Life Sciences Paper 2 Winter School 2011 4 July 15 July Learners Guide

Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 Introduction: Have you heard about Mindset? Mindset Network, a South African non-profit organisation, was founded in 2002. We develop and distribute quality and contextually relevant educational resources for use in the schooling, health and vocational sectors. We distribute our materials through various technology platforms like TV broadcasts, the Internet (www.mindset.co.za/learn) and on DVDs. The materials are made available in video, print and in computer-based multimedia formats. At Mindset we are committed to innovation. In the last two years, we successfully ran a series of broadcast events leading up to and in support of the NSC examinations Now we are proud to announce our 2011 edition of Matric Exam Revision, which will begin with our Winter School in July. Weve expanded the broadcast to support you in seven subjects - Mathematics, Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, Mathematical Literacy, English 1st Additional Language, Accounting and Geography. During our Winter School, you will get Exam overviews, study tips on each of the topics we cover, detailed solutions to selected questions from previous examination papers, short question and answer sessions so you can check you are on track and live phone in programmes so you can work through more exam questions with an experienced teacher. Getting the most from Winter School Before you watch the broadcast of a topic, read through the questions for the topic and try to answer them without looking up the solutions. If you get stuck and cant complete the answer dont panic. Make a note of any questions you have. When watching the Topic session, compare the approach you took to what the teacher does. Dont just copy the answers down but take note of the method used. Make sure you keep this booklet for after Winter School. You can re-do the exam questions you did not get totally correct and mark your own work by looking up the solutions at the back of the booklet. Remember that exam preparation also requires motivation and discipline, so try to stay positive, even when the work appears to be difficult. Every little bit of studying, revision and exam practice will pay off. You may benefit from working with a friend or a small study group, as long as everyone is as committed as you are. Mindset believes that the 2011 Winter School programme will help you achieve the results you want. If you find Winter School a useful way to revise and prepare for your exams, remember that we will be running Spring School from the 3rd to 7th October and Exam School from 19th October to 22nd November as well.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Programme Outline The Mindset Winter School is designed to focus on two subjects each day. For each subject you will find the following sessions: Examination Overview This is a 15 minute session that gives details of what you can expect in each examination paper. Practical guidelines are also given on how to prepare for the day of the exam. Topics Tips In this session you will be given a 15 minutes summary of the key ideas you need to know, common errors and study hints to help you prepare for your exams. Topic Session An expert teacher will work through specially selected questions from previous exam papers. Interactive Q & A After every topic you will get the chance to test yourself. Live Phone-in This is your chance to ask your own questions. So submit your question to the Help Desk and we might call you back to help you live on TV. All questions you submit will be answered within 48 hours as normal.

Winter Broadcast School Schedule

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Topic 1: Life Processes Question 1 Adapted from June, 2009, P2 HG, 1.1.

1.1 Provide the number on the stem where the concentration of Auxin will be

highest 1.2 How will this influence the growth of the stem? 1.3 What conclusion can be made because of this? Question 2 Adapted from June, 2008, P2 hg, 1.1.2 1.1.3

(1) (2) (2)

The tip of an actively growing seedling was removed and then placed on one side of the stem as shown in the diagram below. The seedling was kept in a dark room.

2.1 2.2

Provide a hypothesis for this experiment. Explain the result and conclusion of this experiment.

Question 3 Adapted from Exemplar, 2011, P2, 2.3 A group of Grade 12 learners wanted to investigate the effect of light coming from one direction on the growth of shoots. They planted some wheat seeds in two seed trays and allowed it to germinate. When young shoots appeared above the soil level, the shoots were exposed to light from all directions for three days. After three days, the trays received different treatments as follows:

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Tray A: The shoots were exposed to light from all directions. Tray B: The shoots were exposed to light from one direction only. The diagrams below show the effects of these treatments. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Formulate a hypothesis for the investigation above. (3) Explain why it was important to include tray A as part of this investigation. (2) State ONE conclusion that may be drawn from this investigation. (2) A third tray (C) was set up in a similar way as tray A and tray B. The tips of the shoots were covered with aluminium foil. The diagram below shows the appearance of the shoots at the start and after being exposed to light from one direction only.

