Outline

An overview

IEEE 802.16 and 802.15

An insight into IEEE 802.16 WiMAX An introduction to Bluetooth

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Background: Wireless Landscape

Low Cost & Complexity High-Speed Connectivity & Hierarchy of Networks

Background: Wireless Technologies

WAN
(Wide Area Network)

MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)

LAN
Personal Area Network Local Area Networks (e.g. 802.11)

(Local Area Network)

PAN
(Personal Area Network)
PAN Standards Speed Range Bluetooth, UWB < 1Mbps Short Peer-to-Peer Peer-toDevice-to-Device Device-toLAN 802.11 HiperLAN2 11 to 54 Mbps Medium Enterprise networks MAN 802.16 MMDS, LMDS 11 to 100+ Mbps Medium-Long MediumT1 replacement, last mile access WAN GSM, GPRS, CDMA, 2.5-3G, 802.16 2.510 to 384Kbps Long PDAs, Mobile Phones, cellular access 4

Fixed Broadband Wireless (e.g.802.16) Cellular Mobile Networks (e.g. GPRS,3G)

High Cost & Complexity

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Satellite Global Area Network Increasing Coverage Area

Applications 10/6/2008

What is WiMAX?
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) Solution Standard (IEEE 802.16 is the standard) for constructing Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) Can go places where no wired infrastructure can reach Backhauling Wi-Fi hotspots & cellular networks Offers new and exciting opportunities to established and newly emerging companies
Incorporate cable (wired technology) standard Comply with European BWA standard
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WiMAX Overview

Complement the existing last mile wired networks (i.e. xDSL, cable modem) Fast deployment, cost saving High speed data, voice and video services Fixed BWA, Mobile BWA
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Comparing Technologies
802.11 WiFi Bandwidth Range (LOS) Range (NLOS) Mobility Frequency/ Spectrum Licensing Standardization Availability Backers
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11-54 Mbps shared 100 meters 30 meters Portable 2.4 GHz for 802.11b/g 5.2 GHz for 802.11a Unlicensed 802.11a, b and g standardized In market today

Potential Services
UMTS 3G
384 Kbps 2 Mbps Coverage is overlaid on wireless infrastructure Full mobility Existing wireless spectrum Licensed Part of GSM standard CW in 6+ cities

802.16 WiMAX
Share up to 70 Mbps 30 50 km 2 - 5 km (07) Fixed (Mobile - 16e) 2-11 GHz for 802.16a 11-60 GHz for 802.16 Both 802.16, 802.16a and 802.16 REVd standardized, other under development Products 2H05 Intel, Fujitsu, Alcatel, Siemens, BT, AT&T, Qwest, McCaw

802.20 Mobile-FI
Up to 1.5 Mbps each 3 8 km Full mobility <3.5 GHz Licensed 802.20 in development Standards coming Product late 06 Cisco, Motorola, Qualcom and Flarion

802.11 WiFi VoIP Video Data/Internet WLAN Security QoS

Limited, QoS concerns Yes, in home Yes Yes, small scale WEP & 802.11i 802.11e

802.16 WiMAX
Limited, QoS concerns Possible, QoS concerns Yes Yes, large scale Developing WEP 802.16b in development

802.20 Mobile-FI
Limited, QoS concerns No Yes No None (today) None (today)

UMTS 3G
Yes Possible, via HSDPA Yes No WEP None (today)
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Industry-wide

GSM Wireless Industry

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Benefits of WiMAX

Speed Faster than broadband service Wireless Not having to lay cables reduces cost Easier to extend to suburban and rural areas Broad coverage Much wider coverage than WiFi hotspots

An Insight into IEEE 802.16

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IEEE 802.16 Evolution

Fixed BWA at 10-66hz Line of sight Fixed BWA at 2-11hz None line of sight Revision of 802.16 Combine previous 802.16 standards Mobile BWA based on 802.16-2004 (802.16a) Roaming with vehicular speed
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IEEE 802.16 Specifications

