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"Language is the blood of the soul into which thoughts run and out of which they grow.

" - Oliver Wendell Holmes


It is a medium used to express our thoughts figuratively language can come as a concrete being because we are using it and it grows because of us

LANGUAGE?

The English word derives ultimately from Latin lingua, "language, tongue" Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. a system of signs for encoding and decoding information. general concept, "language" refers to the cognitive faculty that enables humans to learn and use systems of complex communication. Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Such a system including its rules for combining its components, such as words.

Such a system as used by a nation, people, or other distinct community; often contrasted with dialect. A system of signs, symbols, gestures, or rules used in communicating: the language of algebra. Computer Science. A system of symbols and rules used for communication with or between computers.

A particular manner of expression

System of conventional spoken or written symbols used by people in a shared culture to communicate with each other. A language both
reflects and affects a culture's way of thinking, and changes in a culture influence the development of its language. Related languages become more differentiated when their speakers are isolated from each other. When speech

communities come into contact (e.g., through trade or conquest), their languages influence each other. language, systematic communication by vocal symbols. It is a universal characteristic of the human species. Nothing is known of its origin, although scientists have identified a gene that clearly contributes to the human ability to use language. Scientists generally hold that it has been so long in use that the length of time writing is known to have existed (7,900 years at most) is short by comparison. Just as languages spoken now by peoples of the simplest cultures are as subtle and as intricate as those of the peoples of more complex civilizations, similarly the forms of languages known (or hypothetically reconstructed) from the earliest records show no trace of being more "primitive" than their modern forms. Language is a system for the communication of meaning through sounds, more precisely , language viewed as a system, consists of three sub systems or components: semantic, syntactic(syntax), phonological(phonology)

Semantic- Semantics (from Greek smantik, neuter plural of smantiks)[1][2] is the study of
meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata.

1. She persuaded Frank to sing the song. (sang) 2. She urged to sing the song. ( may or may not sang it) -similar meaning but different implications Syntactic relating or according to the rules of syntax Syntax- A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.
syn, "together", and txis, "an ordering") is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages.

-concerns about the arrangement of words


English-Vo languages vs japanese-turkish-ov languages Ex: John saw the dog vs john wa inu o mita. She didnt persuade Frank to sing the song. ( interpretation of sentence based on the modification made within the sentence such as negation)

She didnt urge Frank to sing the song. Phonological ( speech sound)- individual's awareness of the phonological
structure, or sound structure, of spoken words Phonology (from Ancient Greek: , phn, "voice, sound" and , lgos, "word, speech, subject of discussion") is, broadly speaking, the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with "the sounds of language".[1] That is, it is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use.[2] In more narrow terms, "phonology proper is concerned with the function, behaviour and organization of sounds as linguistic items".

-sounds and their relationship with one another Last sound of sing (symbol) sing vs sin, son sam

Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. Discussion The phonological system of a language includes an inventory of sounds and their features, and rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.

Phonology is just one of several aspects of language. It is related to other aspects such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics. Here is an illustration that shows the place of phonology in an interacting hierarchy of levels in linguistics:

Comparison: Phonology and phonetics Phonetics Phonology

Is the basis for phonological Is the basis for further work

analysis.

in morphology, syntax, discourse, and orthography design. Analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by determining which phonetic sounds are significant, and explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the native speake

Analyzes the production of all human speech sounds, regardless of language.

The Basis of Language The language first learned is called one's native language or mother tongue; both of these terms are figurative in that the knowledge of particular languages is not inherited but learned behavior. Nonetheless, since the mid-20th cent. linguists have shown increasing interest in the theory that, while no one is born with a predisposition toward any particular language, all human beings are genetically endowed with the ability to learn and use language in general. According to transformational (or generative) grammar, introduced by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, the idiosyncratic vocabulary and grammatical conventions of any natural language rest on a foundation of "deep structures," a universal grammar underlying all languages and corresponding to an innate capacity of the human brain. This theory implies not only that there are constraints on what may constitute an intelligible human language, but also that, however numerous or striking, the differences between any two languages are less fundamental than their similarities. Comparative Linguistics

