Entdecken Sie eBooks
Kategorien
Entdecken Sie Hörbücher
Kategorien
Entdecken Sie Zeitschriften
Kategorien
Entdecken Sie Dokumente
Kategorien
:
(NGZKDNGKORNCPVCDNGVJKPHKNOPGWTCNGNGEVTQFGU
6DPL0\OO\PDD.DWMD0\OO\PDDDQG5HLMR/DSSDODLQHQ
8QLYHUVLW\RI.XRSLR'HSDUWPHQWRI3K\VLFV
)LQODQG
+PVTQFWEVKQP
,PSODQWDEOH QHXUDO HOHFWURGHV DUH ZLGHO\ XVHG WRROV LQ EDVLF QHXURVFLHQFH WR VWXG\ WKH
EHKDYLRUDQGIXQFWLRQRIWKHFHQWUDOQHUYRXVV\VWHPDWWKHWLVVXHDQGFHOOXODUOHYHO7KHUHLV
DOVR D JURZLQJ LQWHUHVW LQ WKH FOLQLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV RI VWLPXODWLQJ DQG UHFRUGLQJ QHXUDO
HOHFWURGHV DV ZHOO DV LPSODQWDEOH QHXUDO SURVWKHVHV LQ ZKLFK WKH PLFURHOHFWURGHV DFW DV D
IXQFWLRQDO HOHPHQW WKDW FRQQHFWV QHXURQV LH WKH HOHFWULFDOO\ DFWLYH FHOOV RI WKH QHUYRXV
V\VWHP WR WKH HOHFWURQLF FLUFXLWU\ 6HYHUDO LPSODQWDEOH QHXUDO SURVWKHVHV VXFK DV FDUGLDF
SDFHPDNHUV FRFKOHDU LPSODQWV DQG GHHS EUDLQ VWLPXODWRUV KDYH EHHQ DOUHDG\ VXFFHVVIXOO\
FRPPHUFLDOL]HG&RFKOHDULPSODQWLVDVXUJLFDOO\LPSODQWHGHOHFWURQLFGHYLFHWKDWXWLOL]HVDQ
HOHFWURGHDUUD\LQVHUWHGLQWRWKHVFDODW\PSDQLRIWKHFRFKOHDWRVWLPXODWHWKHDXGLWRU\QHUYH
WKURXJK WKH ERQH HQDEOLQJ WKH GHDI WR KHDU VRXQGV 'HHS EUDLQ VWLPXODWRUV FRQVLVW RI
LQWUDFRUWLFDOO\LPSODQWHGHOHFWURGHVWKURXJKZKLFKDKLJKIUHTXHQF\HOHFWULFDOVWLPXODWLRQLV
GHOLYHUHG WR D WDUJHWHG UHJLRQ RI WKH EUDLQ WKH\ DUH XVHG LQ WUHDWLQJ VHYHUDO QHXURORJLFDO
GLVRUGHUV HJ 3DUNLQVRQ·V GLVHDVH ,QWUDFUDQLDO HOHFWURGHV FRQVLVWLQJ RI GHSWK HOHFWURGHV
SUREHVDQGVXEGXUDOHOHFWURGHVDUHXVHGWRPHDVXUHORFDOILHOGSRWHQWLDOVDQGRFFDVLRQDOO\
VSLNHV LQ VRPH FOLQLFDO FDVHV VXFK DV LQ WKH SUHVXUJLFDO HYDOXDWLRQ RI SDWLHQWV ZKR DUH
FDQGLGDWHVIRUHSLOHSV\RUEUDLQWXPRUVXUJHU\
'HVSLWHWKHPDMRUDGYDQFHVLQPLFURV\VWHPWHFKQRORJLHVDQGPLFURHOHFWURQLFVPRVWKXPDQ
QHXUDO HOHFWURGHV DUH KDQGFUDIWHG IURP SODWLQXP IRLOV DQG VLOLFRQH VKHHW DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH
GHYLFHV DUH TXLWH EXON\ 0LQLDWXUL]HG HOHFWURGH DUUD\V ZLWK KLJKFKDQQHO GHQVLWLHV DUH
FRPPRQLQDQLPDOPRGHOVEXWWKHLUKXPDQFRXQWHUSDUWVDUHPDLQO\EHLQJLQYHVWLJDWHGRU
DW EHVW XQGHUJRLQJ FOLQLFDO WULDOV 0LFURIDEULFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV HJ SKRWROLWKRJUDSK\ DQG
WKLQ ILOP GHSRVLWLRQ FRXOG EH XVHIXO WR REWDLQ PXOWLFKDQQHO PLFURHOHFWURGHV ZLWK D KLJK
FKDQQHO GHQVLW\ 7KLV ZRXOG UHVXOW LQ D KLJKHU VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ ZKLFK LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU
DFFXUDWH UHFRUGLQJ DQG VWLPXODWLRQ RI WLQ\ QHUYRXV VWUXFWXUHV 2QH PDMRU DGYDQWDJH RI
XVLQJZHOOSURYHQOLWKRJUDSKLFDQGWKLQILOPVWHFKQLTXHVLVWKHKLJKUHSURGXFLELOLW\DQGWKH
SRVVLELOLW\ WR PDQXIDFWXUH PDQ\ HOHFWURGHV LQ D VLQJOH EDWFK $GGLWLRQDOO\ PRGHUQ
QDQRWHFKQRORJ\ SURYLGHV PDQ\ WRROV DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR LPSURYH WKH ORQJWHUP
IXQFWLRQDOLW\ DQG ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ RI LPSODQWDEOH HOHFWURGHV 7KHVH LQFOXGH WKH XVH RI
VXUIDFH PRGLI\LQJ WKLQ ILOPV RI KLJK SXULW\ PDWHULDOV DQG FRQWUROOHG QDQRWRSRJUDSK\
DQGRUPLFURWRSRJUDSK\ZKLFKFDQEHDFKLHYHGIRUH[DPSOHE\ODVHUDEODWLRQWHFKQLTXHV
,Q WKLV FKDSWHU ZH SURYLGH D GHVFULSWLRQ RI UHTXLUHPHQWV UHODWHG WR LPSODQWDEOH HOHFWURGH
PDWHULDOV $QG WKHQ ZH GLVFXVV WKH VWDWH RI WKH DUW RI WKH HOHFWURGHV XVHG LQ LQWUDFUDQLDO
www.intechopen.com
!"# $%%
UHFRUGLQJV DQG VWLPXODWLRQ WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW QRW RQO\ QHXURSK\VLRORJLFDO UHVHDUFK EXW
DOVR WKHLU FOLQLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV :H ZLOO GHSLFW WKH IDEULFDWLRQ SURFHVV DQG SHUIRUPDQFH RI
RXU IOH[LEOH SRO\LPLGHEDVHG PLFURHOHFWURGHV DV D WRRO IRU PXOWLFKDQQHO FRUWLFDO VXUIDFH
UHFRUGLQJV :H FULWLFDOO\ UHYLHZ WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ RWKHU IOH[LEOH VHQVRU DSSURDFKHV DQG
FRPSDUH RXU IDEULFDWLRQ PHWKRGV PDWHULDOFKRLFHV DQG LQYLYR DQG LQ YLWUR SHUIRUPDQFH RI
RXUHOHFWURGHVWRWKRVHRIRWKHUUHVHDUFKJURXSV:HZLOODOVRGLVFXVVWKHIXWXUHWUHQGVDQG
VWUDWHJLHV WR SURORQJ IXQFWLRQDO OLIH VSDQ DQG WR PLQLPL]H WKH LPPXQH UHVSRQVH WR
LPSODQWHGHOHFWURGHV
4GSWKTGOGPVUHQTOCVGTKCNUWUGFKPKORNCPVCDNGGNGEVTQFGU
7KHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGGHPDQGVSODFHGRQWKHPDWHULDOVXVHGLQLQYDVLYHQHXUDOHOHFWURGHV
DQGSURVWKHVHVDUHXQGHUVWDQGLQJO\YHU\KLJK7KHUHDUHDQXPEHURILPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVWKDW
PXVW EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW ZKHQ VHOHFWLQJ PDWHULDOV IRU HOHFWURGHV DQG IRU WKH
VXEVWUDWHHQFDSVXODWLRQ OD\HU WR HQVXUH RSWLPDO SHUIRUPDQFH DQG ORQJHYLW\ RI WKH QHXUDO
LPSODQW 7KH LGHDO QHXUDO LPSODQW PDWHULDO PXVW EH ELRFRPSDWLEOH ZLWKRXW WULJJHULQJ DQ\
YLJRURXV ORFDO RU JHQHUDOL]HG KRVW UHVSRQVH RU DOOHUJLF UHDFWLRQV 7KH HOHFWURGHWLVVXH
LPSHGDQFH PXVW EH VWDEOH DQG ORZ HQRXJK WR HQDEOH ORQJWHUP UHOLDEOH
PHDVXUHPHQWVVWLPXODWLRQV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH PDWHULDOV VKRXOG EH FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK
PDJQHWLFUHVRQDQFHLPDJLQJDQGWKH\VKRXOGEHYLVLEOHUDGLRJUDSKLFDOO\*HGGHV 5RHGHU
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO GLVFXVV WKHVH UHTXLUHPHQWV E\ GHVFULELQJ PDWHULDOV W\SLFDOO\
XVHGSDUWLFXODUO\FRQFHQWUDWLQJRQWKHLUHOHFWURFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHV%LRFRPSDWLELOLW\DVSHFWV
ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLQVHFWLRQ
'NGEVTQFGOCVGTKCNU
7KHNH\IXQFWLRQRIUHFRUGLQJHOHFWURGHVLVWRFRQYHUWWKHLRQLFFXUUHQWDURXQGWKHHOHFWURGH
VLWH LQWR HOHFWURQ FXUUHQW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG VWLPXODWLRQ HOHFWURGHV GHOLYHU WKH HOHFWULFDO
FKDUJH WR EUDLQ WLVVXH DLPLQJ WR VWLPXODWH H[FLWDEOH FHOOV DQG WLVVXH (OHFWURGHV FDQ EH
URXJKO\ GLYLGHG LQWR SRODUL]DEOH DQG QRQSRODUL]DEOH HOHFWURGHV ,GHDOO\ SRODUL]DEOH
HOHFWURGHSDVVHVFXUUHQWIURPWKHHOHFWURGHWRDQHOHFWURO\WLFVROXWLRQE\FKDQJLQJWKHFKDUJH
GLVWULEXWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH VROXWLRQ QHDU WKH HOHFWURGH 7KLV NLQG RI HOHFWURGH DFWV OLNH D
FDSDFLWRUDQGRQO\WKHGLVSODFHPHQWFXUUHQWFURVVHVWKHLQWHUIDFH,QFRQWUDVWLGHDOO\DQRQ
SRODUL]DEOH HOHFWURGH DOORZV WKH FXUUHQW WR SDVV IUHHO\ WKURXJK WKH HOHFWURGHHOHFWURO\WLF
LQWHUIDFHZLWKRXWFKDQJLQJWKHFKDUJHGLVWULEXWLRQLQWKHHOHFWURO\WLFVROXWLRQ
7ZR LGHQWLFDO ELRHOHFWURGHV LQ FRQWDFW ZLWK HOHFWURO\WH FDQ EH PRGHOHG LQ DQ HTXLYDOHQW
FLUFXLWPRGHODVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ$(OHFWURGHSRODUL]DWLRQLPSHGDQFHFRQVLVWVRI:DUEXUJ
SRODUL]DWLRQUHVLVWDQFH5ZDQGFDSDFLWDQFH&Z7KH)DUDGLFUHVLVWDQFH5IDVDSDUDOOHOZLWK
:DUEXUJFRPSRQHQWVSURYLGHVDURXWHIRUGLUHFWFXUUHQWWRSDVVWKURXJKWKHLQWHUIDFH5VLV
WKHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHHOHFWURO\WHVROXWLRQ3RODUL]DWLRQUHDFWDQFH;Z ǑI&ZDVZHOODV5Z
DUH ERWK IUHTXHQF\ GHSHQGHQW WKH\ GHFUHDVH DV ¥ I ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ IUHTXHQF\ $W D
VXIILFLHQW KLJK IUHTXHQF\ WKH LPSHGDQFH EHWZHHQ WZR HOHFWURGHV LQ VDOLQH DV\PSWRWLFDOO\
DSSURDFKHVWKHYDOXHRI5V)LJ%5Z&ZDQG5IDUHDOVRGHSHQGHQWRQWKHJHRPHWU\RIWKH
HOHFWURGHPDWHULDOHOHFWURGHVL]HDQGFXUUHQWGHQVLW\
$VLOYHUVLOYHUFKORULGHHOHFWURGH$J$J&OLVDOPRVWSHUIHFWO\QRQSRODUL]DEOHKDVDVPDOO
DQGVWDEOHRIIVHWSRWHQWLDODQGWKHUHIRUHLVZLGHO\XWLOL]HGDVWKHVXUIDFHVNLQELRSRWHQWLDO
HOHFWURGHEXWLWFDQQRWEHXVHGDVDQLPSODQWDEOHHOHFWURGHEHFDXVHRIWKHUDSLGGLVVROXWLRQ
www.intechopen.com
&
)LJ$7KHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWPRGHOIRUDWZRLGHQWLFDOELRHOHFWURGHVLPPHUVHGLQVDOLQH
%7\SLFDOHOHFWURGHHOHFWURO\WHLPSHGDQFHJUDSKPHDVXUHGEHWZHHQWKHWHUPLQDOVDQG
DVDIXQFWLRQRIIUHTXHQF\
RIVLOYHU)XUWKHUPRUH$J&ODVZHOODVSXUH$JKDVDWR[LFHIIHFWRQQHXUDOWLVVXH<XHQHW
DO1REOHPHWDOVVXFKDVSODWLQXP3WJROG$XDQGLULGLXP,UKDYHEHHQWKHPRVW
FRPPRQO\ XVHG HOHFWURGH PDWHULDOV LQ QHXUDO SURVWKHWLF DSSOLFDWLRQVGXH WR WKHLU H[FHOOHQW
FRUURVLRQ UHVLVWDQFH DQG ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ SURSHUWLHV *HGGHV 5RHGHU 7KH\ DUH
KLJKO\ SRODUL]DEOH HOHFWURGHV PHDQLQJ WKDW WKH LRQLF FXUUHQW LQ WLVVXH FDQ JLYH ULVH WR DQ
HOHFWULF FXUUHQW LQ WKH PHWDO HOHFWURGH DQG DOPRVW QR FKDUJH FDUULHUV SDVV WKURXJK WKH
LQWHUIDFH&XUUHQWGHQVLWLHVIRUUHFRUGLQJSXUSRVHVDUHVRORZWKDWWKHLQWHUIDFHKDVDOLQHDU
FXUUHQWYROWDJH UHODWLRQVKLS ,I RQH ZLVKHV VWLPXODWLRQ WKHQ KLJKHU FXUUHQW GHQVLWLHV DUH
UHTXLUHG WR HOLFLW QHXUDO H[FLWDWLRQ UHDFWLRQV UHVXOWLQJ LQ )DUDGDLF FXUUHQW IORZ LQ ZKLFK
FKDUJH FDUULHUV SDVV WKURXJK WKH LQWHUIDFH ,UUHYHUVLEOH HOHFWURFKHPLFDO UHDFWLRQV FDQ RFFXU
DQG FKDQJH WKH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH HOHFWURGHHOHFWURO\WH LQWHUIDFH 7KH OLPLW IRU D
PD[LPXPUHYHUVLEOHFKDUJHLQMHFWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHHOHFWURGHPDWHULDODVZHOODVLWVVKDSH
VL]HDQGWKHVWLPXODWLRQZDYHIRUP
3W LV FOLQLFDOO\ XWLOL]HG DV DQ HOHFWURGH PDWHULDO LQ YDULRXV QHXUDO DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV LQ
FDUGLDF SDFHPDNHUV FRFKOHDU LPSODQWV DQG VXEGXUDO VWULS DQG JULG HOHFWURGHV 3W VXIIHUV
IURPFRUURVLRQRQO\VOLJKWO\LQERWKUHFRUGLQJDQGVWLPXODWLQJXVH3WLVFRPPRQO\XVHGDV
DQ LQHUW UHIHUHQFH HOHFWURGH LQ HOHFWURFKHPLVWU\ VLQFH LW LV DW WKH H[WUHPH RI WKH JDOYDQLF
VHULHV $X LV RIWHQ XVHG LQ UHFRUGLQJ HOHFWURGHV EXW LW VXIIHUV IURP FRUURVLRQ LI XVHG IRU
VWLPXODWLQJSXUSRVHV2QWKHFRQWUDU\,ULVPDLQO\XWLOL]HGDVDVWLPXODWLQJHOHFWURGH7KH
HOHFWURGHSURSHUWLHVRI,UFDQEHIXUWKHUGHYHORSHGE\HOHFWURFKHPLFDODFWLYDWLRQWKDWOHDGV
WR WKH DGKHVLRQ RI D SRURXV DQG YHU\ VWDEOH R[LGH OD\HU RQ WKH HOHFWURGH VXUIDFH 7KH
SURSHUW\RIHQKDQFHGFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHRIDFWLYDWHGLULGLXPR[LGH$,52)LVSDUWLFXODUO\
LPSRUWDQWLQVWLPXODWLQJHOHFWURGHVWRDYRLGPHWDOGLVVROXWLRQGXULQJHOHFWULFSXOVLQJ7KH
$,52) KDV D KLJK FKDUJH GHOLYHU\ FDSDFLW\ DQG WKHUHIRUH LW LV ZHOO VXLWHG IRU XVH LQ
VWLPXODWLQJHOHFWURGHV$FWLYDWLRQDOVRUHGXFHVWKHHOHFWURGHLPSHGDQFHGXHWRWKHSRURVLW\
$QRWKHU QHZ SRWHQWLDO HOHFWURGH FDQGLGDWH IRU XVH LQ VWLPXODWLQJ HOHFWURGHV LV WLWDQLXP
QLWULGH7L17KHKLJKFKDUJHGHOLYHU\FDSDFLW\RI7L1LVEDVHGRQLWVKLJKHIIHFWLYHVXUIDFH
DUHDGXHWRWKHFROXPQDUVWUXFWXUHRIWKLVPDWHULDO7L1LVDOUHDG\EHLQJFOLQLFDOO\XWLOL]HGLQ
SDFHPDNHUV 2SWLFDOO\ WUDQVSDUHQW LQGLXP WLQ R[LGH ,72 LV DQ H[WHQVLYHO\ HPSOR\HG
HOHFWURGH PDWHULDO XVHG LQ HOHFWURFKHPLVWU\ EXW DW SUHVHQW LWV XVH LQ QHXURSK\VLRORJ\ LV
YLUWXDOO\ OLPLWHG WR LQ YLWUR PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V IRU UHFRUGLQJ HOHFWULFDO VLJQDOV IURP
www.intechopen.com
'
!"# $%%
QHXURQV7KHFRPSDWLELOLW\RI,72IRUFKURQLFLQYLYRUHFRUGLQJLVQRWFRPSOHWHO\XQGHUVWRRG
DOWKRXJKUHFHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQVKDYHVKRZQSURPLVLQJUHVXOWVLQWHUPVRIFHOODGKHVLRQDQG
