UNIT 1 COLONIAL AMERICA 1. EUROPEAN COLONIZATION AND SETTLEMENT 2.

BRITISH POLICY WITH THE AMERICAN COLONIES UNTIL 1763 3. ANGLO AMERICAN COLONIES 3.1. The Plantation Colonies 3.1.1. Virginia 3.1.2. North Carolina and South Carolina 3.1.3. Georgia 3.2. The Middle Colonies 3.2.1. New York 3.2.2. New Jersey 3.2.3. Pennsylvania and Delaware 3.2.4. Maryland 3.3. The New England Colonies 3.3.1. Massachusetts 3.3.2. Connecticut 3.3.3. Rhode Island 3.3.4. New Hampshire CHRONOLOGY SUGGESTED BIBLIOGRAPHY RECOMMENDED WEBSITES REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR SELF-EVALUATION FURTHER TASKS

1. EUROPEAN COLONIZATION AND SETTLEMENT Viewed today, the process of colonization and settlement of North America was an invasion of territory that had been controlled and settled for centuries by the indigenous population. The arrival of the Europeans constituted an intrusion, which, in the long term, the American Indians were unable to resist. The indigenous tribes had come to North America during the last ice age from the Asian continent, from Siberia to Alaska, when the sea levels dropped and a land bridge was uncovered in the Bering Strait. Over time they spread all over the American continent. The arrival of the Europeans caused huge disruption in the life of the indigenous people. Christopher Columbus had discovered America in 1492. A few years later, the most powerful European nations began to claim areas of the American continent and establish colonies there. There was a contest among European powers to exploit these new lands, which they were determined to take control of. It did not even occur to them that the lands were the shared property of the indigenous population. Some of the indigenous Americans traded with the Europeans and became dependent on European goods. The Europeans brought new germs with them to which the American Indians had no natural resistance. Epidemics of European diseases, such as smallpox, measles and typhus, previously unknown in the American continent, caused widespread death in many of the American Indian tribes. The Europeans were initially drawn to America to acquire wealth and to establish new homes. European sovereigns rushed to claim as much territory as possible in order to found settlements on the territory. In the early 1600s, a number of colonies were set up in quick progression. In 1607, the English established a colony (Jamestown) in Chesapeake Bay, in 1608, the French settled in the North, in what is now Quebec, and the Dutch began their interest in the region that became present-day New York. Within another generation, the Plymouth Company (1620), the Massachusetts Bay Company (1629), the Company of New France (1627), and the Dutch West India Company (1621) began to send thousands of colonists, including families, to North America. English colonial policy promoted domestic industry, foreign trade, fisheries, and shipping by establishing colonial settlements in the New World and exploiting its resources through commercial companies such as the Hudson Bay Company and the South Sea Company. The growing urge to colonize was due to a number of factors, which included international rivalry and the propagation of religion - a desire to convert the indigenous inhabitants of America to Christianity. There were also increasing numbers of religious and political dissenters who were seeking refuge, and individuals looking for adventure and new opportunities, and who wanted to own land. The main impulse behind colonization, however, was to make profit in the New World. Consequently, numerous companies invested in the colonies until 1631, when they invested their money in other enterprises.