802.16a use the licensed and license-exempt frequencies from 2 to 11Ghz Support Mesh-Network 802.16b Increase spectrum to 5 and 6GHz Provide QoS (for realtime voice and video service) 802.16c Represents a 10 to 66GHz system profile 802.16d Improvement and fixes for 802.16a

802.16e Addresses on Mobile Enable high-speed signal handoffs necessary for communications with users moving 10/6/2008 12 at vehicular speeds

IEEE 802.16 Basics

802.16a/REVd Completed Spectrum Channel Conditions Bit Rate Modulation Mobility Channel Bandwidths
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IEEE 802.16 Operation

WiMAX consists of two parts

802.16e Approved on Dec.7, 2005 < 11 GHz Non line of sight Up to 75 Mbps at 20MHz OFDMA OFDM Pedestrian mobility High-speed mobility Same as 802.16d with subchannelization
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802.16a: Jan 2003 802.16REVd: Q304 < 11 GHz Non line of sight Up to 75 Mbps at 20MHz OFDM 256 sub-carriers QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Fixed Selectable channel bandwidths between 1.25 and 20 MHz

A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower - A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area -- as big as 3,000 square miles A WiMAX Receiver The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today
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How WiMax Works

WiMax can provide 2 forms of wireless services: - Non-LOS, Wi-Fi sort of service, where a small antenna on a computer connects to the tower. Uses lower frequency range (2 to 11 GHz). - LOS, where a fixed antenna points straight at the WiMax tower from a rooftop or pole. The LOS connection is stronger and more stable, so it is able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Uses higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. Through stronger LOS antennas, WiMax transmitting stations would send data to WiMax enabled computers or routers set up within 30 (3,600 square miles of coverage) mile radius.
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WiMax Spectrum
Broad Operating Range WiMax Forum is focusing on 3 spectrum bands for global deployment: Unlicensed 5 GHz: Includes bands between 5.25 and 5.85 GHz. In the upper 5 GHz band (5.725 5.850 GHz) many countries allow higher power output (4 Watts) that makes it attractive for WiMax applications. Licensed 3.5 GHz: Bands between 3.4 and 3.6 GHz have been allocated for BWA in majority of countries. Licensed 2.5 GHz: The bands between 2.5 and 2.6 GHz have been allocated in the US, Mexico, Brazil and in some SEA countries. In US this spectrum is licensed for MDS and ITFS.
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Benefits of Licensed and License-Exempt Solutions

Licensed Solution Better QoS License-Exempt Solution Fast Rollout

Technical Similarities and Differences Between Licensed and License-Exempt Bands Both solutions are based on IEEE 802.16-2004 standard, which uses OFDM in the physical (PHY) layer. OFDM provides benefits such as increased SNR of subscriber stations and improved resiliency to multi-path interference. For creating bi-directional channels for uplink and downlink, licensed solutions use FDD while license exempt solutions use TDD.
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Better NLOS reception Lower Costs at lower frequencies Higher barriers for More worldwide options entrance
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Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

In case of TDD both uplink and downlink transmissions share the same frequency but are separated on time A TDD frame has a fixed duration and also consists of one uplink and one downlink frame TDD framing is Adaptive

Description

A duplexing technique used in licenseexempt solutions, which uses a single channel for uplink and downlink. Enhanced flexibility, easier to pair with smart antenna technologies, asymmetrical.

Advantages

Disadvantage Cannot transmit and receive at the same s time.

Usage

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Bursty, asymmetrical data applications, environments with varying traffic patterns, where RF efficiency is more important than cost. 19

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Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

Description A duplexing technique used in licensed solutions that uses a pair of spectrum channels, one for the uplink and another for the downlink.