SUROLIHUDWLRQ%RJQHUHWDODVZHOODVSURWHLQDGVRUSWLRQ6HOYDNXPDUDQHWDO
&RUUHVSRQGLQJO\ WKH HOHFWULFDOO\ FRQGXFWLYH KDUG FHUDPLF JODVV\ FDUERQ LV DQ H[WHQVLYHO\
DSSOLHG HOHFWURGH PDWHULDO LQ HOHFWURDQDO\WLFDO FKHPLVWU\ EXW LW LV UDUHO\ XVHG DV DQ
LPSODQWDEOHHOHFWURGH
5WDUVTCVGCPFGPECRUWNCVKQPOCVGTKCNU
7KHVXEVWUDWHDQGHQFDSVXODWLRQPDWHULDOVQHHGWREHELRFRPSDWLEOHELRVWDEOHDQGSRVVHVV
JRRG GLHOHFWULF SURSHUWLHV *RRG ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ PHDQV WKDW PDWHULDO PXVW QRW HYRNH D
WR[LF DOOHUJLF RU LPPXQRORJLF UHDFWLRQ %LRVWDELOLW\ PHDQV WKDW WKH LPSODQW PDWHULDO PXVW
QRW EH VXVFHSWLEOH WR DWWDFN E\ ELRORJLFDO IOXLGV RU DQ\ PHWDEROLF VXEVWDQFHV 7KH VXUIDFH
DUHD RI VXEVWUDWHHQFDSVXODWLRQ PDWHULDO LV PXFK ODUJHU FRPSDUHG WR DUHDV RI WKH DFWLYH
HOHFWURGHVLWHV7KHUHIRUHVXEVWUDWHDQGLQVXODWRUPDWHULDOVKDYHDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQORQJ
WHUPVWDELOLW\DQGIXQFWLRQLQJRIQHXUDOLPSODQWV
$ VXEVWUDWH PDWHULDO WKDW KDV EHHQ ZLGHO\ XWLOL]HG IRU QHXUDO LQWHUIDFHV LQ WKH FHQWUDO
QHUYRXV V\VWHP LV VLOLFRQ 6L 6LOLFRQ GLR[LGH 6L2 DQG VLOLFRQ QLWULGH 6L1 DUH W\SLFDO
LQVXODWRUV XVHG ZLWK VLOLFRQ EDVH +RZHYHU WKHUH LV D PLVPDWFK EHWZHHQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO
SURSHUWLHVRIWKHVRIWEUDLQWLVVXHDQGWKHULJLGVLOLFRQDQGWKXVFDXVHVPDQ\DGYHUVHHIIHFWV
VXFK DV WLVVXH GDPDJH LQIODPPDWRU\ UHDFWLRQV DQG VFDU IRUPDWLRQ 3ROLNRY HW DO
7KHUHIRUH WKHUH KDV EHHQ D JURZLQJ LQWHUHVW WRZDUG GHYHORSLQJ SRO\PHUEDVHG LPSODQW
PDWHULDOVWKDWFRXOGEHIOH[LEOHHQRXJKWRPLPLFELRORJLFDOWLVVXHDQGWRUHGXFHPHFKDQLFDO
GDPDJH EXW QRW HYRNLQJ DQ\ DGYHUVH WLVVXH UHDFWLRQV $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKHLU FRPSRVLWLRQDQG
VXUIDFH SURSHUWLHV FDQ EH PRGLILHG LQ D YDULHW\ RI ZD\V WR PDNH E\ WKHP PRUH
ELRFRPSDWLEOH3RO\PHUVFDQEHHPSOR\HGDVERWKVXEVWUDWHDQGRUHQFDSVXODWLRQPDWHULDOV
'LIIHUHQW IOH[LEOH SRO\PHU PDWHULDOV VXFK DV SRO\LPLGH EHQ]RF\FOREXWHQH %&%
SRO\GLPHWK\OVLOR[DQH3'06SDU\OHQHDQGHSR[\UHVLQVKDYHEHHQUHFHQWO\LQYHVWLJDWHGDV
VXEVWUDWHHQFDSVXODWLQJ PDWHULDOV LQ LPSODQWDEOH QHXUDO LQWHUIDFHV &KHXQJ
3RO\LPLGH KDV EHHQ XVHG DV DQ LQVXODWRU LQ PLFURHOHFWURQLFV EHFDXVH RI LWV QXPHURXV
H[FHOOHQW SURSHUWLHV H[FHOOHQW UHVLVWDQFH WR VROYHQWV VWURQJ DGKHVLRQ WR PHWDOV DQG PHWDO
R[LGHV DQG JRRG GLHOHFWULF SURSHUWLHV 7KH YROXPH UHVLVWLYLW\ DQG GLHOHFWULF VWUHQJWK RI
SRO\LPLGH DUH FRPSDUDEOH WR VLOLFRQ DQG W\SLFDO VLOLFRQ LQVXODWLRQ PDWHULDOV VXFK DV 6L2
DQG6L16WLHJOLW]HWDO:KHQXVHGDVDQHXUDOLPSODQWPDWHULDOSRO\LPLGHKDVDOVR
DSSURSULDWHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGLWVELRFRPSDWLELOLW\KDVEHHQGHPRQVWUDWHGLQPDQ\
VWXGLHVLQYLWURDQGLQYLYR6WLHJOLW]HWDO5LFKDUGVRQHWDO7DEOHVXPPDUL]HV
VRPHLPSRUWDQWSURSHUWLHVRISRO\LPLGHDQG3'06LQFRPSDULVRQWR6LDQG6L27KHPDMRU
GLVDGYDQWDJHRISRO\LPLGHLVLWVSHUPHDELOLW\WRHQYLURQPHQWDOPRLVWXUHDQGLRQVWKDWFRXOG
EHFUXFLDOLQWHUPVRIVKRUWFLUFXLWLQJDQGUHGXFLQJWKHHOHFWURGH·VOLIHVSDQ%&%KDVEHHQD
ZLGHO\XVHGPDWHULDOLQPLFURHOHFWURQLFVGXHWRLWVORZPRLVWXUHDEVRUSWLRQJRRGGLHOHFWULF
SURSHUWLHV DQG FKHPLFDO VWDELOLW\ 5HFHQWO\ %&% KDV EHHQ GHPRQVWUDWHG WR EH D SRWHQWLDO
PDWHULDO IRU XVH LQ LPSODQWDEOH QHXUDO LQWHUIDFHV /HH HW DO D 3DU\OHQH DQG VLOLFRQH
UXEEHU3'06DUHNQRZQWREHELRFRPSDWLEOHPDWHULDOVDQGWKH\DUHDSSURYHGIRUXVHDV
DQLPSODQWHG PDWHULDOLQPHGLFDOGHYLFHVLH)'$DSSURYHG3DU\OHQHLVDWKHUPRSODVWLF
SRO\PHU WKDW FDQ EH YDSRUGHSRVLWHG DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH WR IRUP SLQKROH IUHH EDUULHU
FRDWLQJV WKDW DUH VWUHVVIUHH FKHPLFDOO\ DQG ELRORJLFDOO\ LQHUW DQG VWDEOH DV ZHOO DV EHLQJ
www.intechopen.com
(
PLQLPDOO\ SHUPHDEOH WR PRLVWXUH 3DUDO\QH DV ZHOO DV 3'06 DUH ERWK K\GURSKRELF DQG
RSWLFDOO\WUDQVSDUHQWPDWHULDOVDQGWKXVWKH\FDQEHXVHGLQRSWLFDOHOHPHQWV
8QLWV 3'06 3RO\LPLGH 6LOLFRQ 6LOLFRQGLR[LGH
7HQVLOHVWUHQJWK NJPP
(ORQJDWLRQ
'HQVLW\ JFP
<RXQJ·VPRGXOXV NJPP ² ƛ ƛ
'LHOHFWULF FRQVWDQW UHODWLYH
DWN+]5+ džU
'LHOHFWULF VWUHQJWK 9FP ƛ ƛ ƛ ƛ
DW.+]5+
9ROXPHUHVLVWLYLW\ ƛFP ƛ
7DEOH6RPHSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI3'066\OJDUG'RZ&RUQLQJ,QFDQGSRO\LPLGH
3\UDOLQ 3, +' 0LFURV\VWHPV *PE+ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR VLOLFRQ DQG VLOLFRQ GLR[LGH
9DOXHVDUHWDNHQIURPWKHGDWDVKHHWVIRU6\OJDUG'RZ&RUQLQJ,QFDQGIRU3\UDOLQ3,
+'0LFURV\VWHPV*PE+DQGIURP6WLHJOLW]HWDO0DWDHWDO$UPDQLHW
DO
4GEGPVTGEQTFKPICPFUVKOWNCVKPIDTCKPGNGEVTQFGUKPENKPKECNWUG
+XPDQ HOHFWURHQFHSKDORJUDSK\ ((* UHFRUGLQJV DUH W\SLFDOO\ SHUIRUPHG ZLWK GLIIHUHQW
QXPEHUVRIHOHFWURGHVDWWDFKHGWRWKHVFDOSDQGPHDVXULQJWKHSRWHQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ
HOHFWURGHV +RZHYHU VRXUFH ORFDOL]DWLRQ RI VFDOS((* LV UDWKHU SRRU 7R DFKLHYH EHWWHU
VSDWLDOUHVROXWLRQLWLVDGYDQWDJHRXVWRSODFHWKHHOHFWURGHVFORVHUWRWKHEUDLQWLVVXH%RWK
SHQHWUDWLQJLQWUDFRUWLFDOHOHFWURGHSUREHVDQGQRQSHQHWUDWLQJHOHFWURGHDUUD\VSODFHGRQ
WKH VXUIDFH RI FHUHEHOOXP FRUWH[ KDYH EHHQ XWLOL]HG WR PHDVXUH QHXURQDO DFWLRQ SRWHQWLDOV
DQG ORFDO ILHOG SRWHQWLDOV IURP WKH EUDLQ &RPSDUHG WR KXPDQ VFDOS((* LQWUDFUDQLDO
UHFRUGLQJVDUHDGYDQWDJHRXVLQWHUPVRILQFUHDVHGVSDWLDOUHVROXWLRQVLJQDODPSOLWXGHOHYHO
DQGUHGXFHGQRLVHOHYHOPHDQLQJWKDWRQHFDQDFTXLUHPRUHGHWDLOHGPDSVGLUHFWO\RIEUDLQ