European countries engaged in the system of mercantilism. This meant state control and intervention, and the regulation of economic activities in the colonies. The aim was to accumulate wealth for the European powers at the colonies' expense. The colonies supplied food for themselves (auto supply) and their role was to produce raw materials and food for the metropolis, and to provide a market for it. Industrial activities were forbidden in the colonies in order to make them dependable on the exports of the metropolis. The degree of colonial control exerted depended on the nation and on the period. In the initial settlements, English control over the colonies was minimal. With all her involvement with European nations in wars of conquest, little energy or time was available to dictate the colonies' economic options. However, as the colonies grew and became more prosperous, the British realized that the colonies could provide increased trade and, therefore, they tightened the economic control by implementing regulatory policies, thereby changing the balance of the relationship. The first colonies in North America were situated along the eastern coast. The first European settlement was established in St. Augustine, Florida by Spaniards, under Pedro Menndez in 1565. 2. BRITISH POLICY WITH THE AMERICAN COLONIES UNTIL 1763 In the sixteenth-century, Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, English aristocrats, were involved in the early English colonisation and were given a patent. In 1595, Sir Walter Raleigh was responsible for the establishment of the first English colony in America. Raleigh dispatched Sir Richard Grenville, with seven ships and a large number of people, to form a colony in Virginia. Ralph Lane was to serve as their governor. Grenville left 107 men at Roanoke Island to form a colony. The colony suffered from lack of supplies. Later, in 1606 patents were granted to the London and Plymouth Companies of Virginia. The crown provided no money, but granted the jurisdiction, since all the land was under its sovereignty. In 1609, a charter was issued to the Virginia Company, substituting indirect for direct control and providing for a definite and extensive grant of land. This new policy led to the creation of the Council for New England in 1620. Direct control reappeared in 1624, when the political powers of the Virginia Company were withdrawn and Virginia became the first of the royal colonies under a system of government that included a governor appointed by the king and a colonial assembly. In 1629, however, the corporate colony of Massachusetts Bay was granted a charter that permitted the transfer of the government of the company to the New World. In 1632 the first proprietary colony of Maryland was established with the granting of wide powers to the Baltimore family. Thus, three types of colonial government emerged: royal, corporate, and proprietary. The king directed colonial policy until the outbreak of the first English civil war, when the Long Parliament assumed control, acting mainly through a special commission or council provided for by the Ordinance of 1643. This ordinance gave its president, the earl of Warwick, the title of governor in chief and Lord High Admiral of all the English colonies in America. Between 1645 and 1651, the Parliament enforced

regulations to control colonial commerce and restrict colonial trade to the British, thereby favouring its shipping and manufacturers. Following on from this, from 1651 onwards, England instituted the Navigation Acts, which were a series of laws of trade and navigation restricting the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies. The instigation of these restrictions was a factor in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Later, they were one of several sources of resentment against Great Britain in the American colonies. All trade between the colonists and the British was to be conducted either on English vessels or on colonialbuilt vessels. If the colonists intended to trade with any other nations, all goods had first to be shipped to England, giving her an opportunity to handle them and collect revenue from taxation. In addition, there were certain products that could be traded only with Britain, such as tobacco, sugar and cotton. As time went on, the list of specified goods grew continually decreasing the kinds of merchandise that the colonists could sell to other nations. As Britain was too far away to control the colonists directly, representative governments were established in the colonies The English king appointed colonial governors who had to rule in cooperation with an elected assembly. Voting was restricted to white males who owned lands. The growing importance of the colonies led to various experiments in their supervision, such as the Laud Commission appointed by Charles I. These experiments ended in 1675 with the transference of this function to the Lords of Trade, a committee of the Privy Council, which continued to function until 1696, when William III established the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, a body that survived until after the American Revolution. England encouraged the colonists to specialize in the production of raw materials. English factories converted raw goods into products, which were then shipped back to the colonies. This provided the British with a profitable market, free from competition. In 1763, after the Seven Years War, the British started to enforce their mercantilist policies, which led to hostility between the English and their colonies. In colonial America, land was plentiful and labour was scarce. Most American colonists worked on small farms. By 1770, there were urban centres. Philadelphia was the largest city, followed by New York, Boston and Charleston. In the southern colonies, there was the system of slavery and black people worked on large plantations. Indentured servants were the main source of labour in the colonies. These were poor farmers who came from England and worked for a fixed period of time, from three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging, etc. Unlike slaves, an indentured servant was required to work only for a limited term, which was specified in a signed contract. The British tried to enslave the Indians but were unsuccessful. The first Negro slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619. By 1733, there were 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast, from New Hampshire in the North to Georgia in the South. The Seven Years' War, also called the French and Indian War, which lasted from 1754 until 1763, was a conflict that had enormous repercussions for Great Britain. In spite of her victory over France in 1763, a royal proclamation denied the English the right to establish settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains, in order to avoid conflict with the American Indians. This was enforced by stationing troops along the frontier to ensure that the two rival groups were separated. Maintaining order in America was a significant challenge for Britain.

