Name: Omar Abdel-Maksoud

ID:109692
Yr-2 / Mechanical Group 2


Three-Phase Induction Machine
[Electrical Machines and Control Project]

Table of Content:
y Introduction to 3-Phase Induction Machine
Three phase System
Three phase induction Machine
y Construction of Machine
y Different Sizes (power)
y The Various Starting Methods
y The Speed control of 3-Phase Induction Motors
y The Different Applications

y Introduction to Induction Machine
Induction Machine
One of the alternating current motors is the induction motor where the power is introduced
from the rotor which acts as the supplier by means of electromagnetic induction. The
electric motor works as a result of the magnetic force exerted between the stator and the
rotor where the electrical energy into mechanical energy. An induction motor is sometimes
called a rotating transformer because the stator is essentially the primary side of
the transformer and the rotor is the secondary side. There are two types of induction
machines: the squirrel cage and slip ring. The difference between both types is how the
electric current is supplied to the moving rotor. The Squirrel Cage the three currents flow
through the placed windings, which distributes the flux generated in the air gap generating
the rotor current which produces a torque in the rotor. As for the Slip-ring current, it is
provided to the rotor directly through sliding electrical contacts by slip rings.
Induction motors are now the preferred choice for industrial motors due to their rugged
construction, absence of brushes and thanks to modern power electronics the ability to
control the speed of the motor.

Three phase System

The transmission and distribution of electric power is reached by means of three-phase
circuits. At the generating station, three sinusoidal voltages are generated having the
same amplitude but displaced in phase by120 angle. In a three-phase system, the
instantaneous power delivered to the external loads is constant rather than pulsating as it
is in a single-phase circuit. Also one of the advantages of the three phase motors having
constant torque, in addition to its ability to start and run much smoother and better than a
single-phase motor as well as higher efficiency in its transmission which make it better for
universal use.


y Construction of Machine
The induction machine consists of two main components the stator and rotor .The stator
consists of wound that introduces the magnetic field to the rotor. Induction motors are
most commonly built to run on single-phase or three-phase power. Three-phase motors
have for each pole three salient poles, so a four-pole motor would have twelve salient
poles. Which allow the motor to start with no extra equipments and run efficiently even
more than the single phase motor since it produces a rotating field. There are two types of
rotors (Squirrel Cage Rotor, Slip Ring)
Squirrel-cage rotor
It is the most common rotor used.
It is made up of bars made of
either solid copper or aluminum
that span the length of the rotor,
and those solid copper or
aluminum strips are sometimes
connected by a ring. The rotor
might be closed or semi closed. The rotor bars in squirrel-cage have some skew which
help in reducing the noise and harmonics. The motion between the field and the rotation of
the rotor results in an electric current produced flows in the conductive bars. This current
acts as a magnetic field force as a result of its interaction with the magnetic field of the
motor producing a torque to turn the shaft. The relation between numbers of bars of
squirrel cage is directly proportional to the induced currents since the current are fed to the
stator coils through them. Also the iron core of the motor serves as a magnetic field across
it. The structure and material used are designed to minimize the loss. The material is a low
carbon but high silicon iron with several times the resistivity of pure iron, further reducing
eddy-current loss. The material is magnetically soft since it is have low content of carbon.
The same design might be used for both single-phase and three-phase motors over a
wide range of sizes. Rotors for three-phase have more variations in the depth and shape
of bars to suit the design classification.

Slip ring rotor
A slip ring motor or wound-rotor motor is a type
of induction motor. The rotor windings are connected
to a slip ring, which makes it different from
the squirrel-cage rotor. The rotor can be connected
to external resistances, which allows controlling the
speed and torque of the motor. Slip
The windings of rotor of the slip ring motor are more
than a squirrel-cage rotor has. So the induction
voltage is higher and the current for the same field strength lower. Three poles connected
to the slip ring during the start-up a typical rotor has. Each pole is wired in series with a
variable power resistor. The motor reaches full speed the rotor poles are switched to short
circuit to become a standard squirrel-cage motor. During start-up the resistors reduce the
field strength in the stator which results that the inrush current is reduced. Also slip ring
rotor has a higher start-up torque than the squirrel cage rotor.