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)

In case of FDD both uplink and downlink channels are on separate frequencies The capability of downlink to be transmitted in bursts simultaneously supports two different modulation types
Full Duplex SS's (which can transmit and receive simultaneously Half Duplex SS's (which cannot)

Advantages Proven technology for voice, designed for symmetrical traffic, does not require guard time.
Disadvantage s

Usage
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Cannot be deployed where spectrum is unpaired, spectrum is usually licensed, higher cost associated with spectrum purchase. Environments with predictable traffic patterns, where equipment costs are more important than 21 RF efficiency.

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Architecture

P2MP Architecture
Non Line-of-Sight Point to Multi-Point

P2MP (Point to Multi point) Wireless MAN BS connected to Public Networks BS serves Subscriber Stations (SS) Provides SS with first mile access to Public Networks Mesh Architecture Optional architecture for WiMAX

802.16d
Base Station

Line-of-Sight Backhaul

802.16

Telco Core Network or Private (Fiber) Network

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INTERNET BACKBONE

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Mesh Architecture

Reference Model
Supports multiple services (e.g. IP, voice over IP, video) simultaneously, with different QoS priorities Covers MAC layer and PHY layer

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MAC Layer
Wireless MAN: Point-to-Multipoint and optional mesh topology Connection-oriented
Connection ID (CID)

MAC Addressing

SS has 48-bit 802.3 MAC address BS has 48-bit base station ID

Not a MAC address

MAC layer is further subdivided into three layers

Convergence sub-layer (CS) Common part sub-layer (CPS) Privacy sub-layer

Connection ID (CID)
16 bit Used in MAC PDU Connection Oriented Service

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MAC PDU
Each MAC packet consists of the three components,
A MAC header, which contains frame control information. A variable length frame body, which contains information specific to the frame type. A frame check sequence (FCS), which contains an IEEE 32-bit cyclic redundancy code (CRC).
msb lsb

MAC PDU Types

Data MAC PDUs

HT = 0 Payloads are MAC SDUs/segments, i.e., data from upper layer (CS PDUs) Transmitted on data connections

MAC PDU

Generic MAC Header (6 bytes)

payload (optional)

CRC (optional)

Management MAC PDUs

HT = 0 Payloads are MAC management messages or IP packets encapsulated in MAC CS PDUs Transmitted on management connections

Generic MAC Header Format (Header Type (HT) = 0)

H E T C Type (6 bits) rs C EKS rs v I (2) v

BW Req. Header Format (Header Type (HT) =1)

H E T C Type (6 bits)

LEN msb (3)

BW Req. msb (8) CID msb (8)

LEN lsb (8)

CID msb (8)

BWS Req. lsb (8)

BW Req. MAC PDUs

HT = 1; and no payload, i.e., just a Header
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CID lsb (8)

HCS (8)

CID lsb (8)

HCS (8)

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MAC PDU Transmission

MAC CS Sub-layer

MAC PDUs are transmitted on PHY bursts The PHY burst can contain multiple FEC blocks Concatenation
Multiple MAC PDU's can be concatenated into a single transmission in either uplink or downlink direction

Interoperability requires convergence sub-layer to be service specific Separate CS layers for upper layer (ATM & packet) protocols CS Layer:
Receives data from higher layers Classifies data as ATM cell or packet Forwards frames to CPS layer

Fragmentation
Each MAC SDU can be divided into one or more MAC PDU's

Packing
Packs multiple MAC SDU's into a single MAC PDU

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MAC CPS Sub-layer

MAC Privacy Sub-layer

Performs typical MAC functions such as addressing

Each SS assigned 48-bit MAC address Connection Identifiers used as primary address after initialization

Provides secure communication

Data encrypted with cipher clock chaining mode of DES

Prevents theft of service

SSs authenticated by BS using key management protocol

MAC policy determined by direction of transmission

Uplink is DAMA-TDM Downlink is TDM

Data encapsulated in a common format facilitating interoperability

Fragment or pack frames as needed Changes transparent to receiver

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How It Works
Scanning

802.16 Network Entry

Scan for BS downlink channel Synchronize with BS Specifies channel parameters

Ranging
Set PHY parameters correctly Establish the primary management channel (for negotiation, authentication, and key management)