Moreover, with Britain's acquisition of Canada from France, the prospects of peaceful relations with the Native tribes were not good. In consequence, the British decided to keep a standing army in America. The war had also left Great Britain with a considerable national debt. Even though it had defeated France and its allies, victory had come at great cost. The American colonists were evading trade and navigation regulations and had been trading with the French during the Seven Years War, so the British decided it was necessary to tighten their control and began to reform the system. The colonists, however, were creating a prosperous economy based on agriculture and trade, and no longer needed British protection. The new policies instigated in 1763 by the British after the war eventually drove the colonies towards their separation. These policies continued until 1776 with the Declaration of Independence. The policies were aimed not only at alleviating the debt incurred during the French and Indian War, but also at exerting their sovereignty over the rebellious American colonies. Tensions between Britain and the colonies started when they began to charge taxes and punish smugglers. Colonial policy in the eighteenth century tried to reduce the corporate and proprietary colonies to royal colonies, which largely succeeded. In addition, the policy increased restrictions on colonial enterprise by means of laws such as the Wool Act of 1699, the White Pine Acts, the Hat Act of 1732, the Sugar Acts of 1733 and 1764, and the Iron Act of 1750. 3. ANGLO AMERICAN COLONIES There were clear differences in the English colonies, which became "British" with the union of England and Scotland in 1707, because they were founded for different purposes, but there were also a number of common features. For instance, in every colony, political jurisdiction and issues fell within one of the three levels of government: the king and Parliament, the Colonial government, or the local government. There were three types of British colony in North America. The first were plantation colonies. These included Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The second group were the Middle Colonies of Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. The third group consisted of the New England colonies of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. The economy of the New England colonies was based on trade in rum and slaves and on shipbuilding; the plantation colonies produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and indigo; and the Middle Colonies produced wheat and timber. The first permanent settlement in North America was the English colony of Jamestown, in 1607, in what is now Virginia. John Smith and company had come to stay. The Pilgrims followed in 1620, and set up a colony at Plymouth, in what is now Massachusetts. The British Crown reached agreements with the colonies and gave them charters. All charters had a similar structure marking the extension of the territory and guaranteeing the rights of their citizens of the colonies as the British citizens in the

metropolis and fully citizens. There were different colonies, thus, in 1775, of the thirteen colonies, there were 8 royal colonies, 3 proprietorship and 2 self-government colonies. 3.1. The Plantation Colonies 3.1.1. Virginia In the first decade of the seventeenth century, England started a second round of colonizing attempts using joint-stock companies to establish settlements. The first English colony in America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607 and set the pattern for English colonization. The settlement was directed by the London Company, who sent a colony of five ships to settle on Roanoke Island. Storms forced them into the Chesapeake Bay. They went up the Powhatan River, landed, and formed the settlement of Jamestown. It became a Royal Colony in 1624. Virginia received three charters, one in 1606, the second in 1609 and the third in 1612. The differences among them lie in the territorial jurisdiction of the company. The London Company, that renamed itself the Virginia Company, was granted the authority to govern its colony. When King James I granted the first charter, a council was formed in England that issued instructions to the first settlers to appoint a colonial council, but as it proved to be ineffective, a governor, John Delaware was appointed. In 1619, the first representative Assembly in Virginia was held at Jamestown. This assembly formed the foundation of what would become the State of Virginia. There were disagreements within the Virginia Company in the first years of the colony. One example of this was that the principal founder, Captain John Smith, disagreed with his fellow councillors on the running of the settlement. The settlement suffered from various difficulties at first and did not prosper until the colonists received their own land and the tobacco industry began to flourish. The colony survived and, in 1614, started to ship tobacco, its main export, to England. The estimated population circa 1700 was approximately 64,560. 3.1.2. North Carolina and South Carolina In 1663, eight proprietors received a royal charter from King Charles II to found a colony to the North of Florida. Thus, Carolina was founded with a commercial and a political purpose. The main port was Charles Town (Charleston). Unsuccessful attempts to colonize the area of the Carolinas had been made before the English landed on the James River. Between the years 1640 and 1650, there had been an influx of settlers into North Carolina from Jamestown, and in 1663, a settlement with an organized government was established in the northern part of North Carolina. The country was named Carolina, in honour of King Charles II of England. The principal founder was Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Earl of Shaftsbury, who sent over three hundred colonists to Carolina. In 1669, Ashley requested the assistance of the philosopher John Locke to devise the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, in