Interest in transformational grammar has led in turn to increased interest in comparative linguistics. The differences between languages are not uniform. When languages resemble each other in a systematic way, they are said to be genetically related. Such relationships have been established in many cases, but almost always on the basis of the sounds of the languages and the way the sounds are grouped in systematic patterns. It is more difficult to compare the grammatical structures of languages. Maximal groups of related languages are called families, or stocks. A language that does not appear genetically related to any existing language is termed a language isolate. Languages of the Indo-European and Afroasiatic families have traditionally received vastly more scholarly attention than the others. These languages actually represent a very small part of the world linguistic spectrum. As a consequence, most generalized statements about language, grammar, and related matters made before 1920 are not valid. Few authorities agree on all points of language classification and analysis, and knowledge of the languages of some isolated regions (e.g., Australia, New Guinea, and E Siberia) is still too scanty to permit proper classification. Variations in Language Individuals differ in the manner in which they speak their native tongue, although usually not markedly within a small area. The differences among groups of speakers in the same speech community can, however, be considerable. These variations of a language constitute its dialects. All languages are continuously changing, but if there is a common direction of change it has never been convincingly described. Various factors, especially the use of written language, have led to the development of a standard language in most of the major speech communities-a special official dialect of a language that is theoretically maintained unchanged. This official dialect is the school form of a language, and by a familiar fallacy has been considered the norm from which everyday language deviates. Rather, the standard language is actually a development of some local dialect that has been accorded prestige. The standard English of England is derived

from London English and the standard Italian is that of Tuscany. Use of the standard language is often a mark of polite behavior. In the United States employing standard English, which largely entails the usage of approved grammar and pronunciation, marks a person as cultivated. Ordinary speech may be affected by the standard language. Thus, many forms of expression come to be considered ungrammatical and substandard and are regarded as badges of ignorance, such as you was in place of the standard you were. As in other fields of etiquette, there is variation. Gotten is acceptable in the United States but not in England. The literary standard may differ from the colloquial standard of educated people, and the jargon of a trade may be unintelligible to outsiders. Such linguistic variations in English are mainly a matter of vocabulary. An auxiliary language is a nonnative language adopted for specific use; such languages include lingua franca, pidgin, and international language.

Nature of language Language is symbolic -language is a collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals Language is arbitrary (chosen, random) preferred , selected -a system of arbitrary oral symbols by means of which a social group interacts, sounds are said to be arbitrary because they have no inherent meaning

Words are arbitrary constructions that people agree upon Language is changing -though time it changes Language is dynamic

Uses /functions of language Language is heuristic-we use it to find a solution for a certain problem, investigative, in looking for something, intended to increase the probability of solving some problem Imaginative-it stirs imagination Informative-informs descriptive Social Exploratory

Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M.A.K. Halliday) (born 13 April 1925, Leeds, Yorkshire, England) is a British linguist who developed an internationally influential model of language, the systemic functional linguistic model. His grammatical descriptions go by the name of systemic functional grammar (SFG).

But the final volume in his 10 volumes is called Language in society, reflecting his theoretical and methodological connection to language as first and foremost concerned with "acts of meaning". This volume contains many of his early papers, in which he argues for a deep connection between language and social structure, in which language said not merely to reflect social structure. For instance, he writes:

Studies in child language development


In enumerating his claims about the trajectory of children's language development, Michael Alexander Halliday eschews the metaphor of "acquisition", in which language is considered a static product which the child takes on when sufficient exposure to natural language enables "parameter setting". By contrast, for Halliday what the child develops is a "meaning potential". Learning language is Learning how to mean, the name of his well known early study of a child's language development. Halliday (1975) identifies seven functions that language has for children in their early years. For Halliday, children are motivated to acquire language because it serves certain purposes or functions for them. The first four functions help the child to satisfy physical, emotional and social needs. Halliday calls them instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and personal functions.
Instrumental: This is when the child uses language to express their needs (e.g.'Want juice')

Regulatory: This is where language is used to tell others what to do (e.g. 'Go away') Interactional: Here language is used to make contact with others and form relationships (e.g. 'Love you, mummy') Personal: This is the use of language to express feelings, opinions, and individual identity (e.g. 'Me good girl')

The next three functions are heuristic, imaginative, and representational, all helping the child to come to terms with his or her environment.
Heuristic: This is when language is used to gain knowledge about the environment (e.g. 'What the tractor doing?') Imaginative: Here language is used to tell stories and jokes, and to create an imaginary environment. Representational: The use of language to convey facts and information.