What conclusion can you draw from the results obtained in tray C? 3.5 Name ONE use in agriculture of the following: Auxins Gibberellins

(2) (1) (1)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 4 Explain how roots how auxins cause roots to grow downwards (towards gravity). (5) Question 5 The diagram below illustrates the structure of the central nervous system and part of the spinal cord of a person who has had an accident. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

5.1.1 Label numbers 1, 2, 3 and 9. (4) 5.1.2 Give the number(s) of the part(s) responsible for the following responses in this person: (i) Deep breathing (ii) Controlling high body temperature (iii) Increased pulse rate (iv) Loss of memory (8) 5.1.3 In order to determine the condition of the person, a doctor examined fluid taken from between the parts marked 11 and 12. (i) Identify parts 11 and 12. (2) (ii) Name the fluid present between 12 and 13. (2) (iii) Give TWO functions of the above-mentioned fluid. (2) 5.2. Explain how the following affect the nervous system: i) Dagga ii) Tik (4)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 6 Adapted from exemplar, 2011, P2, 1.4 The diagram below shows the human brain (longitudinal section), spinal cord (transverse section) and the right leg.

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Name part 1, 4 and 5. (3) Identify the type of response indicated by the leg lifting up as indicated in the diagram. (1) Explain fully how this response occurs in the body. (5) Tabulate the structural and functional differences between parts indicated by 3 and 4. (5)

Question 7 Adapted from Nov, 2003, Physiology, 1.3 Copy the table below in your answer book. Complete the following table on the human eye by, under A, adding the numbers of the diagram below the table next to the appropriate label and, under B, making a tick () if the statement under B is TRUE or a cross (X) if the statement is FALSE in respect of each part. Part of Eye 1.Vitreous humor 2. Retina 3. Cornea 4. Iris 5. Blind spot 6. Pupil 7. Sclera 8. Lens 9. Conjunctiva 10. Choroid A B = Refracts light rays

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za

Question 8 Adapted from June, 2010, Biology, 2.1 Study the diagrams and answer the questions.

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5

Name the process that accounts for the change from Diagram I to Diagram II. (1) Using letters and names of the parts labelled A to E, describe THREE changes that occur during the process named in QUESTION 8.1. (9) Which diagram (I or II) represents the state of the eye when a person is reading a book? (1) Explain why some people, over the age of 40, tend to wear glasses with convex lenses. (5) How would a blind person be able to read the questions on this question paper? (1)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 9 Adapted from June, 2008, Biology p2 HG, 2.2 Study the following diagram of the human ear and answer the questions that follow.

9.1 9.2 9.3

9.4

9.5 9.6

Identify parts B and G. (2) State the function of each of parts C and E. (2) Explain: (a) Why you can often clear a buzzing/humming in the ear by swallowing. (3) b) Why the membrane labelled F is much larger than membrane C. (2) A dog has lost part A in an accident. Part A is replaced with a stiff, non-elastic, solid plastic structure. (a) Is the plastic structure as effective as the original ear of the dog? (1) (b) Explain your answer to QUESTION 2.2.4 (a). (2) Explain how part D and the retina of the eye function in similar ways. (4) Give ONE reason for part D being spirally shaped. (2)

Question 10 Adapted from Exemplar, 2011, P2, 3.3 Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

10.1 10.2

Identify the parts labelled B, C and F. Explain how the pinna of the ear is suited for its function.

(3) (4) Page 8

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 10.3 Write the letter of the part which: (a) Contains receptors for balance. (b) Equalises pressure on either side of part B. (c) Transmits impulses to the brain.

(3)

Question 11 Adapted from Nov Physiology, 2003, SG, q4 Study the diagrams which illustrate the endocrine glands in the human body.

11.1 11.2 11.3

Name the one hormone secreted by part labelled 1, 2 and 6. (3) Provide the functions of the hormones secreted by the glands found in part labelled 4. (2) Negative feedback occurs between 1 and 4.Explain this mechanism (6)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 12 Adapted from exemplar, 2011, P2, 3.1 Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

12.1 12.2 12.3

Give labels for the glands numbered 1 and 2. (2) Name hormone A. (1) Describe the negative feedback mechanism that operates when the thyroxin level in the blood is too high, as indicated by process C. (4)

Question 13 Adapted from June, 2010, Paper2 hg, 1.6

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 13.1 Label layer B and part C. (2) 13.2 Write down the letters of TWO parts in the diagram which are involved in the insulation of the body. (2) 13.3 What will happen to part F on a cold day? (2) Question 14 Adapted from Exemplar, 2011, P2, 3.2 The graph below shows the effect of strenuous exercise, followed by a cold shower, on the body temperature of an athlete.

14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6

Which part of the brain responds to the temperature changes that occur at A and B on the graph? (1) What was the maximum temperature reached? (1) For what period of time did the person engage in strenuous exercise? (1) Why should body temperature not be allowed to fluctuate too much? (1) Which diagram (I or II) would represent the condition of the skin after 15 minutes? (1) Explain your answer to QUESTION 14.5. (2)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Topic 2: Environmental Studies Question 1 (Population Ecology) 1.1 Various possible answers are provided for each question. Indicate the correct answer by writing only the letter of your choice next to the relevant question number.