order to establish an aristocracy to govern the colony. He also planned an elected assembly of landowners, the Council of Nobles. The Carolina proprietors were planning to organize Carolina along the lines of a feudal state. Carolina was a slave society. In 1670 a number of people from the Caribbean island of Barbados sailed into the harbour of Charleston and settled on the Ashley and Cooper rivers. The Barbadians created plantations based on slavery and became very powerful. They had Indian and Negro slaves. After some false starts, a group of Barbadian joined with English settlers to found Charleston. The colony quickly developed following the model of plantation colonies. The territory was divided up into separate plantations. The main planters had both a plantation and a second house in Charleston, where government was centralized and where they used to spend the summer months. New settlers came, mostly Scots and French Huguenots. These people of French origin soon became the elite of the new colony. They quickly adopted the English language and joined the established Church of England, but they retained an aristocratic tone that would become a distinctive feature of the colony. In 1719, the colonists overthrew the last proprietary government, and in 1729, the king created separate royal governments in North and South Carolina. There were differences between them. South Carolina was richer, with more plantations, and was more densely populated, while North Carolina was poorer, with fewer plantations and slaves, but slightly more democratic. South Carolinas main exports were naval supplies and rice. The estimated population in 1700 was in the region of 5,720. North Carolinas main exports were wood, naval supplies and tobacco and the estimated population for the same year was roughly 10,720. By 1729, all proprietors except for one had sold their lands back to the crown. In 1729 Carolina was divided permanently into two parts, North and South Carolina, and they became separate royal colonies. The King of England bought the two Carolinas. 3.1.3. Georgia In the 1730s, Georgia was the last of the colonial English settlements. It was founded with the purpose of discouraging Spanish expansion, since it was an appealing territory and the British thought that the Spanish could move from Florida to occupy that area. The principal founder was a philanthropist, James Oglethorpe, a British general and Member of Parliament. When Oglethorpe left the army, he sympathized with the condition of the debt prisoners in England, and devoted himself to helping the poor and debt-ridden people of London, whom he suggested settling in America. With a board of twenty trustees, he was granted a charter from the King for this colony. The charter was issued in June 1732 and he landed with emigrants, near the present city of Savannah, and there established the colony that would be named Georgia for the King. At first, there were few emigrants because of the restrictions that the trustees imposed, such as the restriction on the size of individual land holdings to benefit the poor. The amount of land a settler could own was limited to no more than 500 acres, which could only be passed to the eldest son. People who had received charity and who

