are toxicity potency factors that are used by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by scientists and regulators globally as a consistent method to evaluate the toxicities of highly variable mixtures of dioxin compounds. In the dioxin family, 2,3,7,8-TCDD is the "habanero" of the bunch, the most studied and the most toxic member, and it is assigned a TEF of one. (One other dioxinlike compound, 1,2,3,7,8-PnCDD, also has a TEF of one.) The other family members are less toxic than 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and are also much less studied on an individual basis.

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Toxic Equivalence Factor (TEF)

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Toxic Equivalent (TEQ)

Getting to a Total Dioxin-TEQ:
To obtain the total toxicity of a particular mixture of dioxin compounds, it is necessary to know how much of each compound, in grams, exists in the mixture. These mass quantities are then multiplied by the corresponding TEFs for the compounds and all of the resulting products are added together.

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A Study of Mutagenic Index in Bangkoks PM10

Monitoring Stations in Bangkok (PCD)

No. Monitoring Stations
1 2 3 4 5 Din-Daeng Community Wat-Sing High School Choc-Chai Police Station 4 Nonsi Witthaya School The Metropolitan Electricity Authority the Sub Station of Thonburi Klong Chan Community Bodindecha

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Extraction

Evaporation

Blowdown

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Assist. Prof. Dr. Siwatt Pongpiachan Project Manager: Demonstration of BAT/BEP for Fossil Fuel Fired Utilities and Industrial Boilers in Thailand Contact: pongpiajun@gmail.com

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