+RZHYHUWKHXVHRISHQHWUDWLQJHOHFWURGHSUREHVLQKXPDQVLVOLPLWHGWRWKHDUHDVGHVWLQHG
IRU VXUJLFDO UHVHFWLRQ EHFDXVH RI WKH ULVN RI GDPDJLQJ WKH EUDLQ WLVVXH ZKHUHDV IOH[LEOH
VXEGXUDOVWULSDQGJULGHOHFWURGHVSODFHGRQWKHVXUIDFHRIFRUWH[DUHXVHGDVDOHVVLQYDVLYH
PHWKRG LQ VRPH FOLQLFDO FDVHV HJ LQ PDSSLQJ FHUHEHOOXP FRUWH[ LQ SDWLHQWV XQGHUJRLQJ
HSLOHSV\ RU EUDLQ WXPRU VXUJHU\ 7KH VLJQDOV UHFRUGHG ZLWK VXEGXUDO HOHFWURGHV DUH
FRQVLGHUDEO\KLJKHULQDPSOLWXGHEHFDXVHWKH\DUHPXFKFORVHUWRWKHVRXUFHRIWKHDFWLYLW\
DQG DUH VHSDUDWHG IURP LW E\ RQO\ D UHODWLYHO\ KLJK FRQGXFWLYLW\ PHGLD &6) EUDLQ
SDUHQFK\PD6XEGXUDOHOHFWURGHVDUHYLUWXDOO\IUHHRIDUWLIDFWVHJQRWDIIHFWHGE\HOHFWULFDO
VLJQDOV RULJLQDWLQJ IURP PXVFOHV WKDW DUH VHHQ LQ VFDOS((* DQG WKXV WKH\ \LHOG D PXFK
KLJKHUVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR1DLUHWDO7\SLFDOFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHVXEGXUDOVWULS
DQGJULGHOHFWURGHVFRQVLVWRIVWDLQOHVVVWHHORUSODWLQXPIRLOFRQWDFWVZLWKH[SRVHGGLDPHWHU
RI DERXW PP HPEHGGHG LQ IOH[LEOH ELRPHGLFDOJUDGH VLOLFRQH SODWHV HJ $' 7HFK
www.intechopen.com
&)
!"# $%%
0HGLFDO,QVWUXPHQW&RUS5DFLQH:,86$307&RUS&KDQKDVVHQ0186$(SLGXUDOO\
LPSODQWHGVXUIDFHHOHFWURGHVDVZHOODVSHQHWUDWLQJLQWUDFRUWLFDOSUREHVDUHDOVRXWLOL]HGIRU
VWLPXODWLQJ SXUSRVHV LQ KXPDQV 0RWRU FRUWH[ VWLPXODWLRQ 0&6 LV D UHODWLYH QHZ
WHFKQLTXH LQ ZKLFK VXUIDFH HOHFWURGHV DUH XVHG DW ORZ FXUUHQW GHQVLWLHV WR VWLPXODWH WKH
PRWRU DUHD %URGPDQ LQ WUHDWLQJ FKURQLF QHXURSDWKLF SDLQ 5DVFKH HW DO 'HHS
EUDLQ VWLPXODWRUV FRQVLVW RI LQWUDFRUWLFDOO\ LPSODQWHG HOHFWURGHV WKURXJK ZKLFK D KLJK
IUHTXHQF\ HOHFWULFDO VWLPXODWLRQ LV GHOLYHUHG WR WDUJHWHG UHJLRQV RI WKH EUDLQ IRU H[DPSOH
EHLQJXVHGLQWUHDWLQJVHYHUHQHXURORJLFDOGLVRUGHUVHJLQ3DUNLQVRQ·VGLVHDVH
$OWKRXJK PRGHUQ PLFURIDEULFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV SRVVHVV D JUHDW SRWHQWLDO WR GHYHORS QRYHO
KLJKGHQVLW\PLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\VIRUUHFRUGLQJRIEUDLQDFWLYLW\RUHOHFWULFDOVWLPXODWLRQRI
QHXUDOWLVVXHDQGWKHVHNLQGVRIPLFURDUUD\VDUHH[WHQVLYHO\XWLOL]HGLQDQLPDOVWXGLHVQR
PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\ VXLWDEOH IRU XVH ZLWK KXPDQ SDWLHQWV LV RQ WKH PDUNHW WRGD\ )RU
H[DPSOH GLIIHUHQW OLWKRJUDSKLF DQG WKLQ ILOP WHFKQLTXHV FRXOG EH XWLOL]HG LQ WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI VXEVWUDWHLQWHJUDWHG HOHFWURGHV ZLWK KLJKHU VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ WKDQ WKH
SUHVHQWVXEGXUDOHOHFWURGHVLQFOLQLFDOXVH
/KETQGNGEVTQFGCTTC[UKPCPKOCNOQFGNU
1HXURSK\VLRORJLVWV KDYH WUDGLWLRQDOO\ SHUIRUPHG FKURQLF FRUWLFDO UHFRUGLQJV LQ DQLPDO
PRGHOV ZLWK LQVXODWHG PLFURZLUHV DQG ZLUH EXQGOHV 1LFROHOLV HW DO :LOOLDPV HW DO
7KHILUVWFKURQLFUHFRUGLQJVIURPIUHHO\PRYLQJDQLPDOVZLWKVWDLQOHVVVWHHOPLFURZLUH
HOHFWURGHV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG LQ WKH V 6WUXPZDVVHU 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI
SKRWROLWKRJUDSKLF VLOLFRQ HWFKLQJ DQG WKLQILOP GHSRVLWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV SURYLGHG QRYHO
DSSURDFKHV LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI LPSURYHG UHFRUGLQJ DQG VWLPXODWLQJ V\VWHPV XVHG LQ
H[SHULPHQWV ZLWK DQLPDO PRGHOV :LVH 6LOLFRQ KDV EHHQ WKH PRVW ZLGHO\ XVHG
VXEVWUDWH PDWHULDO EHFDXVH RI WKH ZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG SUHFLVH PLFURIDEULFDWLRQ PHWKRGV ZKLFK
KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG IRU LQWHJUDWHG FLUFXLWV 7KH PDLQ DGYDQWDJH RI PLFURIDEULFDWHG
HOHFWURGHDUUD\VFRPSDUHGWRPLFURZLUHEXQGOHVLVWKHSUHFLVHFRQWURORIWKHHOHFWURGHVL]HV
DQGWKHVHSDUDWLRQVEHWZHHQHOHFWURGHV%DWFKSURFHVVLQJDOVRPHDQVWKDWWKHUHFDQEHODUJH
YROXPHDQGORZFRVWSURGXFWLRQRILGHQWLFDOPLFURVHQVRUV0LFKLJDQSUREHV1DMDIL :LVH
DQG 8WDK DUUD\V &DPSEHOO HW DO DUH SHUKDSV WKH EHVWNQRZQ 6LEDVHG
PLFURHOHFWURGHV7KHW\SLFDO0LFKLJDQDUUD\VDUHVLQJOHVKDQNRUPXOWLVKDQN6LSHQHWUDWLQJ
SUREHV ZKHUH WKH HOHFWURGHV DUH SODFHG DORQJ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH VKDQN DOORZLQJ WKH
PHDVXUHPHQW RI QHXURQDO DFWLYLW\ DW YDULRXV GHSWKV RI WKH EUDLQ WLVVXH 7KH WKUHH
GLPHQVLRQDO8WDKDUUD\FRQVLVWVRIFRQGXFWLYH6LQHHGOHVOHQJWKPPZLWKSODWLQXP
FRDWHGWLSV+RZHYHUGXHWRPHFKDQLFDOPLVPDWFKEHWZHHQWKHULJLG6L<RXQJ·VPRGXOXV
a*3DDQGVRIWEUDLQWLVVXHaN3DDQGVXEVHTXHQWDGYHUVHWLVVXHUHVSRQVHVWKHUHKDV
EHHQDJURZLQJLQWHUHVWLQGHYHORSLQJSRO\PHUEDVHGLPSODQWVWKDWFRXOGEHIOH[LEOHHQRXJK
WRPLPLFELRORJLFDOWLVVXHDQGWRUHGXFHDGYHUVHWLVVXHUHDFWLRQV
(NGZKDNGRQN[OGTDCUGFOKETQGNGEVTQFGCTTC[U
'LIIHUHQWIOH[LEOHSRO\PHUPDWHULDOVVXFKDVSRO\LPLGH%&%3'06SDU\OHQH&DQGHSR[\
UHVLQVKDYHEHHQUHFHQWO\LQYHVWLJDWHGDVVXEVWUDWHPDWHULDOVLQLPSODQWDEOHQHXUDOLQWHUIDFHV
&KHXQJ7KHVHSRO\PHUVDUHDOVRXWLOL]HGLQFRDWLQJVLOLFRQEDVHGLPSODQWVSURYLGLQJ
ERWKDFKHPLFDOEDUULHUDQGDQHOHFWULFDOLQVXODWLRQOD\HU7KHIOH[LELOLW\RIWKHSRO\PHUPD\
GHFUHDVH WKH PLVPDWFK EHWZHHQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI QHUYRXV WLVVXH DQG WKH ULJLG
www.intechopen.com
&
LPSODQW DQG WKXV UHGXFH WKH ULVN RI WLVVXH GDPDJH DQG LQIODPPDWLRQ UHDFWLRQV GXH WR
HOHFWURGHPLFURPRWLRQ
6HYHUDO SRO\LPLGHEDVHG PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V 0($ LH SRO\LPLGHPHWDOSRO\LPLGH
VDQGZLFK VWUXFWXUHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG LQ WKH ILHOG RI QHXUDO HQJLQHHULQJ IRU YDULRXV