According to Halliday, as the child moves into the mother tongue, these functions give way to the three metafunctions of a fully tri-stratal language (one in which there is an additional level of content inserted between the two parts of the Saussurean sign[clarification needed]). These metafunctions are the ideational, the interpersonal, and the textual. Halliday's work represents a competing viewpoint to the formalist approach of Noam Chomsky. Halliday's concern is with "naturally occurring language in actual contexts of use" in a large typological range of languages whereas Chomsky is concerned only with the formal properties of languages such as English, which he thinks are indicative of the nature of what he calls Universal Grammar. While Chomsky's search for Universal Grammar could be considered an essentially platonic endeavor (i.e. concerned with idealized forms), Halliday's orientation to the study of natural language has been compared to Darwin's method[9]

Three Basic Functions are generally noted: there is perhaps nothing more subtle than language is, and nothing has as many different uses. A. Without a doubt, identifying just these three basic functions is an oversimplification, but an awareness of these functions is a good introduction to the complexity of language . B. The Functions of Language (i.e., its purpose; what it does; its uses) 1. Informative language function: essentially, the communication of information. a. The informative function affirms or denies propositions, as in science or the statement of a fact.. b. This function is used to describe the world or reason about it (e.g.., whether a state of affairs has occurred or not or what might have led to it). c. These sentences have a truth value; that is, the sentences are either true or false (recognizing, of course, that we might not know what that truth value is). Hence, they are important for logic. 2. Expressive language function: reports feelings or attitudes of the writer (or speaker), or of the subject, or evokes feelings in the reader (or listener). a. Poetry and literature are among the best examples, but much of, perhaps most of, ordinary language discourse is the expression of emotions, feelings or attitudes. b. Two main aspects of this function are generally noted: (1) evoking certain feelings and (2) expressing feelings. c. Expressive discourse, qua expressive discourse, is best regarded as neither true or false. E.g., Shakespeare's King Lear's lament, "Ripeness

is all!" or Dickens' "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom; it was the age of foolishness" Even so, the "logic" of "fictional statements" is an interesting area of inquiry. 3. Directive language function: language used for the purpose of causing (or preventing) overt action. a. The directive function is most commonly found in commands and requests. b. Directive language is not normally considered true or false (although various logics of commands have been developed). c. Example of this function: "Close the windows." The sentence "You're smoking in a nonsmoking area," although declarative, can be used to mean "Do not smoke in this area."

standard vs. non standard

standard- Standard English (often shortened to S.E. within linguistic

circles) refers to whatever form of the English language is accepted as a national norm [1] It encompasses grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. Ex:American English, british english

- is the variety of English that is held by many to be 'correct' in the sense that it shows none of the regional or other variations that are considered by some to be ungrammatical, or nonstandard English. -most widely accepted as being clear and proper. -Publishers, writers, educators, and others have over the years developed a consensus of what standard English consists of. It includes word choice, word order, punctuation, and spelling. Standard English is especially helpful when writing because it maintains a fairly uniform standard of communication which can be understood by all speakers and users of English regardless of differences in dialect, pronunciation, and usage. This is why it is sometimes called Standard Written English. -The variety of English that is generally acknowledged as the model for the speech and writing of educated speakers. Non-standard English (2) A term used disapprovingly by some non-linguists to describe "bad" or "incorrect" English. Standard English is the literary dialect that is taught in school. It comes from the Saxon part of Anglo-Saxon, or Old English. Nonstandard English is any of the many and various regional dialects, and also many popular but "incorrect" words and forms, for example the use of "dove" in place of "dived as the past tense of "dive." . Varying from or not adhering to the standard: nonstandard lengths of board. Usage Note: The term nonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandard is not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discovery that the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structures and that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakers rather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power. Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind. Many educated speakers freely use forms such as can't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or

informal tone. Some dictionaries use the term substandard to describe forms, such as ain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reserving nonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writing but are still regarded by many as uneducated. But substandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use only nonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.