1.1.1 A population consists of A different ecosystems. B communities of different organisms. C individuals of the same kind. D different species. 1.1.2 Which of the following represents a population? A Different types of animals in a nature reserve. B Cats and dogs in the backyard of your home. C All the fish in the sea. D All the trout in the Vaal river. 1.2 Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the term next to the relevant question number.

1.2.1 The phase during population growth where animals adapt to their new environment. 1.2.2 The maximum number of organisms of a particular kind that can be supported by resources in the environment. 1.2.3 The natural ability of a population to increase in size. 1.2.4 One-directional movement of organisms into a population. 1.2.5 A population without emigration and immigration. 1.2.6 Determining the population size by counting all organisms.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 1.3 For each of the phrases in COLUMN I, state whether it applies to A only, B only, both A and B or none in COLUMN II. Write down A only, B only, both A and B or none in the answer book. COLUMN II A. Natality B. Carrying capacity A. Petersen method B. Quadrat method A. Geometric growth form B. Logistic growth form

COLUMN I 1. Maximum number of individuals an environment can sustain 2. Direct technique 3. Displays exponential growth

1.4

Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

D C

B A

1.4.1 Identify the growth from illustrated above. 1.4.2 Identify the phases labelled A to D. 1.4.3 Briefly explain phase A. 1.4.4 Which phase is NOT illustrated above?

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 1.5 The graph below shows the number of bacteria growing in a nutrient medium which was kept at a constant optimum temperature for a period of 30 hours.

1.5.1 How many bacteria were present at 10 hours? 1.5.2 From the fifth hour, how long did it take the bacteria population to double in size? 1.5.3 At which of the following time periods was the growth rate the greatest? Write only the letter of your choice. A 0 - 5 hours B 5 - 10 hours C 10 - 15 hours D 15 - 20 hours 1.5.4 Give a possible reason for the increase in growth rate for the period mentioned in Question 1.5.3. 1.5.5 For how many hours was the population of bacteria found to be above 4000? (Show calculations) 1.5.6 Give ONE possible reason why the population of bacteria suddenly began to decrease after 25 hours. 1.6 A biologist wants to determine the number of trout in an aquatic population. He caught 25 trout and tagged them. The trout was released. Few months later, he catches 15 trout of which 5 were tagged.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 2 (Human Populations) 2.1 Various possible answers are provided for each question. Indicate the correct answer by writing only the letter of your choice next to the relevant question number.

2.1.1 What was the population size when the industrial revolution started? A 100 000. B 1000 000. C 1000 000 000. D 2000 000 000. 2.1.2 According to the graph, what event lead to a significant decrease in the human population? A Industrial revolution B Bubonic plaque C Agricultural revolution D Bronze age

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.2 Study the population pyramid of the South African population.

2.2.1 What does a population represent? 2.2.2 What is represented by the horizontal axes? 2.2.3 What is represented by the vertical axes? 2.3 Study the population pyramids of different populations.

2.3.1 What is the percentage of females between 0 - 4 in pyramid A?

2.3.2 What is the percentage of males between 35 - 39 in pyramid B? 2.3.3 What is the percentage difference between age groups 15-19 and 25-29? 2.4.1 What is the age group between 15 - 44 called? Brought to you by Page 16

Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.4.2 Give only the letter of the population pyramid that has: (a) the same natality and mortality rate (b) a decreased natality rate and low mortality rate (c) a high natality and mortality rate (d) the slowest population growth rate 2.4.3 Which population pyramid (only letter) could represent the population of: (a) South Africa (b) Italy (c) United States 2.4 Study the statistics of the South African population. Province Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape North West Western Cape Total 2.4.1 Calculate the percentage of the population for each province. 2.4.2 Calculate the total South African population. Population size 6 743 800 2 824 500 11 191 700 10 645 400 5 439 600 3 617 600 1 103 900 3 200 900 5 223 900 Percentage

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.5 Study the map of the world that indicates the ecological footprints of the different countries. The darker the colour, the greater the ecological footprint.

2.5.1 What is meant by the term ecological footprint? 2.5.2 State the units that are used to measure ecological footprints. 2.5.3 Which country has the greatest ecological footprint? 2.5.4 Provide TWO possible reasons why the country mentioned in QUESTION 2.5.3 has the greatest ecological footprint? 2.5.5 Which southern hemisphere country has the greatest ecological footprint? 2.5.6 What will happen in South Africa if the ecological footprint is not kept less than the biocapacity? 2.6 Write an essay discussing THREE strategies the learners of South Africa could use to combat (lessen) our ecological footprint on the South African environment.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.7 Study the population pyramids of different populations.