Registration
http://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2001/0903tech.html

Result in establishment of secondary management connection (for transfer of standard based management messages such as DHCP, TFTP )

Establishment of transport connection

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IEEE 802.16 Features

Scalability QoS Range Coverage

IEEE 802.11 vs. IEEE 802.16 (1/4)

Scalability
802.11
Channel bandwidth for 20MHz is fixed MAC designed to support 10s of users

802.16

WiMAX vs. Wi-Fi

Channel b/w is flexible from 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz. Frequency re-use. Channel bandwidths can be chosen by operator (e.g. for sectorization) MAC designed to support thousands of users.
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IEEE 802.11 vs. IEEE 802.16 (2/4)

Quality Of Service (QoS)
802.11
No QoS support today (802.11e working to standardize ) Contention-based MAC (CSMA/CA) => no guaranteed QoS

IEEE 802.11 vs. IEEE 802.16 (3/4)

Range
802.11
Optimized for users within a 100 meter radius Add access points or high gain antenna for greater coverage Designed to handle indoor multi-path delay spread of 0.8 seconds

802.16
QoS designed in for voice/video Grant-request MAC Supports differentiated service levels.
e.g. T1 for business customers; best effort for residential.

802.16

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Centrally-enforced QoS
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Optimized for typical cell size of 7-10km Up to 50 Km range No hidden node problem Designed to tolerate greater multi-path delay spread (signal reflections) up to 10.0 seconds
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IEEE 802.11 vs. IEEE 802.16 (4/4)

Coverage
802.11
Optimized for indoor performance No mesh topology support within ratified standards

Introduction to Bluetooth

802.16
Optimized for outdoor NLOS performance (trees, buildings, users spread out over distance) Standard supports mesh network topology Standard supports advanced antenna techniques

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Bluetooth
named after a Danish Viking and King, Harald Bltand it is a cable-replacement technology: new technology using short-range radio links, intended to replace the cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices conceived initially by Ericsson in 1994, set to commercially come out in bulk around 2002 a standard for a small , cheap radio chip to be plugged into computers, printers, mobile phones, etc The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was founded by Ericsson,IBM,Intel,Nokia and Toshiba in February 1998, to develop an open specification for short-range wireless connectivity
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth radio modules operate in the unlicensed ISM band centered at at 2.45GHz. RF channels:2402+k MHZ, k=0..78. Bluetooth devices within 10m of each other can share up to 720kbps of capacity Projected cost for a Bluetooth chip is ~$5. Plus its low power consumption, means you could literally place one anywhere. Can operate on both circuit and packet switching modes, providing both synchronous and asynchronous data services It is intended to support an open-ended list of applications, including data, audio, graphics and even video.
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth must be able to: Recognize any other Bluetooth device in radio range Permit easy connection of these devices Be aware of the device types Support service discovery Support connectivity aware applications

IEEE 802.15
In 1999, IEEE established a working group for wireless personal area networks (WPAN)
Contains multiple subgroups

IEEE 802.15.1
Standardizes the lower layers of the Bluetooth (together with the Bluetooth consortium) Bluetooth also specifies higher layers

IEEE 802.15.2
Focuses on the coexistence of WPAN and WLAN Proposes the adaptive frequency hopping (used since version 1.2) that requires a WPAN device check for the occupied channels and exclude them from their hopping list

Examples of Bluetooth uses: Briefcase email: access email while the PC is still in the briefcase; when PC receives an email, you are notified thru the mobile phone. Use the mobile phone to browse the email. Cordless desktop: connect your desktop/laptop cordlessly to printers, scanner, keyboard, mouse, etc.
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IEEE 802.15.3
For high-rate at low-power low cost

