Pipelines and Pipe Networks

Friday, August 22, 2008 10:56 AM

mostly solved with commercial computer programs but concepts are what is most important EGL and HGL EGL and HGL Exercise (note: full figure is at bottom of page) 1. draw a plausible system from the figure, what is located at point B?

2.

what is located at point B?

3. how fast is the water moving in the nozzle/jet? 4. which section of pipe has a larger diameter? 5. what is the diameter of pipe B-C 6. If the pipe just before B is at an elevation of 50 ft, what is the pressure?

4.1 Two Reservoirs

Monday, August 27, 2007 5:04 PM

define EGL and HGL _ EGL = losses from friction, minor losses, turbines, gains from pumps HGL = usually gains when velocity slows, with constant discharge no friction is included in the figure below, use it to show how EGL and HGL portions are broken out, pressure head is how far water rises in standpipe,

[ observations on figure: 1. with no friction the EGL does not slope 2. distance between EGL and HGL is related to pipe diameter, constant in this example (despite how figure looks) no friction is included in the figure below it illustrates what happens when pipe diameter changes

friction is included in the figure below, causing the EGL to slope downward (the friction slope)

--_

in
Negative Pressure Example
Thursday, September 11, 2008 8:10 AM

For this problem, assume the flow is sufficient that the velocity head (V2/2g) is equal to 1/4 of the depth of the tank on the left. Show the EGL and HGL throughout the figure. Find the pressure at each point. Is the pressure negative anywhere?

Pitot Tube
Monday, September 03, 2007 3:08 PM

[ Pitot Tube

The first piece of apparatus is a Pitot tube, which is shown schematically in Fig. 4.2. A Pitot tube is two concentric tubes. The inner tube is open at the front of the Pitot tube. This opening is called the stagnation port; it measures the total head. The outer tube is the static tube, which has a few openings on the side of the Pitot tube to measure the static (or piezometric) head. Both the stagnation tube and static tube have tubing connections at the top of the Pitot tube. A differential manometer connected to the two tubing connections will measure the difference between the two heads, i.e., it will measure the velocity head, which is the difference between the total head and the piezometric head.

Velocity is a vector, the static port does not measure the velocity head whereas the stagnation point does. The difference in water levels between the two is the velocity head. Measurement of the velocity head allows calculation of the velocity.

Class Exercise: If the velocity head is 0.5 m, estimate the velocity

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4.3, 4.4 Pipe Systems

Monday, September 10, 2007 11:19 AM

Pipe system problems are solved with canned computer programs & we will not solve them by hand as this is time consuming and does not offer commensurate learning Basic concepts: at each pipe junction the sum of the flows (sum of Q's) must be zero, flow in equals flow out this is the continuity equation at each pipe junction the head in all the pipes must be equal or, equivalently, between any two

junctions the total head loss is independent of the path taken Water supply distribution systems in a municipal district is usually constructed of a large number of pipes connected together to form loops and branches. Why? The Hardy-Cross method was historically used to solve these problems.
Water Hammer
Monday, September 03, 2007 3:10 PM

A sudden change in water flow rate in a large pipeline (e.g., valve closure, pump turnoff) means a great mass of water moving in a pipe must suddenly stop. The compressibility of water is small and the expansion of metal pipes is also small, thus the shutoff can result in a "water hammer phenomenon" sometimes leading to pipe rupture, but more frequently resulting in noise. http://www.energysolutionscenter.org/BoilerBurner/ Eff_ Improve/Steam_Distribution/Steam_Piping_Best_Pr acti ces.asp steam example:

Google Image Result for http://www.energysolutionscenter.org/BoilerBurner/Eff_Improve/Images/Steam_Water_Hammer.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres? imgurl=http://www.energysolutionscenter.org/BoilerBurner/Eff_Improve/Images/Steam_Water_Hammer.jpg&imgrefu rl=http://www.energysolutionscenter.org/BoilerBurner/Eff_Improve/Steam_Distribution/Steam_Piping_Best_Practices .asp&h=380&w=359&sz=27&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=FVL1ehtp7U0XDM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=116&prev=/images %3Fq%3Dwater%2Bhammer%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff Screen clipping taken: 9/10/2007, 11:31 AM