2.7.1 What colour in the pie graphs indicates numbers of developed countries? 2.7.2 Provide reasons for your answer.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 3: Community Ecology 3.1 Various possible answers are provided for each question. Indicate the correct answer by writing only the letter of your choice next to the relevant question number.

3.1.1 Which of the following serves as the best example of predation? A Bees visiting a flower B Ticks on a dog C A lion catching a zebra D A birds nest in a tree 3.1.2 Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between a predator and its prey? A There is interspecific competition B The size of the predator population is density dependent and is controlled by the size of the prey population C An increased number of predators causes an increased number of prey D A decreased number of predators causes a decreased number of prey 3.2 Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the term next to the relevant question number.

3.2.1 An organism that only consumes plant material. 3.2.2 Group of organisms that live off dead organisms. 3.2.3 Type of competition between members of the same species. 3.2.4 Competition between organisms that ensures that the best competitor stays in the environment. 3.2.5 Coexisting of lions and leopards in the same area.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.3 Study the diagrams below and name the type of social organization and its benefit to the population.

3.4

Study the graph below of the interaction between two populations of mites namely genuss Typhlodromus and Eotetranychus, and answer the questions that follow.

3.4.1 Name the type of interaction illustrated in the graph. 3.4.2 Provide the complete scientific name of the prey. 3.4.3 Provide the complete scientific name of the predator. 3.4.4 What is the number of prey at week 5? 3.4.5 What is the number of predators at week 55? 3.4.6 Describe and explain the pattern shown by the interaction in the graph. 3.4.7 Create a table to indicate the population size of the two species from day 20 to day 40. Brought to you by Page 21

Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.5 Study the diagrams below and name the type of competition with reasons.

3.6

Study the diagrams below and name the type of social interaction is illustrated. Briefly describe the relationship.

3.7

Study the diagrams below and name the type of social interaction isillustrated. Briefly describe the relationship.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.8 Source: 2011, Life Sciences paper 2 Exemplar, Question 4.2

Read the paragraph below on the culling of elephant TOO HUNGRY, TOO DESTRUCTIVE, TOO MANY: SOUTH AFRICA TO BEGIN ELEPHANT CULL An elephant herd at the Kruger National Park has 20 000 elephants, 5 000 more than is sustainable. Ecologists say the animals' huge appetites and fondness for 'habitat re-engineering' - reducing forests to flatland by uprooting trees and trampling plants - is the main problem. Culling of the excess elephants is seen as an advantage in that it generates revenue for the communities from the sale of ivory and other elephant products. It will also provide meat to the local communities. Alternatives to culling include contraception and relocation of entire elephant families. The removal of fences between the Kruger National Park and parks in neighbouring Mozambique will eventually help with migration into less congested areas. The 1998 figure of 8 000 elephant increased to 20 000 in 2008 and it is expected to reach 34 000 by 2020. [Adapted from The Guardian, 26 February 2008] 3.8.1 Give the main reason mentioned above in support of the culling of elephants. 3.8.2 Name TWO alternatives to culling proposed above. 3.8.3 Draw a bar graph to show the change in the elephant population from 1998 to 2020. 3.9 Source: 2011, Life Sciences paper 2 Exemplar, Question 4.3

Using examples, describe predation, competition and symbiosis, explaining how each interaction influences the population size of the organisms involved.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 4: Ecology Succession 4.1 Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

4.1

What biological process is illustrated above?

4.2 Differentiate between primary and secondary versions of the abovementioned process. 4.3 What do we call the first species that occupy barren or bare soil?

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Topic 3: Reproduction Question 1 Adapted from Exemplar , 2011, Paper 2,Question 1.5. Study the diagram below of the life cycle of a plant in which the gametophyte generation is dominant gametophyte spores (n) female male sex organ (n) sex organ (n) cell division A male gamete (n) female gamete (n) process B zygote 1.1. 1.2. Is the life cycle represented, that of a moss or a flowering plant? Name the following: a) Cell division A b) Process B c) Cell division C Is the gametophyte haploid or diploid? Are seeds produced during the life cycle of this plant? (1) cell division C sporophyt e

1.3. 1.4.

(3) (1) (1)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 2 Adapted from February, 2011, Paper 1, Question 3.3. Study the diagram of a flower below and answer the questions that follow

2.1. 2.2.