DSSOLFDWLRQV&KHXQJ7\SLFDOO\WKHVHDSSURDFKHVXWLOL]HSRO\LPLGHDVDEDVHPDWHULDO
ZLWKDWKLFNQHVVRIDIHZWHQVRIPLFURPHWHUV$WKLQILOPRIVXLWDEOHHOHFWURGHPDWHULDOVXFK
DV $X 3W RU ,U LV FRDWHG RQ WKH WRS RI SRO\LPLGH E\ XVLQJ SK\VLFDO YDSRXU GHSRVLWLRQ
WHFKQLTXHV HJ VSXWWHULQJ RU HYDSRUDWLRQ DQG WKHQ WKH\ DUH VWUXFWXUHG
SKRWROLWKRJUDSKLFDOO\$WKLQOD\HUDIHZPLFURPHWHUVRILQVXODWLQJPDWHULDOLVVWUXFWXUHG
RQ WKH WRS RI WKH PHWDOOL]DWLRQ OD\HU OHDYLQJ WKH GHVLUHG DUHDV LH HOHFWURGH VLWHV RSHQ
ZKHUHDVWKHLQWHUFRQQHFWLQJOLQHVDUHFRPSOHWHO\FRYHUHGWRDYRLGVKRUWFLUFXLWVLQDPRLVW
HQYLURQPHQW FRQWDLQLQJ VDOW LRQV 7KHVH NLQGV RI IOH[LEOH PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V KDYH EHHQ
GHYHORSHG IRU VWXG\LQJ EUDLQ VOLFHV LQ YLWUR %RSSDUW HW DO FRUWLFDO VXUIDFH ILHOG
SRWHQWLDO UHFRUGLQJV 2ZHQV HW DO +ROOHQEHUJ HW DO 7DNDKDVKL HW DO
0\OO\PDDHWDOEDQGLQWUDFRUWLFDOPXOWLXQLWQHXUDODFWLYLW\UHFRUGLQJV5RXVFKH
HWDO&KHXQJHWDO0HUFDQ]LQLHWDODQGIRUDFWLRQSRWHQWLDOUHFRUGLQJLQ
QHUYHDQGPXVFOHWLVVXHVLQYLYR*RQ]iOH] 5RGUtJXH]5RGUtJXH]HWDO6SHQFH
HW DO 6WLHJOLW] HW DO KDYH DOVR IDEULFDWHG GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI SRO\LPLGHEDVHG
PLFURGHYLFHV HJ VLHYH DQG FXII HOHFWURGHV IRU LQWHUIDFLQJ ZLWK UHJHQHUDWLQJ SHULSKHUDO
QHUYHV 6WLHJOLW] HW DO 6WLHJOLW] HW DO 6RPH UHFHQWO\ SXEOLVKHG SDSHUV
IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI SRO\PHUEDVHG QHXUDO PLFURHOHFWURGHV IRU UHFRUGLQJ EUDLQ
DFWLYLW\DQGVWLPXODWLQJWKHEUDLQWLVVXHDUHVXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH
UHIHUHQFH VXEVWUDWH6 HOHFWURGH HOHFWURGHVL]H HOHFWURGH DSSOLFDWLRQ
LQVXODWRU, PDWHULDODQG DQGQXPEHU LPSHGDQFH SHUIRUPHGLQ
PDWHULDODQG LWVGHSRVLWLRQ RIHOHFWURGHV PHDVXUHG YLYRVWXGLHV
WKHLU PHWKRG LQYLWURDW
WKLFNQHVVHV N+]
2ZHQVHW 6SRO\LPLGH HYDSRUDWHG [P N DFXWHHYRNHG
DO P &UQP HOHFWURGHV SRWHQWLDO
$XQP
,SRO\LPLGH OLWKRJUDSKLF UHFRUGLQJIURP
P HOHFWURSODWHG SDWWHUQLQJ WKHVXUIDFHRI
3WEODFN IHUUHWFRUWH[
5RXVFKH 6SRO\LPLGH HYDSRUDWHG [P LQWUDFRUWLFDO
HWDO P &UQP OLWKRJUDSKLF N UHFRUGLQJZLWK
,SRO\LPLGH $XQP SDWWHUQLQJ ELRDFWLYH
P FDSDELOLW\
7DNDKDVKL 6SRO\LPLGH &UWKLQ [P N DFXWHHYRNHG
HWDO P $XQP HOHFWURGHV SRWHQWLDO
,SRO\LPLGH OLWKRJUDSKLF UHFRUGLQJIURP
P SDWWHUQLQJ WKHVXUIDFHRI
UDWFRUWH[
/HHHWDO 6%&%P $XQP [P aN LQWUDFRUWLFDO
E ,%&%P HOHFWURGHV UHFRUGLQJZLWK
OLWKRJUDSKLF PLFURIOXLGLF
SDWWHUQLQJ FKDQQHOV
www.intechopen.com
&*
!"# $%%
www.intechopen.com
&+
#TTC[HCDTKECVKQP
7KHIDEULFDWLRQSURFHVVRIWKHPLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\LVEDVHGRQFUHDWLQJPDJQHWURQVSXWWHU
GHSRVLWHG $-$ ,QF 6WLOHWWR 6HULH 67, OLWKRJUDSKLFDOO\ SDWWHUQHG VWDEOH 3W WKLQ ILOPV
EHWZHHQ WZR ELRFRPSDWLEOH SRO\LPLGH OD\HUV 7KH IDEULFDWLRQ VWHSV RI DUUD\V DUH
VFKHPDWLFDOO\ LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ 7KH IDEULFDWLRQ ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG RQ WRS RI PLFURVFRSH
JODVV VOLGHV µ [ µ /RJLWHFK WR JXDUDQWHH D ULJLG VXSSRUW GXULQJ IDEULFDWLRQ $V D EDVH
OD\HUZHXVHGDPWKLFN.DSWRQ+1ILOP'X3RQWWRJHWKHUZLWKVSLQFRDWHG3\UDOLQ3,
+' 0LFURV\VWHPV *PE+ SRO\LPLGH OD\HU )LJ $ $ QHJDWLYH SKRWRUHVLVW PD1
0LFURUHVLVWWHFKQRORJ\*PE+ZDVVSXQ RQWKHEDVHOD\HUDQGSDWWHUQHGXVLQJ
QP89H[SRVXUHDQGZHWGHYHORSHUFKHPLFDOV)LJ%7KLQILOPVRI7LQPDQG3W
QPZHUH'&VSXWWHUHGRQWRDVXUIDFHRIWKHEDVHOD\HU)LJ&DQGVWUXFWXUHGZLWKDOLIW
RII WHFKQLTXH )LJ ' 7L ZDV XVHG EHQHDWK WKH 3W WR LPSURYH WKH DGKHVLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH
SRO\LPLGH DQG WKH PHWDOOD\HU 7KHQ SKRWRVHQVLWLYH SRO\LPLGH 3, +' 0LFURV\VWHPV
*PE+ ZDV VSLQ FRDWHG RQ DQ DUUD\ SDWWHUQ )LJ ( DQG SDWWHUQHG ZLWK DOLJQPHQW RI
PHWDOOL]DWLRQOD\HU$ERXWDPWKLFNLQVXODWLRQOD\HUZDVIRUPHGRQDOOSRVLWLRQVH[FHSW
IRUWKHDUHDVRIWKHHOHFWURGHVDQGFRQQHFWLRQSDGV)LJ))LQDOO\WKHDUUD\ZDVGHWDFKHG
IURPWKHJODVVVOLGH)LJ*
)LJ)DEULFDWLRQVWHSVRIIOH[LEOHPLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\V6HHGHWDLOVLQWKHWH[W
www.intechopen.com
&,
!"# $%%
7KHGHYHORSHGDUUD\VFRQVLVWHGRIHLWKHURUURXQGVKDSHG3WHOHFWURGHVURXQG
ǍP LQ DQ DUHD RI DERXW PP [ PP DW WKH HQG RI SRO\LPLGH ULEERQ 7KLQ ILOP
FRQQHFWRUSDGVDWRQHRIWKHHGJHVRISRO\LPLGHIRLOZHUHGHVLJQHGWRILWLQWRDFKDQQHO
PP SLWFK ]HURLQVHUWLRQIRUFH =,) FRQQHFWRU -67 /WG +DOHVZRUWK 8. 7KH =,)
FRQQHFWRU ZDV VROGHUHG WR D WKLQ PP SULQWHG FLUFXLW ERDUG 3&% DGDSWHU 7KH 3&%
FRQWDLQVDOVRDFKDQQHOVXUIDFHPRXQWPLFURVRFNHW&/0VHULH6DPWHF,QF1HZ$OEDQ\
,1 86$ WKURXJK ZKLFK WKH HOHFWULFDO VLJQDOV IURP WKH HOHFWURGHV DUH WUDQVIHUUHG WR WKH
SUHDPSOLILHU DQG IXUWKHU WR WKH UHFRUGLQJ LQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ 7KH SURWRW\SH RI IOH[LEOH
PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\ ZLWK FRQQHFWRU ERDUG DVZHOO DV D VFKHPDWLF YLHZ RI WKH DUUD\ FURVV
VHFWLRQLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJ$7KHGHYHORSHGPLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\7KHDUUD\LVFRQQHFWHGYLDDSULQWHGFLUFXLW
ERDUG FRQVLVWLQJ RI D =,) W\SH FRQQHFWRU DQG D 607 PLFURVRFNHW WR WKH UHFRUGLQJ
LQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ % $ VFKHPDWLF LOOXVWUDWLRQ RI WKH DUUD\ FURVVVHFWLRQ QRW WR VFDOH G
WKLFNQHVV
7KH XVH RI QRQSKRWRVHQVLWLYH SRO\LPLGH DV DQ LQVXODWLRQ OD\HU KDV EHHQ YHU\ FRPPRQ LQ
QHXUDOLQWHUIDFHV*RQ]iOH] 5RGUtJXH]&KHXQJHWDO0HUFDQ]LQLHWDO