had not purchased their own land could not sell, or borrow money against it. In addition, rum was banned. Eventually, all those restrictions disappeared and by 1751, Georgia was a slave plantation and was returned to the king. The major exports of the colony were silk, rice, wood, and naval supplies. The estimated population circa 1750 was 5,200. One controversial issue was the fact that the trustees did not trust the colonists to make their own laws. They did not establish a representative assembly, although every other mainland colony had one. The trustees made all laws for the colony. Second, the settlements were laid out in compact, confined, and concentrated townships. In part, this arrangement was instituted to enhance the colony's defences, but social control was another consideration. Third, the trustees prohibited the import and manufacture of rum, for rum would lead to idleness. Finally, the trustees prohibited Negro slavery, for they believed that this ban would encourage the settlement of English and Christian people. In Georgia's first year, 1733, all went well enough as settlers began to clear the land, build houses, and construct fortifications. Later, however, they complained about the restrictions imposed on them by the trustees regarding the size of individual land holdings, and they opposed restrictions on land sales and the prohibition of slavery for the same reason. They disliked the fact that they were deprived both of any selfgovernment and of their rights as Englishmen. 3.2. The Middle Colonies 3.2.1. New York Manhattan Island was discovered in 1609 by Henry Hudson, while working for the Dutch East India Company. Dutch traders soon settled there, and at Albany, about 150 miles up the Hudson River. The government in Holland gave exclusive rights to Amsterdam merchants to trade with the American Indians on the Hudson, and the area was named Rhode Island. The Dutch West India Company, which was created in 1621, bought Manhattan Island from the Indian chiefs and built the town of New Amsterdam. In 1623 Holland sent 30 families, and a settlement was started there. In 1664, the Dutch surrendered to the English fleet without any resistance and this settlement was made an English colony. Charles II granted New Netherland to his brother James, Duke of York and it was renamed New York. The principal founder was Peter Stuyvesant, Duke of York. The purpose of this foundation was commercial and its major exports were furs and grain. The estimated population in 1700 was 19,107. 3.2.2 New Jersey New Jersey was founded in 1664 by two courtiers: Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. In 1674, Lord Berkeley sold his proprietary rights to a group of Quakers and the colony was divided into East and West Jersey. They were reunited again in one colony in 1702 and became a Royal Colony that same year. New Jersey was founded with the purpose of consolidating new English territory. The duke of York

awarded this land to Sir George Cartaret and Lord Berkeley, although legally only the King could establish a colonial government. They provided liberal grants of land and freedom of religion. The two parts of the colony were not united into a royal colony until 1702. The major export of the colony was grain and the estimated population circa 1700 was approximately 14,000, with a notable ethnic and religious diversity. 3.2.3. Pennsylvania and Delaware In 1681, Pennsylvania (literally, Penns woods) was founded with the purpose of being a refuge for English Quakers and the principal founder was William Penn. Charles II awarded him a charter making him the sole proprietor of that area. Penn wanted to create a Holy Society and thought that both rich and poor should participate in political affairs. He promoted his colony so well, guaranteeing liberty of conscience and religious freedom from persecution, that a great number of peoples of different nationalities and religions poured into Philadelphia and its surroundings. The colony flourished and Philadelphia began a period of rapid growth, which soon made it the largest town in North America. The estimated population of Pennsylvania circa 1700 was 18,950. The colony became ethnically very diversified with immigrants from Germany, Wales and England. The major export of the colony was grain. The Quakers were pacifists and believed all persons possessed the spirit of God, a powerful Inner Light and that all persons were equal in the sight of God and everyone could be saved. They were very humble and wore very austere clothes. A small colony from Sweden established a town on the site of New Castle, Delaware, and called the area New Sweden. The Dutch claimed the region as a part of New Netherland, and the governor of New Netherland proceeded against the Swedes in the summer of 1655, and brought them under subjection. It is difficult to distinguish between the first settlements in Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, because of the early political situation. In 1682, Penn bought the Three Lower Counties that finally became Delaware. The Swedes had founded the colony of Delaware in 1638, for commercial reasons. When the Duke of York acquired New Netherland, he also received New Sweden, which had been founded by Peter Minuit. He renamed this area Delaware. This area became part of Pennsylvania and remained so until 1703, when it created its own legislature. 3.2.4. Maryland In 1634, Maryland was founded and established as a proprietary colony by George Calvert, known as Lord Baltimore. He was a royalist and a Catholic who thought of this colony as a refuge for English Catholics persecuted elsewhere. However, a decade later, the Catholics had become a minority and the Protestants a majority. Lord Baltimore had to find a way of providing protection for them.