Label parts A, B and D (3) Describe TWO ways how the structures in a flower are adapted for each of the following: a) Wind pollination (2) b) Insect pollination (2) 2.3. What do the following structures develop into after fertilisation? a) Structure C b) Structure E (2) 2.4. Give the letter/s of the parts that forms part of the: a) male whorl b) female whorl (4) Question 3 Adapted from Feb/Mar 2011, Paper 1, Question 3.1. The diagram below represents the female reproductive system.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. Label structures A, B and C State THREE functions of D Fertilisation usually takes place at Y. Why will a blockage at X: a) Prevent fertilisation at Y b) Not necessarily lead to infertility Question 4 Adapted from Exemplar, 2011, Paper 2, Question 2.1. (3) (3) (1) (2)

Study the diagram below showing the sequence of events of the development of an ovum in a 28-day cycle

D A

B C 4.1. Identify the following: a) Follicle labelled A b) Structure labelled C c) Process shown at B d) Hormone responsible for the formation of part A e) Hormone responsible for the formation of part C What type of cell division resulted in the formation of part D? If the events shown above took place in a 28 day cycle, state whether fertilisation took place during this period. Explain your answer to question 4.3. 4.5. Explain HOW and WHY the production of FSH is inhibited when fertilisation takes place.

4.2. 4.3. 4.4.

(5) (1) (1) (3) (4)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 5 Adapted from November, 2010, Paper 1, Question 3.1. The diagram below shows part of the female reproductive system. Structures B to G and processes 1, 2 and 3, occurring in the Fallopian tube and uterus are magnified.

5.1. 5.2. 5.3.

5.4. 5.5. 5.6.

Label C and D. State which processes are taking place at 1, 2 and 3 respectively. State how many chromosomes are present in the following structures: a) E b) Each cell of structure G Draw an enlarged labelled diagram of structure F to show its details. State TWO functions of fluid A. Structure B transports substances to and from the foetus. a) Name ONE useful substance transported to the foetus. b) Name ONE waste product transported from the foetus.

(2) (3)

(2) (5) (2)

(2)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 6 Adapted from September, 2009 (Free State) , Paper 1, Question 1.4. Study the diagram below which shows the male reproductive system and answer the questions that follow.

6.1. 6.2.

6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6.

Provide a label for part E. (1) State ONE function of part: a) A b) D c) E d) G e) H (5) Explain the function that parts B and C have in common. (2) Write down the LETTER of the part in which meiosis occurs and name the type of cells that forms at the end of the process. (2) Name the cells found in structure G that are responsible for the production of Testosterone. (1) Describe a permanent contraceptive method in males. (2)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 7 Adapted from June, 2009 (Gauteng) , Paper 1, Question 4.2. The following questions refer to the figures below, which illustrates the changing of hormones; the ovarian cycle and the changes of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Study the figures and answer the questions that follow.

7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6.

Identify the hormones A, B, C and D. Explain why the structure of H changes so much from day 4 to day 28. Give TWO reasons why menstruation takes place. What causes hormone B to peak at day 14. Name the hormone that is secreted by G. Why do the levels of hormone C begin to rise steeply after day 14 on the graph.

(4) (1) (2) (1) (1) (1)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Solutions to Topic 1: Life Processes Question 1 Plant Hormones 1.1 1.2 1.3 1 It will cause the stem to bend towards the light Stems are positively phototropic (1) (2) (2)

Question 2 Plant Hormones 2.1 2.2 Stems are positively/negatively phototropic (3) Result - stem will bend to the left Conclusion - substances which promote growth are formed at the tip of the stem. (3)

Question 3 Plant Hormones 3.1 Shoots will grow towards the light OR Shoots will grow awayfrom the light OR Light has no influence on the shoot 3.2 It is the control - To verify the results of the experiment./To allow for one variable only. 3.3 Shoots grow towards the source of light. 3.4 The auxins that make the shoot to grow towards the light is in the tips of the shoots . 3.5 (a) Apical dominance (b) Tall growth of a plant/stimulate seed germination

(3)

(2) (2)

(2) (1) (1) (10)

Question 4 Plant Hormones Under the influence of gravity, Auxins settle at the bottom of the root. A high concentration of Auxins here (in the root) inhibits cell division and elongation. The cells on the upper end grow faster and the root bends downwards. Roots are therefore positively geotrophic. Question 5 Nervous System 5.1.1 1 - cerebrum 2 - cerebellum 9 - medulla oblongata 5.1.2 i) 9 ii) 6 iii) 9 5.1.3 i) 11 - pia mater 12 - arachnoid ii) cerebro-spinal fluid Brought to you by 3 - spinal cord iv) 1 (4) (8) (2) (1) Page 31

Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za iii) protection 5.2 Question 6 CNS Reflex Arc 6.1 6.2 6.3 1 - cerebrum 4 - motor neuron 5 - cerebellum Reflex Action When hammer knocks knee receptor converts stimulus into impulse Impulse then taken via sensory neuron And enters the spinal cord via dorsal horn of grey matter Makes a synapse with an interneuron which in turn makes a synapse With a motor neuron which leaves via the ventral horn of grey matter Taking the impulse to the muscle (effector) causing it to contract Pulling the leg up - knee jerk reflex (max 5) Can't get table here Sensory neuron Unipolar Transfers impulses from receptors to CNS 4+ 1 for table (3) (1) distribution of nutrients (2)