,QFRQWUDVWWKHIDEULFDWLRQSURFHVVGHVFULEHGDERYHXWLOL]HVSKRWRVHQVLWLYHSRO\LPLGHJUDGH
WKDW UHPDUNDEO\ VLPSOLILHV WKH DUUD\ IDEULFDWLRQ LH LW FDQ EH SDWWHUQHG GLUHFWO\ E\ 89
H[SRVXUH DQG GHYHORSHU FKHPLFDOV 7KXV QR SKRWRUHVLVW DQGRU KDUG PDVN DV DQ HWFK
WHPSODWHLVQHHGHGDVLVWKHFDVHZLWKVWDQGDUGQRQSKRWRVHQVLWLYHSRO\LPLGHV$OXPLQXP
LV D FRPPRQO\ XVHG KDUG PDVN PDWHULDO LQ SRO\LPLGH GU\ HWFKLQJ ,W LV SRVVLEOH WKDW
DOXPLQXPUHVLGXDOVPD\UHPDLQRQWKHILQDOGHYLFHDIWHUWKHIDEULFDWLRQSURFHVVDQGIXUWKHU
FRPH LQWR FRQWDFW ZLWK QHXUDO WLVVXH DQG WKHVH LRQV FDQ EH YHU\ WR[LF DQG FDXVH DGYHUVH
WLVVXH UHDFWLRQV :HQQEHUJ 7KLV ULVN FDQ EH HOLPLQDWHG E\ XVLQJ SKRWRVHQVLWLYH
SRO\LPLGH 7KH 6(0 LPDJHV )LJ GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW LW LV SRVVLEOH WR SDWWHUQ WKH
SKRWRVHQVLWLYH SRO\LPLGH 3, OD\HU ZLWK DQ DOPRVW YHUWLFDO HGJH SURILOH ZLWKRXW DQ\
UHVLGXDOV
:KLOH WKH H[FHOOHQW ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ RI SRO\LPLGH KDV EHHQ SURYHQ LQ PDQ\ VWXGLHV
5LFKDUGVRQ HW DO 6WLHJOLW] HW DO 6HR HW DO WKHVH H[LVWV RQO\ RQH UHSRUW
IRFXVLQJRQWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIF\WRWR[LF\RISKRWRVHQVLWLYHSRO\LPLGHJUDGH6XQHWDO
LQYROYLQJ GLIIHUHQW FKHPLVWU\ DQG VROYHQW SURFHVVHV 7KHUHIRUH IXUWKHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQV DUH
www.intechopen.com
&
QHHGHGWRHQVXUHWKHELRFRPSDWLELOLW\RISKRWRVHQVLWLYHSRO\LPLGHJUDGHVWKDWWKHUHZLOOEH
QRDGYHUVHORQJWHUPHIIHFWVDQGWKDWWKHPDWHULDOLVVXLWDEOHIRUFKURQLFLPSODQWDEOHXVH
)LJ6(0LPDJHRI7L3WPHWDOOL]DWLRQOD\HUYLHZHGDWWKHHQGRIUHFRUGLQJVLWHV$DQG
HOHFWURGH RSHQLQJV DW WZR PDJQLILFDWLRQV %& $ WKLQ LQVXODWLQJ OD\HU SKRWRVHQVLWLYH
SRO\LPLGHLVSDWWHUQHGZLWKDOLJQPHQWRIWKHPHWDOOL]DWLRQOD\HU
'NGEVTQEJGOKECNEJCTCEVGTK\CVKQP
(OHFWURFKHPLFDOLPSHGDQFHVSHFWURVFRS\(,6LVDFRPPRQO\XVHGPHWKRGWRFKDUDFWHUL]H
WKHHOHFWURFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIPLFURHOHFWURGHVLHWRDVVHVVWKHUHFRUGLQJFDSDELOLWLHVRI
WKH HOHFWURGH IRU QHXUDO UHFRUGLQJ H[SHULPHQWV ,Q D W\SLFDO WZR HOHFWURGH FHOO V\VWHP WKH
PLFURHOHFWURGH LV LPPHUVHG LQ SK\VLRORJLFDO VDOLQH VROXWLRQ 1D&O DQG D VPDOO
VLQXVRLGDO SHUWXUEDWLRQ YROWDJH P9 LV DSSOLHG EHWZHHQ WKH PLFURHOHFWURGH DQG WKH
FRXQWHU HOHFWURGH W\SLFDOO\ D QREOH PHWDO HJ 3W KDYLQJ D PXFK ODUJHU VXUIDFH DUHD $
VPDOO SHUWXUEDWLRQ YROWDJH LV QHHGHG WR HQVXUH WKDW D OLQHDU FXUUHQWYROWDJH UHVSRQVH LV
REWDLQHGDWHDFKIUHTXHQF\0HDVXUHPHQWVDUHXVXDOO\WDNHQRYHUDZLGHIUHTXHQF\UHJLRQ
HJ +] ² N+] DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH 7KH LQGXFHG FXUUHQW DQG LWV SKDVH DUH
UHFRUGHG 7\SLFDO LPSHGDQFH VSHFWUD PHDVXUHG ZLWK D 6RODUWURQ LPSHGDQFH
JDLQSKDVHDQDO\]HU6RODUWURQ$QDO\WLFDO)DUQERURXJK8.IRU3WDQG$XPLFURHOHFWURGHV
ZLWKGLDPHWHURIPLVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ
)LJ,PSHGDQFHPDJQLWXGHDQGSKDVHIRU3WDQG$XPLFURHOHFWURGHVZLWKDGLDPHWHURI
P
7KH (,6 UHVXOWV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW RXU PLFURHOHFWURGHV SRVVHVVHG VXLWDEOH HOHFWURFKHPLFDO
SURSHUWLHV IRU QHXUDO UHFRUGLQJV 3W KDV D PXFK ORZHU LPSHGDQFH OHYHO FRPSDUHG WR $X
HVSHFLDOO\DWORZIUHTXHQFLHVEHORZN+]ZKLFKDUHWKHPRVWUHOHYDQWLQDQ\UHFRUGLQJVRI
FRUWLFDOVLJQDOV
www.intechopen.com
&
!"# $%%
+PXKXQVGUVKPI
7KHSHUIRUPDQFHRIRXUPLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\VZDVWHVWHGLQDFXWHDQGFKURQLFUHFRUGLQJVLQ
:LVWDU UDWV $OO DQLPDO WHVWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH &RXQFLO RI (XURSH
JXLGHOLQHVDQGDSSURYHGE\WKH,QVWLWXWLRQDO$QLPDO&DUHDQG8VHFRPPLWWHHDQGWKH6WDWH
3URYLQFLDO2IILFHRI(DVWHUQ)LQODQG
'XULQJ WKH UHFRUGLQJ VHVVLRQV WKH VLJQDOV IURP WKH HOHFWURGHV ZDV SDVVHG WKURXJK D
SUHDPSOLILHU 1HXUDO\Q[ ,QF %R]HPDQ 07 86$ DQG OHG LQWR WKH PDLQ DPSOLILHU *UDVV
,QVWUXPHQWV :HVW :DUZLFN 5, 86$ ZLWK WKH GDWD DFTXLVLWLRQ 3& UXQQLQJ 'DWD:DYH
6FL:RUNV%RWKHOHFWULFDOFXUUHQWDQGDXGLWRU\VWLPXOLZHUHXVHG7KHVTXDUHZDYHFXUUHQW
VWLPXOLZHUHRIPVGXUDWLRQDQGWKHVWLPXOLRIDXGLWRU\ZHUHPVLQGXUDWLRQJHQHUDWHG
E\D:3,$VWRQ6WHYHQDJH+HUWV8.LVRODWHGFXUUHQWVRXUFHDQGOHGLQWRDSLH]REX]]HU
RQ WKH IURQW SDZ RI WKH UDW $ VWLPXOXV VHW FRQVLVWHG RI SDLUHG SXOVHV D JDWLQJ SDUDGLJP
DQGWKHWULDOVZHUHDYHUDJHGLQVHWVRI
:LVWDUUDWVZHUHDQHVWKHWL]HGZLWK²JNJXUHWKDQHIRUDFXWHUHFRUGLQJVDQGZLWKD
PL[WXUH RI PJNJ PHGHWRPLGLQH 'RPLWRU DQG PJNJ NHWDPLQH .HWDODU
LQWUDSHULWRQHDOO\ IRU LPSODQWDWLRQ IRU FKURQLF UHFRUGLQJV 7KH UDWV ZHUH SODFHG LQ D
VWHUHRWD[LFDSSDUDWXV+ROHVIRUWKHPLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\DQGIRUUHIHUHQFHHOHFWURGHVZHUH
GULOOHGRQWKHVDPHVLGHRIWKHVNXOO7KHPLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\ZDVLQVHUWHGRQWKHGXUDRYHU
WKH SDULHWDO FRUWH[ $ VWDLQOHVV VWHHO 66 VFUHZ ZDV XVHG DV D UHIHUHQFH JURXQG HOHFWURGH
SODFHGDW$/ZLWKUHVSHFWWREUHJPDLHPPLQIURQWRIEUHJPD66VFUHZVDOVR
DFWHGDVDQDQFKRUZKHQWKHDUUD\ZDVFHPHQWHGRQWRWKHVNXOOLQWKHFKURQLFUHFRUGLQJV
$IWHU DQHVWKHVLD WKH UDW ZDV DURXVHG E\ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI WKH DQWDJRQLVW DWLPHSD]ROH
$QWLVHGDQ DIWHU WKH VXUJHU\ 7KH UDWV ZHUH DOORZHG WR UHFRYHU IRU D PLQLPXP RI GD\V
EHIRUHWKHILUVWH[SHULPHQWV,QWKHFKURQLF UHFRUGLQJVWKHLPSODQWHGUDWZDVFRQQHFWHGWR
WKH UHFRUGLQJ DSSDUDWXV DQG LW ZDV HLWKHU DOORZHG WR PRYH IUHHO\ LQ WKH UHFRUGLQJ ER[ RU
ZDVJHQWO\LPPRELOL]HGE\KROGLQJLWVHFXUHO\LQDWRZHO