Charles I granted Lord Baltimore the right to establish this proprietary colony in 1632. This marked a turning point in the English colonial quest. Joint-stock companies disappeared and proprietary colonies reappeared to become the principal pattern of colonization for the remainder of the seventeenth century. Charles I granted a domain between North and South Virginia to Calvert. Before the charter was completed, Lord Baltimore died, but the charter was granted to his son Cecil that same year. The domain was called Maryland, and Cecil sent his brother Leonard, with colonists, to establish a settlement. They arrived in the spring of 1634, and laid the foundation for the commonwealth of Maryland at St. Mary. This colony was characterized by religious acceptance. The Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was signed in 1649, thereby institutionalising toleration and providing impermanent protection for Catholics. In the eighteenth century the Church of England became the established church. Virginia objected to the grant given John Baltimore, but was instructed by the King to help the settlers of Maryland when they arrived. The major export of the colony was tobacco. The estimated population circa 1700 was 34,100. 3.3. The New England Colonies 3.3.1. Massachusetts English Puritans escaping religious persecution in their homeland settled in New England and founded a colony with their own religious ideals, seeking to purify the Church of England. They wanted to establish a city set upon a hill, an ideal community. One group of these Puritans, the so called Pilgrims crossed the Atlantic in the ship called the Mayflower and settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. Before landing, they established their own government, the basis of which was the Mayflower Compact (See Document n 1 in the Appendix. American Documents). The principal founder was William Bradford, who described the experiences of this group in Of Plymouth Plantation. He was elected governor in May 1621 and re-elected more than thirty times. Plymouth was the second colony with its own charter. The original purpose of this foundation to be a refuge for English Separatists but it was also a joint-stock venture. The Pilgrim Fathers obtained rights to a particular plantation from the Virginia Company of London; they could locate where they chose within the territory of that Company, and enjoy local self-government. They planned to settle around the mouth of the Hudson River. However, they anchored in Provincetown Harbour, voiding their exclusive rights. Landing in Cape Cod, the Pilgrims disembarked outside the authorized jurisdiction of any other English colony. They feared the rule of those who did not belong to their group, and so they drew up the Mayflower Compact, which was signed on November 11th 1620 to found self-government for the colony. It was an agreement based on the approval of the people. It is the earliest known case in American history of people establishing a government for themselves by mutual agreement. This turned out to be one of the foundations of the subsequent process of independence, and served as a model for future governments.

Church compacts were familiar to English Puritans. It was natural for them to sign an agreement for civil purposes, when locating outside any recognized jurisdiction. Forty-one males, of whom twenty survived the first six months, signed the Compact. Apart from having their own laws, the Plymouth people also applied the common law of England. In spite of this, political authority was never secure and it was an independent colony only until 1691 when it was absorbed by Massachusetts. The first year was very hard and the colonists would not have survived the winter without help from the local Indians, the Wampanoag and the Pequamid, who shared corn with them and showed them where to fish. Later, they showed the English how to plant crops that would grow well in that soil. In 1621, the Pilgrims invited them to a feast to celebrate their survival in the harsh American wilderness, and the generosity of the Indians. That harvest feast was the first Thanksgiving. The economy of the colony in the first years was a subsistence economy, but later it developed trade, with grain becoming the major export. In 1628, the Massachusetts Bay Company was formed and many Puritans continued to settle in the area around Boston. Other puritans were to follow, and the foundations of the State of Massachusetts were laid. In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a joint-stock company resident in England, whose membership included landed gentry and merchants, received its charter from the crown. The charter was brought to America by a group of Puritans, and became the basis upon which a new colony was founded, with the purpose of being a refuge for English Puritans who did not accept the Church of England and wanted to practice their own religion. The principal founder was John Winthrop, who became governor, leading the community by strict puritan laws. He wrote his sermon A Model of Christian Charity on board the Arabella, the Flagship of the Puritan emigration to Massachussetts in 1630. On Board there were some seven hundred men, women and children. John Winthrop declared that the New England Puritans would be a model for other colonists and other Puritans to emulate, but this deed has also meant the hope that America would be a beacon upon a hill for other peoples: For wee must Consider that wee shall be as a City upon a hill. The eies of all people are upon Us, soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken, and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a by-word through the world Therefore let us choose life, that wee and our seede may live by obeyeing his voyce and cleaveing to him, for hee is our life and our prosperity. Another chief founder, although he never migrated to America, was the Reverend John White, who worked to establish an English colony in New England in order to relieve the concern in English social and religious life.

