B3 REVISION NOTES ACTIVE TRANSPORT Substances get in and out of cells through 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3.

. Active transport A cell may need to take up a substance against the concentration gradient. This involves energy and is called active transport. It is the only one of the tree methods that requires energy. EXCHANGE OF GASES IN THE LUNGS The lungs are in the thorax and protected by the rib cage. The lungs exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere. They have a large surface area and are moist. Diffusion takes place much more quickly through a wet surface. EXCHANGE IN THE GUT Digested food is absorbed by the capillaries alongside the small intestine (gut). The small intestine has a rich blood supply. The surface area of the small intestine is greatly increased by villi. Absorption by the bloom is by diffusion and active transport. EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS IN OTHER ORGANISMS Fish exchange oxygen through their gills. Frogs exchange oxygen through their skin. Insects exchange oxygen through holes in their sides leading to a series of tubes. EXCHANGE IN PLANTS Plants exchange gases through their leaves. Plants take up water and minerals through their roots. Leaves and roots have adaptations for efficient exchange of materials. Plants respire all the time During daylight hours enough oxygen is produced by photosynthesis, so diffusion into the leaves is mainly of carbon dioxide. At night oxygen diffuses into the leaves, as respiration is the only process taking place. TRANSPIRATION Plants take up gases through stomata. They take up water and can lose water through the stomata. If plants lose too much water they wilt. On hot days there is more energy causing the water to evaporate. On dry days the air can hold more water. On windy days any build up of humidity (water vapour) around the plant is blown away. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The heart pumps blood around the body.

 There are two separate circulation systems. Arteries, veins and capillaries are the vessels involved in transporting blood. TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD Red blood cells transport oxygen. Blood plasma transports carbon dioxide, urea and the products of digestion. THE EFFECT OF EXXCERCISE ON THE BODY During exercise muscles need more energy. More glucose and oxygen need to be transported to the muscles. To do this there are changed in heart rate, in breathing and in blood supple to the actively respiring muscle cells. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Muscles can become fatigued after a long period of activity. They may be respiring anareobically as they cannot get enough oxygen. Lactic acid id produced in anaerobic respiration. When the activity has stopped lactic acid must be broken down. This is the cause of oxygen debt. THE HUMAN KIDNEY Chemical reaction in the body produce substances that are toxic/poisonous e.g. urea. The kidneys excrete substances that the body does not want. The kidneys first filter substances out the blood. They then reabsorb the substance that the body needs. Urea is made in the liver from excess amino acids. DIALYSIS AN ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY If your kidneys fail, you would die if no action were taken. A dialysis machine does the work of the kidneys and keeps patients alive. If a successful kidney transplant is carried out, then the dialysis machine will no longer be necessary. KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS A diseased kidney can be replaced by a healthy kidney. The healthy kidney must be a very good match. The immune system has to be suppressed or it is likely to reject the new kidney. GROWING MICROBES On a small scale, microbes are grown on agar in Petri dishes. Carbohydrate is the energy source for the microbes. Special precautions are taken to grow microorganisms safely and as uncontaminated cultures. In schools and colleges cultures are incubated at 25o. FOOD PRODUCTION USING YEAST Yeast is a single-celled organism.

 Yeast is used in making bread and alcoholic drinks. Yeast respires aerobically and anareobically. The anaerobic respiration of yeast produces alcohol and carbon dioxide. FOOD PRODUCTION USING BACTERIA Bacteria are used t help produce cheese and yoghurt. In yoghurt production, bacteria convert lactose sugar into lactic acid. LARGE-SCALE MICROBE PRODUCTION Microorganisms can be grown on a large scale in industrial fermenters. The conditions in a fermenter must be very carefully controlled. A mycoprotein can be produced using the fungus Fusarium. ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION They are produced in Fermenters. The mould penicillin produces the antibiotic. BIOGAS Biogas is mainly methane. It is made up by the anaerobic fermentation of a wide range of waste substances and plant material containing carbohydrate. Biogas can be made on a large and a small scale. Many different microorganisms are involved in biogas production. It is produced through fermentation microorganisms respire anareobically to produce the gas. MORE BIOFUELS Ethanol-based fuels can be produced by fermentation and used to power cars. Microorganisms respire anareobically to produce the ethanol, using sugars as the energy source. The ethanol produced through the fermentation process has to be distilled before it can be used.