7KHDUUD\VGHPRQVWUDWHGH[FHOOHQWIOH[LELOLW\DQGPHFKDQLFDOVWUHQJWKGXULQJKDQGOLQJDQG
LPSODQWDWLRQ RQWR WKH VXUIDFH RI UDW FRUWH[ 'XULQJ WKH DFXWH UHFRUGLQJ VHVVLRQ WKH
PLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\ZDVFDSDEOHRI\LHOGLQJVWDEOHUHDGLQJVDVREVHUYHGLQWKHIRUPRIWKH
VWDQGDUGUHVSRQVHSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVODWHQFLHVRQVHWVDQGGHFD\VRIWKHPDLQFRPSRQHQWV
LQ WKH YROWDJH WUDFHV $Q H[DPSOH RI WKH VRPDWRVHQVRU\ HYRNHG SRWHQWLDO 6(3 UHFRUGLQJ
REWDLQHGKRXUVDIWHUWKHRQVHWRIDQHVWKHVLDLVSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ
www.intechopen.com
&&
)LJ $Q H[DPSOH RI WKH LQ YLYR VRPDWRVHQVRU\ HYRNHG SRWHQWLDO UHFRUGLQJ LQ WKH UDW
SDULHWDOFRUWH[3URILOHVRIDYHUDJHGHYRNHGSRWHQWLDOVXVLQJWKHFKDQQHO0($DUHVKRZQ
DERYH WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ UHFRUGLQJ VLWHEODFNGRWV 7KHFXUUHQW VWLPXOL ZHUH GHOLYHUHG WR
WKHOHIWSDZRIWKHUDW7KHSRVLWLRQRI0($DQGUHIHUHQFHVFUHZHOHFWURGH´5µLVGHSLFWHG
RQ WKH EUDLQ RI D UDW DIWHU WKH H[SHULPHQW DQG LWV VXUJLFDO UHPRYDO 5LJKW JUDSK DYHUDJH
HOHFWURGHLPSHGDQFHPHDQDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQQ PHDVXUHGLQYLYRZLWKWKUHHGD\
LQWHUYDOV ,Q FKURQLF UHFRUGLQJV WKH HOHFWURGH ZDV FDSDEOH RI \LHOGLQJ VLJQDOV FRPSDUDEOH
ZLWK WKH SUHVHQWHG DFXWH VLJQDOV IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WZR ZHHNV DIWHU DUUD\ LPSODQWDWLRQ
1RWHWKHLPSHGDQFHMXPSRQGD\FRLQFLGLQJZLWKDGHFD\LQWKHUHVSRQVHVQRWVKRZQ
7KH 6(3 UHFRUGLQJV REWDLQHG ZLWK RXU DUUD\ DUH FRPSDUDEOH LQ WKHLU VLJQDOWRQRLVH UDWLRV
ZLWK SUHYLRXVO\ SXEOLVKHG UHFRUGLQJV ZLWK YDULRXV HOHFWURGH PDWHULDOV VXFK DV SODWLQXP
+D\WRQ HW DO VLOYHU .DOOLRPlNL HW DO DQG WXQJVWHQ 8UHVKL HW DO
5HFRUGLQJVDUHDOVRFRPSDUDEOHWRSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVZLWKPLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\V6WHWWHWDO
,Q FKURQLF UHFRUGLQJV WKH HOHFWURGH ZDV FDSDEOH RI FDSWXULQJ D ELRORJLFDOO\
PHDQLQJIXO VLJQDO FRPSDUDEOH WR VLJQDOV LQ WKH DFXWH H[SHULPHQW IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WZR
ZHHNV DIWHU DUUD\ LPSODQWDWLRQ +RZHYHU DIWHU GD\V WKH UHVSRQVHV GHFD\HG GXH WR D
YDULHW\ RI PHFKDQLFDO DQG WHFKQLFDO UHDVRQV 7KH VLJQDO DPSOLWXGH GHFUHDVHG DW WKH VDPH
WLPHDVWKHHOHFWURGHLPSHGDQFHGRXEOHG)LJ$OWKRXJKQRPDFURVFRSLFVFDUIRUPDWLRQ
ZDVVHHQLQWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHEUDLQDIWHUWKHDUUD\ZDVUHPRYHGWKLVNLQGRILQFUHDVH
LQ LQ YLYR LPSHGDQFH LV FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK D WKLFNHQLQJ RI WKH GXUD D FRPPRQ ILQGLQJ LQ
FKURQLF H[SHULPHQWV DQG PLFURVFRSLF JURZWKRI QRQFRQGXFWLYH ILEURXV WLVVXH DURXQG WKH
HOHFWURGHVKULQNLQJWKHIUHHO\H[SRVHGVXUIDFHDUHDRIWKHUHFRUGLQJVLWH
2XU FXUUHQW UHVHDUFK LV FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ LPSURYLQJ ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ LVVXHV WKH DUUD\
FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG LPSODQWDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV LQ RUGHU WR SURORQJ WKH IXQFWLRQDO OLIHWLPH 7KH
JRDOV RI WKH ZRUN LQFOXGH GHYHORSPHQW RI QDQRVWUXFWXUHG HOHFWURGH VXUIDFHV E\ XWLOL]LQJ
XOWUDVKRUWSXOVHGODVHUGHSRVLWLRQ863/'WHFKQLTXHVRUHOHFWURO\WLFGHSRVLWLRQPHWKRGVWR
LPSURYHWKHHOHFWURFKHPLFDOIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIHOHFWURGHVDVZHOODVWRLQFRUSRUDWHIXQFWLRQDO
FRDWLQJV DQGRU ELRORJLFDO FRPSRXQGV WR SRO\LPLGH OD\HU WR UHGXFH WKH JURZWK RI VFDU
WLVVXHLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIDUUD\
www.intechopen.com
&'
!"# $%%
$KQEQORCVKDKNKV[VGUVKPI
'HVSLWH WKH YHU\ FKDOOHQJLQJ PLFURIDEULFDWLRQ SURFHVVHV XVHG LQ HOHFWURGH IDEULFDWLRQ
HOHFWURGHIDLOXUHVGXHWHFKQLFDOUHDVRQVVKRUWFLUFXLWVEURNHQVLJQDOWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVHWF
DUHUDUHDQGWKHVWDEOHORQJWHUPIXQFWLRQLQJRIQHXUDOLPSODQWVLVPDLQO\GHWHUPLQHGE\
WKHWLVVXHUHVSRQVHWRFKURQLFDOO\LPSODQWHGHOHFWURGHV$JHQHUDOLPPXQHDFWLYDWLRQRIWKH
EUDLQLQUHVSRQVHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIDIRUHLJQERG\LPSODQWKDVEHHQFRPPRQO\EHOLHYHGWR
EHWKHPDLQUHDVRQIRUVLJQDOGHWHULRUDWLRQRIFKURQLFDOO\LPSODQWHGHOHFWURGHV1LFROHOLVHW
DO(GHOOHWDO6FKPLGWHWDO%LRFRPSDWLELOLW\DVSHFWVRIQHXUDOLPSODQW
PDWHULDOV ZLOO WKHUHIRUH EH YHU\ FUXFLDO LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ FKURQLF
LPSODQWV,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZHVXPPDUL]H VRPHLQ YLYR LPSODQWDWLRQ DQG LQ YLWUR FHOO FXOWXUH
VWXGLHV FRQFHQWUDWLQJ SDUWLFXODUO\ RQ WKHVH SRWHQWLDO IOH[LEOH WKLQ ILOP HOHFWURGH PDWHULDOV
WKDWZHUHDOUHDG\GLVFXVVHGLQWKLVFKDSWHULH3W$X,USRO\LPLGH683'06HWF
+PXKXQKORNCPVCVKQPUVWFKGU
7KHWLVVXHUHVSRQVHWRQHXUDOLPSODQWPDWHULDOV KDVEHHQZLGHO\UHSRUWHGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH
6WHQVDDVDQG6WHQVDDVLPSODQWHGGLIIHUHQWPDWHULDOVFRQVLVWLQJRIPHWDOVDQGLQVXODWRUV
LQWRWKHFRUWLFHVRIUDEELWV$IWHUGD\VWKHKLVWRORJLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQUHYHDOHGQRDGYHUVH
UHDFWLRQLQUHVSRQVHWRJROGSODWLQXPDQGWXQJVWHQ6WHQVDDV 6WHQVDDV0RUHRYHU
VXEGXUDOLPSODQWDWLRQVRIWZRFRPPRQLQVXODWRUVSDU\OHQH&DQGSRO\LPLGH3,LQWR
WKH FHUHEUDO FRUWH[ RI WKH FDW HYRNHG RQO\ PLQLPDO WLVVXH UHDFWLRQV DIWHU D ZHHN
LPSODQWDWLRQSHULRG$OOQHXURQVVLWXDWHGEHQHDWKWKHLPSODQWVLWHDSSHDUHGWREHQRUPDO
7LVVXHUHDFWLRQVWRSRO\LPLGHDQGSDU\OHQH&ZHUHFRPSDUDEOHWRSXUHSODWLQXPQHJDWLYH