There were reports that Massachusetts Bay was ignoring English rule and enforcing political practices and religious conformity unacceptable in England. This led to a government investigation. However, the kings commissioners decided not to take action. New England established an often intolerant, moralistic stand, believing that governments should enforce Gods morality. The Puritans themselves did not tolerate religious dissent in Massachusetts. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and heretics. The right to vote was restricted to church members, and the salaries of ministers were paid out of tax revenues. The economy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was based on exporting grain and wood. The estimated population circa 1700 was 55,941, including the population of Plymouth. In 1691, Plymouth joined with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and became a Royal Colony. 3.3.2. Connecticut The Dutch explorer, Adrian Block explored a river, which the Indians called Quon-eh ti-cut. In 1633, in the valley watered by that river, a group of Puritans from Plymouth established a settlement. The first permanent settlement made in the valley of the Connecticut River was created by Puritans from Massachusetts circa 1635. The colony of Connecticut was founded circa 1635 by Thomas Hooker. It was really an expansion of Massachusetts and it is the present site of Hartford. In 1638. another group from Massachusetts settled on the site of New Haven. The two settlements were politically united, and laid the foundations for the commonwealth of Connecticut in 1639. It received a royal charter in 1663, but self-government preceded official recognition. The major export of the colony was grain. The estimated population circa 1700 was 25,970. 3.3.3. Rhode Island Rhode Island was founded by squatters. Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, were forced to leave Massachusetts Bay. In 1636, Roger Williams, a minister who criticised the religious-political establishment and argued for freedom of religion and separation of church and state, was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He founded Providence in Rhode Island. Roger Williams had three clear ideas: he recognized Indian land rights and negotiated with the Indians; he advocated religious freedom, and under his direction Rhode Island admitted Jews and other religions; he also advocated a clear separation between religion and political power. As a result, Rhode Island became a refuge for dissenters from Massachusetts. Then, in 1638, Anne Hutchinson was also banished from Massachusetts and she settled Portsmouth. She was considered a threat because she had questioned the authority of some influential ministers of the colony. The two settlements were consolidated under one government, called the Providence and Rhode Island Plantation, for which a charter was given in 1644. 3.3.4. New Hampshire

In 1622, the Plymouth Company granted land in northern New England between the Merrimac Kennebec, and St. Lawrence Rivers to John Mason and to Sir Ferdinando Gorges. Mason eventually founded New Hampshire and Gorges land led to Maine. Massachusetts controlled both until New Hampshire was given a royal charter in 1679 and Maine was made its own state in 1820. CHRONOLOGY Chronological table 1607 First English settlement at Jamestown 1608 Scrooby Congregation (Pilgrims) left England for Holland 1609 Henry Hudson explored the Hudson river 1609- Starving time in Virginia threatened survival of the colonists 1611 1619 First Black slaves arrived in Virginia 1620 Pilgrims sailed on Mayflower to America and signed the Mayflower Compact 1622 Surprise attacked by local Indians devastates Virginia. 1624 Dutch investors created permanent settlements along the Hudson River James I, king of England, dissolved the Virginia Company. 1625 Charles I ascended the English throne. 1630 John Winthrop transferred Massachusetts Bay charter to New England. 1632 Massachusetts was founded 1634 Colony of Maryland was founded 1636 Roger Williams was exiled from Massachusetts to Rhode Island 1638 Anne Hutchinson was exiled from Massachusetts to Rhode Island Harvard College was established 1639 Connecticut towns accepted Fundamental Orders. 1649 Charles I was executed during the English civil war 1660 Stuarts were restored to the English throne First Navigation Act was passed by Parliament 1663 Rhode Island got a royal charter Proprietors received charter for Carolina. Second Navigation (Staple) Act was passed 1664 The English conquered New Amsterdam, and renamed it New York 1673 Plantation duty was imposed to close loopholes in commercial regulations. 1675 King Philips War devastated New England. 1676 Bacons Rebellion threatened Governor Berkeleys government in Virginia. 1677 New Hampshire became a royal colony 1681 William Penn was granted a Charter to set up Pennsylvania 1684 Charter of Massachusetts Bay Company was revoked. 1685 Duke of York became James II. 1686 Dominion of New England was established. 1688 James II was driven into exile during the Glorious Revolution. 1689 Rebellions broke out in Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland. 1691 Jacob Leisler was executed. 1692 Salem Village was wracked by witch trials. 1696 Parliament established the Board of Trade.

SUGGESTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ANDREWS, C. The Colonial Period of American History, 4 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934-1938. BREEN, T.H.: Puritans and Adventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. CRONON, W. Changes in the Land: Indian, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang, 1983. GIPSON, L. H. The British Empire before the American Revolution. New York: Knopf, 19391970, 15 vols. GREENE, J.P. and Pole, J. R. eds.: Colonial British America. Baltimore: John Hopkins, 1984. INNES, S. Creating the Commonwealth: the Economic Culture of Puritan New England. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1995. JENNING, F. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1976. KUPPERMAN, K. O. Captain, John Smith. A Select Edition of His Writings. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. MORGAN, E. S. The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop. New York: University Press of America, 1985. MORGAN, E. S. The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in 17th Century New England. New York: Harper and Row, 1966. NASH, G. B. Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681-1726. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968. NASH, G. B. Red, White and Black: The Peoples of North America. New York: Prentice Hall, 2000. RICHTER, D.l K. The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. TAYLOR, A. American Colonies. London: Allen Lane, 2001. UNDERDOWN, D. A Freeborn People: Politics and the Nation in SeventeenthCentury England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

UNSER, D. H. Jr. Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. VAUGHAN, A T. The New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620-1675. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma, 1995. RECOMMENDED WEBSITES European Colonization and Settlement www.americanjourneys.org www.earlyamerica.com www.nhc.rtp.nc.us www.americanhistory.about.com muse.jhu.edu British Policy with the North American Colonies www.sparknotes.com/history/american/prerevolution/study.html www.uwmc.uwc.edu/history/courses/101s2.htm www.taxanalysts.com/Museum/1756-1776.htm www.academicamerican.com/colonial/topics/britishempire.htm www.informaworld.com/index/794640406.pdf North American Colonies www.Puritan.com www.timepage.org/spl/13colony.html www.usahistory.info/southern/North-Carolina.html www.usahistory.info/southern/South-Carolina.html www.foundingfathers.info/us-history/colonies/New Jersey.htlm

REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR SELF-EVALUATION 1. What were the goals of the Separatists who settled in Plymouth in 1620? 2. According to their leader, John Winthrop, what did the Puritans believe to be their purpose in coming to America? 3. Why was Maryland founded? How did it differ from the Virginia colony? 4. Which was the primary motivation for emigration in the New England Colonies? 5. Why was Maryland founded? How did it differ from the Virginia colony? 6. Which colony became a refuge for dissenters from Massachusetts? 7. Which colony as a refuge for English Catholics persecuted elsewhere? 8. Which was the purpose of founding Georgia? 9. What were differences between South Carolina and North Carolina? 10. Why did social and political tensions eventually occur in the Pennsylvania colony?

FURTHER TASKS 1. Explain the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans. 2. Explain the main reasons that intensified the colonizing impulse. 3. Write about the religious beliefs of the early Puritans who settled in New England. 4. Identify the key beliefs and practices of the Quakers. Why can it be said that they were the most anarchistic and democratic of all the Protestant sects? 5. List some of the major characteristics of the royal colony of Virginia.