VARITIES OR KINDS OF LANGUAGE international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a language meant for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common native language. An auxiliary language is primarily a second language. Languages of dominant societies over the centuries have served as auxiliary languages, sometimes approaching the international level. Arabic, English, French, Mandarin, Russian and Spanish have been used as such in recent times in many parts of the world.[1] However, as these languages are associated with the very dominancecultural, political, and economicthat made them popular, they are often met with strong resistance as well.[citation needed] For this reason, some have turned to the idea of promoting an artificial or constructed language as a possible solution.[1] The term "auxiliary" implies that it is intended to be an additional language for the people of the world, rather than to replace their native languages. Often, the phrase is used to refer to planned or constructed languages proposed specifically to ease worldwide international communication, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua. However, it can also refer to the concept of such a language being determined by international consensus, including even a standardized natural language (e.g., International English), and has also been connected to the project of constructing a universal language.

UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some circles, it is a language said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in India was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue. Comparably, the Latin language (qua Medieval Latin) was in effect a universal language of literati in the Middle Ages, and the language of the Vulgate Bible, in the area of Catholicism which covered most of Western Europe and parts of Northern and Central Europe also.

In a more practical fashion, trade languages, as ancient Koine Greek, may be seen as a kind of real universal language, that was used for commerce. A national language is a language (or language variant, i.e. dialect) which has some connection de facto or de jurewith a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term is used variously. A national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. National language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country. C.M.B. Brann, with particular reference to Africa, suggests that there are "four quite distinctive meanings" for national language in a polity:[1]
"Territorial language" (chthonolect, sometimes known as chtonolect[2]) of a particular people "Regional language" (choralect) "Language-in-common or community language" (demolect) used throughout a country "Central language" (politolect) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value.

The last seems often to be given the title "official language."

Formal language is a set of words, i.e. finite strings of letters, symbols, or tokens. The set from which these letters are taken is called the alphabet over which the language is defined. A formal language is often defined by means of a formal grammar (also called its formation rules); accordingly, words that belong to a formal language are sometimes called well-formed words (or well-formed formulas). Formal languages are studied in computer science and linguistics; the field of formal language theory studies the purely syntactical aspects of such languages (that is, their internal structural patterns). Formal languages are often used as the basis for richer constructs endowed with semantics. In computer science they are used, among other things, for the precise definition of data formats and the syntax of programming languages. Formal languages play a crucial role in the development of compilers, typically produced by means of a compiler compiler, which may be a single program or may be separated in tools like lexical analyzer generators (e.g. lex), and parser generators (e.g. yacc). Since formal languages alone do not have semantics, other formal constructs are needed for the formal specification of program semantics. Formal languages are also used in logic and in foundations of mathematics to represent the syntax of formal theories. Logical systems can be seen as a formal language with additional constructs, like proof calculi, which define a consequence relation.[1] "Tarski's definition of truth" in terms of a T-schema for first-order logic is an example of fully interpreted formal language; all its sentences have meanings that make them either true or false. In less technical contexts, artificial language is sometimes used to denote a formal language, although the latter term can also refer to artificially constructed natural languages.

A lingua franca (or working language, bridge language, vehicular language) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues.[1]

"Lingua franca" is a functionally defined term, independent of the linguistic history or structure of the language:[2] though pidgins and creoles often function as lingua francas, many such languages are neither pidgins nor creoles. Whereas a vernacular language is used as a native language in a single speaker community, a lingua franca goes beyond the boundaries of its original community, and is used as a second language for communication between communities. For example, English is a vernacular in the United Kingdom, but is used as a vehicular language (that is, a lingua franca) in the Philippines. International auxiliary languages such as Esperanto are generally intended by their designers to function as lingua francas, but they have historically had a relatively low level of adoption and use and therefore cannot be described as lingua francas in the functional sense.