Different Sizes (power)
1. Constant Torque
Applications require the same amount of torque regardless of the
Operating speed. Horsepower; however, varies directly with speed.
About 90% of all applications involve constant torque loads. Such as the
compressors, positive displacement pumps, conveyors, and hoists.
2. Three phase Electric
is a common form of electrical power and a popular method of electric
power transmission. Which inherent benefits for high power transmission
and its smooth wave form quality which allows three phase electrical
equipment to run smoothly and last longer. Three phase has properties that
make it very desirable in power distribution. All wires can carry the same
current. The power transfer is constant into a linear and balanced load.
3. Constant Horse Power
Is used for applications require higher torque at lower speeds, and Lower
torque at higher speeds. A typical application would be a lathe where slow
Speeds are required for deep cuts and high speeds are needed for finish
cuts.
Other examples include milling machines and drill presses.
4. AC Induction

y The Various Starting Methods

1. Direct-on-Line Starter (DOL)
A DOL motor starter contain protection devices, and in some cases, condition monitoring.
Smaller sizes of direct on-line starters are manually operated; larger sizes use an
electromechanical contactor to switch the motor circuit. A direct on line starter can be used
if the high inrush current of the motor does not cause excessive voltage drop in the supply
circuit. DOL starting is sometimes used to start small water
pumps, compressors, fans and conveyor belts. The motor will draw a high starting current
until it has run up to full speed. This starting current is commonly around six times the full
load current, but may be as high as 6 to 7 times the full load current. To reduce the
current, larger motors will have reduced-voltage starters in order to minimize voltage dips
to the power supply.

2. Star Delta starter
Star Delta starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters in the 50Hz
world. They are used in an attempt to reduce the start current applied to the motor during
start as a means of reducing the disturbances and interference on the electrical supply. In
many, if not most, cases the star delta starter does little to reduce problems; in fact it
commonly exacerbates them. In many supply regions, there has been a requirement to fit
a reduced voltage starter on all motors greater than 5HP. This regulation was introduced
in order to reduce the start current, but unfortunately, a solution was specified rather than
a result. This starter is a lowest cost electromechanical reduced voltage starters that can
be applied. It is manufactured from three contactors, a timer and a thermal overload. The
contactors are smaller than the single contactor used in a Direct on Line starter as they
are controlling winding currents only. The current in star is one third of the current in delta,
so this contactor can be rated at one third of the motor rating.

3. Auto-Transformer Starting
It is used to reduce the voltage applied to a motor while starting. The auto transformer may
have a number of output taps and be set-up to provide a single stage starter, or a
multistage starter. Typically, the auto transformer would have taps at 50%, 65% and 80%
voltage, enabling the motor to be started at one or more of these settings.
There are two ways of connecting an auto transformer starter, the most obvious way is to
apply full voltage to the transformer via a contractor, and connect the motor to the tap by
means of a contractor. When the motor has accelerated to full speed, or has run out of
acceleration torque, the tap contactor opens, disconnecting the motor from the transformer
and another contactor closes connecting the motor to the supply. The transformer can now
be disconnected from the supply. This format is known as an open transition starter and is
less than ideal due to the fact that the motor is disconnected for a short period of time
during the start period. The motor is connected and accelerating, there is a rotating
magnetic field in the stator which causes flux in the rotor and thus a rotor current to flow. At
the instant the motor is disconnected, there is a magnetic field in the rotor which is spinning
with-in the stator winding. The motor acts as a generator until the rotor field decays. The
voltage generated by the motor is not synchronised to the supply, and so on reconnection
to the supply, the voltage across the contactor at closure can be as much as twice the
supply voltage resulting in a very high current and torque transient. This open transition
switching is often known as the auto-reclose effect as it yields similar characteristics to
opening and closing a breaker on a supply to one or more motors. The consequences of
open transition switching can be as bad as broken shafts and stripped gears. By a
rearrangement of the power circuit, it is possible, at no extra cost, to build a closed
transition starter and thereby eliminate the current and torque transients. To start the
machine, the main contractor and the star contactors are closed applying reduced voltage
to the motor. When the motor has reached full speed, the star contactor is opened
effectively converting the auto transformer starter into a primary reactance starter. Next the
primary reactance is bridged by a contactor applying full voltage to the motor. At no time
does the motor become disconnected from the supply. With a transformer starter, it is
relatively easy to change taps and thereby increase the starting voltage if a higher torque is
required. The auto transformer starter is a constant voltage starter, so the torque is reduced
by the voltage reduction squared over the entire speed range. As the motor accelerates, it's
impedance rises and consequently, the terminal voltage of the motor also rises, giving a
small torque increase at higher speeds. The supply current flows into the primary circuit of
a transformer, and the secondary current is applied to the motor. The transformer reduces
the primary current by the same ratio as the voltage reduction.
4. Rotor Resistance Starter
If it is necessary to start a three phase induction motor on load then a wound rotor machine
will normally be selected. Such a machine allows an external resistance to be connected to
the rotor of the machine through slip rings and brushes. At start-up the rotor resistance is
set at maximum but is reduced as speed increases until eventually it is reduced to zero and
the machine runs as if it is a cage rotor machine
y The Speed control of 3-Phase Induction Motors
Induction motors are of two types - Squirrel-Cage motor and Slip Ring-Rotor
motor. There are various types of speed control methods of induction motor.
Speed control by changing applied voltage
The torque depends on the square of the applied voltage. This method of trying to control
the speed is best for loads that require very little starting torque, but their torque
requirement may increase with speed. Further, since the load torque at zero speed is zero,
the machine can start even at reduced voltages. This will not be possible with constant
torque type of loads. One may note that if the applied voltage is reduced, the voltage
across the magnetizing branch also comes down. This in turn means that the magnetizing
current and hence ux level are reduced. Reduction in the ux level in the machine impairs
torque production. Voltage control may be achieved by adding series resistors, or a series
inductor.
Rotor resistance control