(5)

6.4 Motor neuron Multipolar Transfers impulses from CNS to effectors (5)

Question 7 Eye Part of Eye A B = Refracts light rays

1.Vitreous humor

10

2. Retina

3. Cornea

4. Iris

5. Blind spot

6. Pupil

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 7. Sclera 11 X

8. Lens

9. Yellow spot

10. Choroid

12

X (20)

Question 8 Eye 8.1 8.2 (eye) accommodation the ciliary muscles , part A contracts the suspensory ligaments , part B slackens the lens E becomes more convex OR the ciliary muscles , part A relaxes the suspensory ligaments , part B become taut the lens E becomes less convex Diagram II (1) With old age the lens loses its elasticity / the ability to become more convex / ability to change shape image focusing behind the retina/image not focussing on retina The convex lenses of the glasses allows the light rays to converge on the retina thus forming a clear image. It would be in Braille (1)

(9)

8.3 8.4

8.5

(5) (1) (17)

Question 9 Ear 9.1 B: Semi-circular canals G: Auditory meatus/canal 9.2 C: Transmits pressure waves to the perilymph of the inner ear E: Prevents pressure build-up of sound waves / distortion /eases vibrations out of the inner ear/ absorbs vibrations 9.3 (a) - A buzzing sound is caused by a difference in the pressure between the outer and the middle ear - Swallowing opens / closes the Eustachian tube - to equalise the pressure (b) - To amplify sound 9.4 (a) No Brought to you by (2)

(2)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za (b) It is not moveable or flexible for more accurate collection of sound / for finding the direction that the sound is coming from 9.5 - Both receive stimuli - and convert to impulses - which they send through the sensory neuron Any (2 x 2) 2.2.6 - Larger surface area - to accommodate more receptors - fits into smaller area / takes up less space Any 2

(2)

(4)

(2) (18)

Question 10 Ear 10.1 B - tympanic membrane C - malleus/hammer F - cochlea 10.2 Has many ridges to direct the sound waves along the auditory canal Extends outside the head/large flaps/funnel shaped to trap sound waves (Mark first TWO only) 10.3 (a) D (b) G (c) E Question 11 Endocrine System 11.1 1 - Growth hormone/FSH/LH/TSH/ ADH any 1 2 - thyroxin 6 - adrenalin/aldosterone any 1 Insulin - lowers blood sugar level Glucagon - increases blood sugar level High thyroxin concentration in the blood will stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete less TSH. The lower level of TSH will make the thyroid gland to secrete less thyroxin which will decrease the level of thyroxin in the blood

(3)

(any 2)

(2)

(3) (8)

(3) (4)

11.2 11.3

(6)

Question 12 Endocrine System 12.1 1 pitituary gland 2 thyroid gland

(2) (1)

12.2 Thyroid stimulating hormone/TSH High thyroxin concentration in the blood will stimulate the pituitary gland Brought to you by Page 34

Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za to secrete less TSH. The lower level of TSH will make the thyroid gland to secrete less thyroxin which will decrease the level of thyroxin in the blood

(any 4)

(4) (7)

Question 13 13.1 B Epidermis C Erector muscle 13.2 A D 13.3 Constrict

(2) (2) (1) (5)

Question 14 14.1 Hypothalamus 14.2 37,5 oC 14.3 10 minutes 14.4 Most human activities is controlled by enzymes and enzymes require optimum temperatures to function (1) (1) (1)

(1) (1)

14.5 Diagram I 14.6 Blood vessels dilated to bring more blood to the surface and more heat will be lost. OR Increased sweat productionwhich will cool down the body

(2) (7)

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Solutions to Topic 2: Environmental Studies Question 1 (Population Ecology) 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.4.1 1.4.2 C D Lag phase Carry capacity Natality Immigration Closed Census / Direct method B only Neither A or B Both Logistic growth form A - lag phase B - exponential growth phase C - decelerating growth phase D - equilibrium / stationary phase - Organisms are new to the environment - it needs time to adapt to environmental conditions - also new food sources Extinction phase 1000 per mm 2,5 hours C 10 - 15 hours Bacteria have adapted to environment 30 -14 = 16 Exceeded carrying capacity / High environmental resistance MxC N= R N = Population size M = Number captured during first catch C = Number captured during second catch R = Number of tagged organisms 25 x 15 5 325 5 125 trout