[edit] Etymology
The original Lingua Franca was a mixed language composed mostly (80%) of Italian with a broad vocabulary drawn from Turkish, French, Spanish, Greek and Arabic. It was in use throughout the eastern Mediterranean as the language of commerce and diplomacy in and around the Renaissance era. At that time, Italian speakers dominated seaborne commerce in the port cities of the Ottoman empire. Franca was the Italian word for Frankish. Its usage in the term lingua franca originated from its meaning in Arabic and Greek, dating from before the Crusades and during the Middle Ages, whereby all Western Europeans were called "Franks" or Faranji in Arabic and Phrankoi in Greek during the times of the late Eastern Roman Empire.[3] The term lingua franca is first recorded in English in 1678.[4]

[edit] Examples
Main article: List of lingua francas

Examples of lingua francas are numerous, and exist on every continent. The most obvious example today is English, which is the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology and aviation. There are many other lingua francas centralized on particular regions, such as Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish. The popularity of languages changes over time, and there are many lingua francas that are of historical importance. For example, French was the language of European diplomacy from the 17th century until the mid-20th century. Until the early 20th century, Classical Chinese served as both the written lingua franca and the diplomatic language in Far East Asia including China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, the Ryky Kingdom, and Vietnam. Arabic became the "lingua franca" of the Arab/Islamic Empire (from CE 733 1492), which at a certain point spread from the borders of China and Northern India through Central Asia, Persia, Asia Minor, Middle East, North Africa all the way to Spain and Portugal in the west. In their modern forms, these languages are all still significant lingua francas today. A vernacular, mother tongue and mother language, and less frequently one sense of idiom[1] and dialect,[2] is the native language of a population located in a country or in an area defined on

some other basis, such as a locality. For example, Navajo is a local language in the southwest of the United States, and English is the state language of a number of countries.
. The standard native language of a country or locality. 2. a. The everyday language spoken by a people as distinguished from the literary language. See Synonyms at dialect. b. A variety of such everyday language specific to a social group or region: the vernaculars of New York City. 3. The idiom of a particular trade or profession: in the legal vernacular. 4. An idiomatic word, phrase, or expression. 5. The common, nonscientific name of a plant or animal. adj. 1. Native to or commonly spoken by the members of a particular country or region. 2. Using the native language of a region, especially as distinct from the literary language: a vernacular poet. 3. Relating to or expressed in the native language or dialect. 4. Of or being an indigenous building style using local materials and traditional methods of construction and ornament, especially as distinguished from academic or historical architectural styles. 5. Occurring or existing in a particular locality; endemic: a vernacular disease. 6. Relating to or designating the common, nonscientific name of a plant or animal.

Linguistics) the. the commonly spoken language or dialect of a particular people or place 2. (Fine Arts & Visual Arts / Architecture) a local style of architecture, in which ordinary houses are built this architect has re-created a true English vernacular adj 1. relating to, using, or in the vernacular 2. (Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Biology) designating or relating to the common name of an animal or plant 3. (Fine Arts & Visual Arts / Architecture) built in the local style of ordinary houses, rather than a grand architectural style [from Latin vernculus belonging to a household slave, from verna household slave]

dialect (from the Greek Language word dialektos, ) is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers.[1] The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class.[2] A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect; a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect or topolect. The other usage refers to a language socially subordinate to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it[citation needed]. This more precise usage enables distinguishing between varieties of a language, such as the French spoken in Nice, France, and local languages distinct from the superordinate language, e.g. Nissart, the traditional native Romance language of Nice, known in French as Niard. A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation, the term accent is appropriate, not dialect. Other speech varieties include: standard languages, which are standardized for public performance (for example, a written standard); jargons, which are characterized by differences in lexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins or argots. The particular speech patterns used by an individual are termed an idiolect.