Clearly, it is dependent on the rotor resistance. The slip at maximum torque is dependent
on the rotor resistance. It is expected that if the rotor resistance is changed, the maximum
torque point shifts to higher slip values, while retaining a constant torque. The maximum
torque and synchronous speed remain constant; the slip at which maximum torque occurs
increases with increase in rotor resistance, and so does the starting torque. Whether the
load is of constant torque type is evident that the speed control range is more with this
method. The rotor resistance control could also be used as a means of generating high
starting torque. The rotor resistance control drawbacks are summarized into two main
points, in order to vary the rotor resistance, it is necessary to connect external variable
resistors while the winding resistance itself cannot be changed. This therefore
necessitates a slip-ring machine, since only in that case rotor terminals are available
outside.
Cascade control

The power drawn from the rotor terminals could be a part of using the heat generated in
meaning full ways, the slip ring output could be connected to another induction machine.
The stator of the second machine would carry slip frequency currents of the rst machine
which would generate some useful mechanical power. A still better option would be to
mechanically couple the shafts of the two machines together. Since the machines are
coupled at the shaft, the speed of the rotor is common for both. Note that while giving the
rotor output of the rst machine to the stator of the second, the resultant stator mmf of the
second machine may set up an air-gap ux which rotates in the same direction as that of
the rotor, or opposes it. These results in values for speed the latter expression is for the
case where the second machine is connected in opposite phase sequence to the rst. The
cascade system can therefore run at two possible speed controls through rotor terminals.
If the rotor terminals are shorted, it behaves like a normal induction machine.

Pole changing schemes
Since the synchronous speed of the induction machine is given by ns = fs/p where p is the
number of pole pairs, this would correspond to changing the synchronous speed. With the
slip now corresponding to the new synchronous speed, the operating speed is changed.
This method of speed control is a stepped variation and generally restricted to two steps. If
the changes in stator winding connections are made so that the air gap ux remains
constant, then at any winding connection, the same maximum torque is achievable. Such
winding arrangements are therefore referred to as constant-torque connections. Such
connection changes result in air gap ux changes that are inversely proportional to the
synchronous speeds.
Stator frequency control

The synchronous speed can be changed by changing the stator frequency. Using power
electronic circuits called inverters which convert dc to ac of desired frequency. Depending
on the type of control scheme of the inverter, the ac generated may be variable-frequency-
xed-amplitude or variable-frequency variable-amplitude type. Power electronic control
achieves smooth variation of voltage and frequency of the ac output. This when fed to the
machine is capable of running at a controlled speed. However, consider the equation for
the induced emf in the induction machine. The synchronous rotational speed of the rotor is
controlled by the number of pole pairs and by the frequency of the supply voltage.
However, for a loaded rotor, for any given drive frequency and current and mechanical
load, synchronous motors should be run in the 'operating zone' for that particular induction
motor. This is the shaft rotation speed range above the peak torque. In this zone slightly
increasing the slip speed increases the torque, and decreasing the slip decreases the
torque. Hence in this zone the motor will tend to run at constant speed. Below the
operating zone, the run speed tends to be unstable and may stall out or run at reduced
shaft speed, depending on the nature of the mechanical load.

y The Different Applications
Induction motors are widely used, especially polyphone induction motors, which are
frequently used in industrial drives.
Some Applications
Steel mills machines, Paper machines (winder, tension reels, mill
stands)
Cement mills, rubber mills, mixers, crushers
Conveyors
Cranes and elevators cars