1.4.3

1.4.4 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 1.5.6 1.6

N= =

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 2 (Human Populations) 2.1.1 C 2.1.2 B 2.2.1 Percentage of a specific gender of a population according to different age groups 2.2.2 Percentage of the population 2.2.3 Different age groups 2.3.1 8 2.3.2 4.2 2.3.3 = 4 - 2 = 2% 2.4.1 Reproductive 2.4.2 (a) C (b) B (c) A (d) B 2.4.3 (a) A (b) C (c) B 2.4 Province Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape North West Western Cape Total 49 991 300 Population size Percentage 13,5 5,7 22,4 21,3 10,9 7,2 2,2 6,4 10,4

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 2.5.1 The ecological footprint compares human demands with the planets ecological capacity to meet those demands. 2.5.2 Global hectares 2.5.3 USA 2.5.4 It has a great amount of industries Great number of car Not signed Kyoto protocol 2.5.5 Australia 2.5.6 Any TWO of the following: Collapsing fish stocks Diminishing forest cover Depletion of freshwater systems A build-up of pollution and waste, which creates problems such as global climate change 2.6 Write an essay discussing THREE strategies the learners of South Africa could use to combat (lessen) our ecological footprint on the South African environment. Criteria Strategies Discussion Marks allocated 1 One valid strategy Valid discussion of one strategy Significant gaps in logic and flow of answer. 2 Two valid strategies Valid discussion of two strategies Minor gaps in logic and flow of answer. 3 Three or more valid strategies Valid discussion of three strategies Well structured demonstrates insight and understanding of question.

Synthesis

2.7.1 Green 2.7.2 Has smallest population BUT largest consumption AND hazardous waste production Question 3 (Community Ecology) 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.3 C B Herbivore Saprophytes / heterotrophs Intraspecific / intraspecies Competitive exclusion Resource partitioning Fish = confusing predators Zebras = confuse predators African wild dogs = ensure successful hunting Bees = division and specialization of labour 3.4.1 Predation or predator-prey interaction 3.4.2 Eotetranchys sexmaculetus

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za

3.4.3 Typhlodromus occidentalis 3.4.4 +- 100 3.4.5 +- 12 3.4.6 When the number prey increases there is more food available That means that all the cubs of a lynx litter will receive food and all will reach maturity That increases the predator population As the predator population increases the predation pressure would increasewhich means that the predators will be killing more prey causing a decrease in prey population As the prey population decreases the predators will have less food and their numbers will be decreasing The decrease in predators allows the number of prey to increase 3.5 Lions = intraspecific competition (same species) Lions and hyenas = interspecific competition (different species) 3.6 Mosquito on skin = parasitism (parasite benefits while host is harmed) Nest in tree = commensalism (bird benefits while tree is NOT harmed or benefitted) 3.7 Bee on flower = mutualism (Both bee and flower benefits) Clown fish in sea anemone = mutualism (Both fish and anemone benefits) 3.8.1 Damage to the environment 3.8.2 Contraception Relocation of elephant families Removing fences to allow migration (Mark first TWO only) 3.8.3 Elephant population from 2008 to 2020 Number of elephants
40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

1998

2008 Year

2020

Mark allocation of the graph Caption for graph Correct label for X-axis Correct label for Y-axis Appropriate scale for Y-axis Drawing of bars (D) 1 1 1 1 1 mark if 1 to 2 bars are drawn correctly2 marks if all 3 bars are drawn correctly

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 3.9 Predation o A predator captures and kills other animals (prey) for its food o Example: Lions that capture and feed on antelopes o Prey population will decrease and the predator population will increase Competition o Interspecific competition Happens when large numbers of organisms of different species depend on same resources. Example: Flour beetles One species will decrease in population size while the other will increase o Intraspecific competition Happens when large numbers of organisms of different species depend on same resources. Example: Flour beetles One species will decrease in population size while the other will increase o Intraspecific competition Happens between organisms of same species that share the same available resource. Example: Owls competing for same resources. Stronger owls will survive The owl population will decrease Symbiosis is the close association between two organisms so that one or both benefit o Parasitism One organism benefit (parasite) while the other is harmed (host) Example: Tapeworm and humans The host organisms population size will decrease and the parasite population increase o Mutualism Symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both benefit Example: Bacteria and roots of leguminous plants Both populations will increase o Commensalism Symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one benefits without harming the other Example: Sharks and sucker fish/Remora (benefit) The population size of the organism that benefits will increase in size

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Marks Description 3 All three interactions discussed with no irrelevant information 2 Two interactions discussed with no irrelevant information OR three interactions discussed with little irrelevant information 1 One interaction discussed with little or no irrelevant information OR two interactions discussed with little irrelevant information 0 Not attempted/nothing written other than question number/no correct information Question 4 (Ecology Succession) 4.1 4.2 4.3 Ecological succession Primary is when the soil has never supported life but secondary referred to succession where the environment has been damaged Pioneer species