Speech Habit individuals use of phonetics and language as general. Idiolect a unique set of expression of an individual toward a certain stimuli.for example, if you saw an ugly person, you immediately say Oh shes ugly although at first you do not know the word uglyit is just a matter of establishing a meaning for a certain wordor just a matter of naming a certain concepts arbitrarily. For example I call the ballpen as pen although ballpen and tawag ng term talaga dun ganunbasta personal yun another example when I say pangit you may think of something that is ugly ganun, pero my speech habit is that the word pangit is equal to Dialect it is an idiolect that is shared by a group. Basta magkaintindihan sila and they establish pagkakaunawaan thorugh conventions and standards, yun ang dialect. Example, kapag sinabi na natin na Susan Enriquez alam na natin ang ibig sabihin nun, language ng mga English teachers ng ISU yun equated Examples of Dialect: Regional Dialect an established set for a certain geographical location. Example dialect is Ilocano which is the standard idiolect (set of speech habit yan) of the Ilocandia people. Tagalog in the Southern Tagalog Region. English in England ganun. Sociolect an established set for a certain social class kasi meron silang sariling mga terminologies ganun. For example kapag sinabi mong maitim, iba yung tawag ng mga mayayaman using their sociolect, kasi ang tawag nila dun is tanned. Oh dib a sosyal. Or ang mga bakla, may sarili silang sociolect. JARGONS are parts of

sociolect. (Examples, jejemon, beckymon, artemon, rimalumon, ricmarmon, sammon) Distinct (nakalimutan ko ang tawag ditto na iba) Dialect this is a set of speech habits which was developed from a certain family of greater language (yung parang pagbuo ng Regional Dialect din) pero nahiwalay sila because of isolation. Example may mountains na bonggang bonggang malaki na nakapgahiwalay sa Place 1 and 2, kaya they have developed a certain dialect related somewhat to the other dialect. Language is a dialectal unification in a greater scope. The place where a language is spoken or is used is broad and wide that certain variations occur (these variations are called dialects, see above). Example os language is English (which has American English and BRistish English as examples of its dialect). American English (dialect yan kasasabi lang natin), can also be considered a language because kasi dahil it also developed certain dialects like North American English, Afro-American or Black ENglsih, Ghetto English, Southern Eng etc. Ilocano is a language and at the same time dialectProve it.. (Answer Key (sirit): it is a dialect beause it is a shared idiolect of individuals in the Ilocos Region. It is a language because it has established a territory and it developed dialects and variations, like Ilokano in Isabela and then the Ilokano in Isabela being a dialect is also developed into a language because it has variations like the Baccara Ilokano in Luna. Okay a great example, making, Austronesian is a great family of language (siyempre nagstart yan bilang isnag speech habit lang ng isang tao, then nakipagusap sa kapwa tao at ngakaroon ngtsantsararan.DIALECTthen nagspread na yun, at yun na ang austronesian..) makaraan ang ilang siglo, lumaki ang populasyon at nagkaroon ng mga variations so ganun naging language na ang austronesian. Example ng variation or dialect niya ang Malayo Polynesian, na naging language din dahil sa pagkakaroon ng variation example ay Northern Philippne, Meso-Philippine etc Norterhn Philippine language na din dahil sa variation example ay ang Cordilleranthen yung cordilleran naman language na din kasi may variations like Ilocano.

Bakit nagkakaroon ng variation or dialect? Kasi nga for example place A, B, C, D and E. parepareho and ginagamit na speech habit. Thorugh time yung A and B parang walang pagkakaiba pero and A at C mejo may pagkakaiba, how much more ang A and E dib a diba!!! Sagot! Ganu ang pagkabuo ng dialect (example lang yan.) In a way, all languages are dialects, and at the same time distinct language.

Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's dialect or language. Slang is often to be found in areas of the lexicon that refer to things considered taboo (see euphemism). It is often used to identify with one's peers and, although it may be common among young people, it is used by people of all ages and social groups.

Few linguists have endeavored to clearly define what constitutes slang.[1] Attempting to remedy this, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered "true slang" if it meets at least two of the following criteria:
It lowers, if temporarily, "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing"; in other words, it is likely to be considered in those contexts a "glaring misuse of register." Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people who are familiar with it and use the term. "It is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility." It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym". This is done primarily to avoid the discomfort caused by the conventional item or by further elaboration.[1]

Slang should be distinguished from jargon, which is the technical vocabulary of a particular profession, and which meets only the second of the criteria given above. Jargon, like many examples of slang, may be used to exclude nongroup members from the conversation, but in general has the function of allowing its users to talk precisely about the technical issues in a given field.[citation needed]