IEEE 802.15.4
Zigbee 10/6/2008 Low-rate low-power consumption WPAN enabling multi-year battery life consortium tries to standardize the higher layers of 802.15.446

Bluetooth is a PAN Technology

Offers fast and reliable transmission for both voice and data
Can support either one asynchronous data channel with up to three simultaneous synchronous speech channels or one channel that transfers asynchronous data and synchronous speech simultaneously Support both packet-switching and circuitswitching
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Personal Area Network (PAN)

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 Eliminate wires and cables between both stationary and mobile devices Facilitate both data and voice communications Offer the possibility of ad hoc networks and deliver synchronicity between personal devices

2M is expected for Bluetooth 2

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Bluetooth Topology
Bluetooth-enabled devices can Two or more piconet interconnected automatically locate each other to form a scatternet Only one master for each picon Topology is established on a A device cant be masters for two temporary and random basis piconets Up to eight Bluetooth devices may be networked together in a master-slave relationship to form a piconet
One is master, which controls and setup the network All devices operate on the same channel and follow the same frequency hopping sequence The slave of one piconet can be the master of another piconet

A Typical Bluetooth Network

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Piconet
Master sends its globally unique 48-bit id and clock
Hopping pattern is determined by the 48-bit device ID Phase is determined by the masters clock

ScatterNet
FH-CDMA to separate piconets within a scatternet More piconets within a scatternet degrades performance
Possible collision because hopping patterns are not coordinated

Why at most 7 slaves?

Active member address is 3-bit

A device participating in more than one piconet

At any instant of time, a device can participate only in one piconet If the device participates as a slave, it just synchronize with the masters hop sequence The master of a piconet can join another piconet as a slave; in this case, all communication within in the former piconet will be suspended When leaving a piconet, a slave notifies the master about its absence for certain amount of time

Parked and standby nodes

Parked devices can not actively participate in the piconet but are known to the network and can be reactivated within some milliseconds 8-bit for parked nodes No id for standby nodes Standby nodes do not participate in the piconet
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Communication between different piconets takes place by devices jumping back and forth between these nets
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79 frequencies, each channel is used for 625 microseconds

Bluetooth is a standard that will

Characteristics of Bluetooth Technology

Frequency Selection
FH is used for interference mitigation and media access; TDD is used for separation of the transmission directions
In 3-slot or 5-slot packets, why frequency does not change? Why some frequencies are skipped?

Physical Links
Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) : allocates a fixed bw between a point-to-point connection involving the master and one slave.
The master reserves slots periodically. It primarily supports time-bounded information like voice. SCO packets do not include a CRC and are never retransmitted. The master can support up to 3 simultaneous SCO links

fk M

fk+1 S fk

fk+2 M

fk+3 S fk+3 S fk+1

fk+4 M fk+4 M

fk+5 S fk+5 S

fk+6 M fk+6 M fk+6 M

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Asynchronous connectionless (ACL) : a point-to-multipoint link between the master and all slaves in the piconet.

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M (3-slot packet) fk
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Packet-switch style of connection No bw reservation possible Delivery may be guaranteed thru error detection and retransmission Only single ACL link can exist
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S (5-slot packet)

Physical Links
Synchronous connection-oriented link (SCO)
Reserve two consecutive slots at fixed intervals
Cable Replacement

Benefits
Replace the cables for peripheral devices, USB 1.1 and 2.0, printers, etc

Asynchronous connectionless Link (ACL)

Polling scheme master polls each slave

Ease of file sharing

Panel discussion, conference, etc.

Error recovery
ACK a packet in the slot following the packet Negative ACK or timeout signals a retransmission
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Wireless synchronization
Synchronize personal information contained in the address books and date books between different devices such as PDAs, cell phones, etc.

Bridging of networks
Cell phone connects to the network through dial-up connection while connecting to a laptop with Bluetooth.
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