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Solutions to Topic 3: Reproduction Question 1 1.1. Moss 1.2. (a) Mitosis (b) Fertilisation (c) Meiosis 1.3. Haploid 1.4. No Question 2 2.1. A- Petal B- Anther C- Stigma (3) a) - The pollen grains are light/smooth and dry and float easily - The anthers hang out of the flower / have tall stamens .This will allow for the wind to easily carry off the pollen grains. - The stigmas are large and feathery/sticky , which helps to trap the pollen grains easily - The flowers produce large amounts of pollen , to increase the chances of pollination Mark first TWO only (2) b) - The flowers are brightly coloured and scented to attract insects . - The flowers are usually large /smaller flowers are grouped together to be more attractive to the insects . - The pollen grains are rough and /or sticky so that they can easily become attached to the insects. - Some flowers have special mechanisms that allow the stamens to touch the body as soon as an insect lands on the petals. - The flowers have a larger area that serves as a "landing pad" for insects Mark first TWO only (2)

(1)

(3) (1) (1)

2.2.

2.3. a) Seed b) Fruit 2.4. a) B b) C D E Question 3 3.1. A- Fallopian tube/ Oviduct B- Ovary C- Vagina - Encloses and protects the developing embryo/foetus - Forms part of the placenta (4) (2)

(3)

3.2.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za - which provides for the nutrition/gaseous exchange /excretion of the embryo - Allows for implantation /attachment of the embryo - Contracts during labour for childbirth Mark first THREE only 3.3. a) The sperm will be prevented from reaching the ovum /prevents the ovum from travelling along the Fallopian tube (1) b) The ovum produced in the other ovary can still be fertilised in the other Fallopian tube. (2) Question 4 4.1. (a) Graafian follicle (b) Corpus luteum (c) Ovulation (d) FSH (e) LH Meiosis No

(3)

4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5

(5) (1) (1)

If fertilisation occurred the corpus luteum would stay intact and not be destroyed (3) If fertilisation occurs high levels of progesterone enters the blood The high levels of progesterone inhibits the production of FSH Low levels of FSH stop the development of a ovum inside a Graafian follicle No ovulation occurs when the individual is pregnant (4)

Question 5 5.1. 5.2. C- Endometrium /Uterine wall D- Ovary 1- Ovulation 2- Fertilisation 3- Mitosis a) 23 b) 46 / 23 pairs

(2)

(3) (2)

5.3.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za 5.4.

5.5.

5.6.

(5) - Acts as a shock absorber /prevents physical or mechanical damage - Protects the foetus from drying out - Insulates the foetus against temperature fluctuations - Allows foetal movement for growth and development Mark first TWO only (2) a) Oxygen (Dissolved) food (examples ; glucose ,amino acids , water) Antibodies Nutrients Mark first ONE only (1) b) Metabolic waste Carbon dioxide Nitrogenous waste/ (examples urea, ammonia, uric acid) Water Mark first ONE only (1)

Question 6 6.1. 6.2. E - Vas deferens /Sperm duct (1) (a) A Stores urine, temporarily (b) D carries sperm and urine out of the body (c) E carries sperm from epididymis to urethra (d) G produces sperm and male sex hormones (e) H Holds the testis away from the body to lower the temperature for optimum sperm production/acts as temperature regulator (5) Both these glands provide secretions that help with the production of semen/aids the efficiency of sperm (2) G , haploid spermatids/sperm cells (2) Cells of Leydig /Interstitial cells (2) Vasectomy The Vas deferens/sperm duct is cut/severed thereby preventing sperm from entering into the ejaculatory duct/urethra (1)

6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6.

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Life Sciences Paper 2 Exam Revision Learners Guide Winter School July 2011 www.learnxtra.co.za Question 7 7.1. A- FSH B- LH C- Progesterone D- Oestrogen (4) H represents the thickness of the endometrium / uterine lining. Around day 5/6, which is just after menstruation, the lining starts to build up again, as the levels of oestrogen start to increase / This is to prepare the uterus for implantation of a zygote. (1) A decrease in progesterone levelsdue to the disintegration of the corpus luteum causes a shedding of the endometrium as fertlisation did not take place Mark first TWO (2) A decrease in oestrogen, (after ovulation) (1) Progesterone (1) Ovulation has occurred and the ovum is now in the Fallopian tubes. If fertilisation should occur, the endometrium must be ready for implantationProgesterone is responsible for the thickening of the endometrium Mark any 3 (3)

7.2.

7.3.

7.4. 7.5. 7.6.

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