Google Image Result for http://www.energysolutionscenter.org/BoilerBurner/Eff_Improve/Images/Steam_Water_Hammer.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres? imgurl=http://www.energysolutionscenter.org/BoilerBurner/Eff_Improve/Images/Steam_Water_Hammer.jpg&imgrefu rl=http://www.energysolutionscenter.org/BoilerBurner/Eff_Improve/Steam_Distribution/Steam_Piping_Best_Practices .asp&h=380&w=359&sz=27&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=FVL1ehtp7U0XDM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=116&prev=/images %3Fq%3Dwater%2Bhammer%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff Screen clipping taken: 9/10/2007, 11:31 AM

Water hammer is usually recognized by a banging or thumping in water lines. The noise occurs when the flow of moving water is instantaneously stopped by a closing valve. This sudden stop results in a pressure spike behind the valve which acts like a tiny explosion inside the pipe. This pressure spike will reverberate throughout the plumbing system, rattling and shaking pipes, until it is absorbed. Normally, a sufficient pocket of air will absorb such a pressure spike, but if no pocket of air is present, expensive fixtures and appliances within the plumbing system will be damaged as they are left to absorb this pressure spike. Pasted from <http://www.plumbingwarehouse.com/waterh ammerarresters.html> Example of a fixture to eliminate water hammer

Pasted from <http://www.plumbingwarehouse.com/images/wh_arrester2.jpg>

Stopping Banging Water Pipes

Installing a water hammer arrester
By the experts at The Family Handyman
From The Family Handyman May 2000

Click to enlarge or reduce font size.

Q. My plumbing pipes bang when I shut off the faucets. A friend recommended that I solder in vertical, capped 12-in. lengths of copper pipe in the water lines. Before I go through that hassle, do you have any suggestions? A. Water hammering is caused by the quick shutoff of water supply lines. The energy in flowing water has to go somewhere, and when a valve is shut off, the pipes can flex and hammer against anything close--like nearby studs, joists or other water pipes. Solenoidtriggered valves, like the ones in dishwashers, washing machines and water softeners, shut off almost instantly, not only causing the most ferocious hammering but also putting strain on rubber hoses and copper sweat fittings. Hand-controlled faucets usually dont cause as much hammering because the shutoff is more gradual.

Your friends solution (A) works by trapping a bubble of air that acts

as a shock absorber for the back pressure, but only for a while. Eventually the air bubble shrinks because the air gets absorbed by the water until it disappears completely. Instead, install a manufactured waterhammer arrester (B and C), which is available at home centers. It isolates the pocket of air from the water in the pipes with a rubber-gasketed piston. The closer you locate the arrester to solenoid valves, the better. The model shown is designed to mount between the spigot and washing machine feed lines. If necessary, add more in-line arresters in other water pipes near faucets or valves to further reduce hammering.

Pasted from <http://www.rd.com/familyhandyman/content/19423/>

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Surge Tank
Monday, September 10, 2007 12:26 PM

Surge tanks can harness the forces produced when a valve closes

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The stucco-covered brick powerhouse and surge tank were built about a mile below the dam in Tumwater Canyon with a large pipeline carrying water under pressure from the reservoir to the tank. Three turbines drove generators that converted water power to electricity.
Pasted from <http://www.gngoat.org/tumwater_canyon.htm>

When the turbines are suddenly shut off a water hammer could occur and rupture pipes. The surge tank prevents the sudden change in water pressure. The surge tank is either at atmospheric pressure (as in this example) or has trapped air
Shock & Surge Tanks

Shock and Surge Tanks are ASME replaceable bladder type pre-charged hydropneumatic tanks for commercial, industrial, municipal and well water systems, to effectively control water hammer shock, and pump start-up/shotdown water surge. The vessels are fabricated to 250 PSI with large water system connection designed to accept

potentially harmful water surge pressures quickly, with minimal pressure drop. The water is contained in a butyl bladder. Shock & Surge Tank Models SSA Shock & Surge Tanks (ASME) The SSA Series Shock Arrestors are manufactured to ASME specifications and are rated to 240F and 250 PSI. Tanks are factory pre-charged to 30 PSI and field adjustable and are offered in sizes ranging from 10 to 660 gallons. Uri,

Iterative Solutions
Friday, August 22, 2008 5:46 PM

Depending upon what you are solving for in pipe systems, iteration may be required. Usually one needs the velocity to calculate the friction factor and the friction factor to calculate the velocity: usual method: assume fully turbulent flow since the lines all flatten there for the friction factor, use the assumed friction factor (f) to calculate velocity,

then use the crude velocity to estimate the friction factor, repeat to convergence