[edit] Extent and origins of slang


Slang can be regional (that is, used only in a particular territory), but slang terms are often particular instead to a certain subculture, such as music or video gaming. Nevertheless, slang expressions can spread outside their original areas to become commonly used, like "cool" and "jive." While some words eventually lose their status as slang (the word "mob", for example, began as a shortening of Latin mobile vulgus[2]), others continue to be considered as such by most speakers. When slang spreads beyond the group or subculture that originally uses it, its original users often replace it with other, less-recognized terms to maintain group identity. One use of slang is to circumvent social taboos, as mainstream language tends to shy away from evoking certain realities. For this reason, slang vocabularies are particularly rich in certain domains, such as violence, crime, drugs, and sex. Alternatively, slang can grow out of mere familiarity with the things described. Among Californian wine connoisseurs (and other groups), for example, Cabernet Sauvignon is often known as "Cab Sav," Chardonnay as "Chard" and so on;[3] this means that naming the different wines expends less superfluous effort; it also helps to indicate the user's familiarity with wine. Even within a single language community, slang, and the extent to which it is used, tends to vary widely across social, ethnic, economic, and geographic strata. Slang may fall into disuse over time; sometimes, however, it grows more and more common until it becomes the dominant way of saying something, at which time it usually comes to be regarded as mainstream, acceptable language (e.g. the Spanish word caballo), although in the case of taboo words there may be no

expression that is considered mainstream or acceptable. Numerous slang terms pass into informal mainstream speech, and sometimes into formal speech, though this may involve a change in meaning or usage. Slang very often involves the creation of novel meanings for existing words. It is common for such novel meanings to diverge significantly from the standard meaning. Thus, "cool" and "hot" can both mean "very good," "impressive," or "good-looking". Slang terms are often known only within a clique or ingroup. For example, Leet ("Leetspeak" or "1337") was originally popular only among certain Internet subcultures, such as crackers and online video gamers. During the 1990s, and into the early 21st century, however, Leet became increasingly more commonplace on the Internet, and it has spread outside Internet-based communication and into spoken languages.[4] Other types of slang include SMS language used on mobile phones, and "chatspeak," (e.g., "LOL", an acronym meaning "laughing out loud" or "laugh out loud" or ROFL, "rolling on the floor laughing"), which is widely used in instant messaging on the Internet.

[edit] Distinction between slang and colloquialisms


Some linguists make a distinction between slangisms (slang words) and colloquialisms. According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "slang refers to informal (and often transient) lexical items used by a specific social group, for instance teenagers, soldiers, prisoners and thieves. Slang is not the same as colloquial (speech), which is informal, relaxed speech used on occasion by any speaker; this might include contractions such as 'youre,' as well as colloquialisms. A colloquialism is a lexical item used in informal speech; whilst the broadest sense of the term colloquialism might include slangism, its narrow sense does not. Slangisms are often used in colloquial speech but not all colloquialisms are slangisms. One method of distinguishing between a slangism and the a colloquialism is to ask whether most native speakers know the word (and use it); if they do, it is a colloquialism. However, the problem is that this is not a discrete, quantized system but a continuum. Although the majority of slangisms are ephemeral and often supplanted by new ones, some gain non-slang colloquial status (e.g. English silly cf. German selig blessed, Middle High German slde bliss, luck and Zelda, a Jewish female first name) and even formal status (e.g. English mob)."[5] Jargon is terminology which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event. The philosophe Condillac observed in 1782 that "Every science requires a special language because every science has its own ideas." As a rationalist member of the Enlightenment he continued, "It seems that one ought to begin by composing this language, but people begin by speaking and writing and the language remains to be composed."[1] In other words, the term covers the language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. Much like slang,[2] it can develop as a kind of short-hand, to express ideas that are frequently discussed between members of a group, though it can also be developed deliberately using chosen terms. A standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage among practitioners of a field. In many cases this causes a barrier to communication with those not familiar with the language of the field. As an example, the words RAM, bit, byte, CPU, and hexadecimal are jargon terms related to computing.
-a hybrid language or dialect simplified in vocabulary

and grammar and used for communication between peoples of different speech

-the technical terminology or characteristic of idiom of special activity or group ex: the medical jargon that the layman cant understand

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