FRQWURO ZKHUHDV $J$J&O SRVLWLYH FRQWURO KDG WULJJHUHG FKURQLF LQIODPPDWRU\ UHDFWLRQV
<XHQHWDO,QDQRWKHUVWXG\SRO\HVWHULPLGHFRDWHGJROGZLUHVLPSODQWHGVXEGXUDOO\
RQ UDEELW FRUWH[ VKRZHG QR HYLGHQFH RI WR[LFLW\ 7KHUH ZDV RQO\ VOLJKW JOLRVLV DQG WKHUH
ZHUH QR LQIODPPDWRU\ UHDFWLRQV SUHVHQW DW ZHHNV DIWHU LPSODQWDWLRQ <XHQ $JQHZ
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGSRO\LPLGHSODWLQXPHOHFWURGHVLPSODQWHGWRWKHUDWVFLHQWLFQHUYH
IRU PRQWKV ZHUH GHPRQVWUDWHG WR LQGXFH D PLOG VFDU UHVSRQVH DQG ORFDO LQIODPPDWLRQ
UHDFWLRQVWKRXJKWKHVHZHUHOLPLWHGWRDVPDOODUHDDURXQGWKHHOHFWURGH/DJRHWDO
8QIRUWXQDWHO\DOODUWLILFLDOPDWHULDOVLPSODQWHGLQWKH&16KDYHDQLQFRQYHQLHQWWHQGHQF\WR
LQGXFHVLJQLILFDQWJOLDOVFDUWLVVXHIRUPDWLRQ3ROLNRYHWDO7KLVJOLRWLFVFDUWLVVXHLV
DWWULEXWDEOH PDLQO\ WR JOLDO FHOOV VXFK DV DVWURF\WHV DQG PLFURJOLD DQG LW SRVHV RQH RI WKH
JUHDWHVWFKDOOHQJHVLQWKHILHOGRIQHXUDOSURVWKHWLFV7KHIRUPDWLRQRIVFDUWLVVXHFDQFDXVH
VHULRXVLPSDLUPHQWRILPSODQWSHUIRUPDQFHGXHWRGHFUHDVHGORFDOGHQVLW\RIQHXURQVDQG
WKHIRUPDWLRQRIDQHQFDSVXODWLRQOD\HUWKDWLQFUHDVHVHOHFWURGHLPSHGDQFHDQGORZHUVWKH
VLJQDODPSOLWXGHV$VWURF\WHVWKDWDFFRXQWIRURIJOLDOFHOOSRSXODWLRQLQWKH&16DUH
DEOHWRVHFUHWHQPGLDPHWHULQWHUPHGLDWHILODPHQWVRISRO\PHUL]HGJOLDOILEULOODU\DFLG
SURWHLQ *)$3 :KHQ WKH HOHFWURGH LV LPSODQWHG LQWR WKH &16 WKH DVWURF\WHV EHFRPH
DFWLYDWHG DQG WKH\ WUDQVIRUP LQWR UHDFWLYH SKHQRW\SH ZKLFK SURGXFHV PXFK ODUJHU VL]H
*)$3ILODPHQWVDQGWKHUHLVDOVRHQKDQFHGFHOOSUROLIHUDWLRQDQGPLJUDWLRQFDSDFLW\*)$3
LVWKHPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHGDVWURF\WHVSHFLILFFHOOPDUNHUZLWKZKLFKWRDVVHVVWKHOHYHORI
VFDU IRUPDWLRQ DIWHU HOHFWURGH LPSODQWDWLRQ 7KH EUDLQ VOLFHV RI UDWV XVHG LQ WKH FKURQLF
H[SHULPHQWV DUH LQ FXOWXUHG ZLWK DQWL*)$3 VWDLQLQJ DQWLERGLHV *)$3 SRVLWLYH FHOOV DUH
FRXQWHG DURXQG WKH LPSODQWDWLRQ DUHD RI WKH FRUWH[ LQ RUGHU WR HVWLPDWH WKH H[WHQW RI
DVWURF\WHDFWLYDWLRQDQGJOLRVLV,QSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVZLWKSUREHW\SHHOHFWURGHVLWKDVEHHQ
www.intechopen.com
&(
VKRZQWKDWWKHDVWURF\WHUHVSRQVHWREUDLQLQMXU\FDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRSKDVHVWKHHDUO\
UHVSRQVH WKDW RFFXUV LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU HOHFWURGH LPSODQWDWLRQ DQG WKH ORQJWHUP FKURQLF
UHVSRQVH ,W KDV EHHQ UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH QXPEHU RI DVWURF\WHV DQG PLFURJOLD LV VLJQLILFDQWO\
LQFUHDVHG LQ WKH DUHD VXUURXQGLQJ WKH VLOLFRQ SUREHV 6]DURZVNL HW DO 7XUQHU HW DO
ZLWKLQDIHZKRXUVDIWHULQVHUWLRQ7KHH[WHQWRIWKLVHDUO\UHVSRQVHLVGHSHQGHQWRQ
SUREH VL]H VKDSH DQG VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV 6]DURZVNL HW DO 7KH ORQJWHUP UHVSRQVH
VWDUWLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHZHHNDIWHUHOHFWURGHLPSODQWDWLRQ1RUWRQHWDOFRQVLVWV
RI D FRPSDFW JOLDO VFDU WLVVXH IRUPDWLRQ VXUURXQGLQJ WKH HOHFWURGH DQG ZKLFK XOWLPDWHO\
LVRODWHV WKH PLFURHOHFWURGHV IURP QHXURQVQHXUDO WLVVXH HOHYDWLQJ WKH LPSHGDQFH DQG
FDXVLQJVLJQDOGHWHULRUDWLRQ1LFROHOLVHWDO(GHOOHWDO6FKPLGWHWDO
+PXKVTQE[VQVQZKEKV[
,Q YLWUR F\WRWR[LFLW\ WHVWV SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ HYDOXDWLQJ WKH ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\
SURSHUWLHVRISRWHQWLDOQRYHOPDWHULDOV7KHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUG´%LRORJLFDOHYDOXDWLRQRI
PHGLFDO GHYLFHV WHVWV IRU LQ YLWUR F\WRWR[LFLW\µ ,62 GHVFULEHV WKH WHVW PHWKRGV WR
DVVHVVWKHLQYLWURF\WRWR[LFLW\RILPSODQWPDWHULDOVDQGPHGLFDOGHYLFHV7KHPDPPDOLDQFHOO
OLQH LV VHOHFWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH LQWHQGHG DSSOLFDWLRQ &HOOV DUH VHHGHG LQ FRQWDFW ZLWK D
WHVWHG PDWHULDO DQGRU ZLWK DQ H[WUDFW RI D WHVW PDWHULDO DQG GLIIHUHQW SDUDPHWHUV DUH
HYDOXDWHG VXFK DV FHOO DGKHUHQFH DGKHVLRQ SUROLIHUDWLRQ PRUSKRORJLFDO FKDQJHV DQG
PHWDEROLVPFKDQJHV
.RW]DU HW DO SHUIRUPHG DQ LQ YLWUR F\WRWR[LFLW\ HYDOXDWLRQ RI D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI
PDWHULDOVXVHGLQPLFURHOHFWURPHFKDQLFDOV\VWHPV0(06LQFOXGLQJ6LWKHUPDOR[LGHQ
GRSHG SRO\VLOLFRQ 6L1 7L 68 DQG VLOLFRQ FDUELGH 0LQLPDO F\WRWR[LFLW\ ZDV
GHPRQVWUDWHGIRUWKHVHPDWHULDOV
3RO\LPLGHVKDYHEHHQVKRZQWREHQRQF\WRWR[LFLQPDQ\LQYLWURVWXGLHV5LFKDUGVRQHWDO
6WLHJOLW]HWDO6WLHJOLW]HWDOVWXGLHGWKHF\WRWR[LFLW\RIWKUHHFRPPHUFLDO
SRO\LPLGH JUDGHV 3\UDOLQ 3, 3, 3, +' 0LFURV\VWHPV DQG UHSRUWHG
H[FHOOHQW ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ IRU 3, DQG 3, DQG JRRG UHVXOWV IRU 3, 7KLV ODVW
SRO\LPLGH VLQFH LW LV IOXRULQDWHG GLIIHUV IURP WKH RWKHUV ZLWK UHVSHFW WR LWV FKHPLFDO
VWUXFWXUH)XUWKHUPRUH/HHHWDOEUHSRUWHGWKDWILEUREODVWFHOOVDWWDFKHGVSUHDGRXW
DQGJUHZRQSRO\LPLGHVXUIDFHVLQDFRUUHVSRQGLQJPDQQHUWRWKHEHKDYLRXURIFRQWUROFHOOV
JURZLQJ RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI SRO\VW\UHQH +RZHYHU WKH SUHYLRXVO\ WHVWHG SRO\LPLGHV DUH
PDLQO\QRQSKRWRVHQVLWLYH,QDUHFHQWVWXG\6XQHWDODVVHVVHGWKHELRFRPSDWLELOLW\
RIDSKRWRVHQVLWLYHSRO\LPLGHIRUXVHLQDQLPSODQWDEOHPHGLFDOGHYLFH7KH\FRQFOXGHGWKDW
WKH SKRWRVHQVLWLYH SRO\LPLGH )XMLILOP 'XULPLGH ZDV DOVR QRQF\WRWR[LF DQG WKH
ILEUREODVW / FHOO DGKHVLRQ PRUSKRORJ\ DQG VSUHDGLQJ ZDV HYHQ HQKDQFHG RQ WKH
SKRWRVHQVLWLYHJUDGHWKDQRQHQRQSKRWRVHQVLWLYHJUDGH+'0LFURV\VWHP3,
)LJXUH SUHVHQWV ILEUREODVW FHOOV %+. FXOWXUHG RQ SRO\LPLGH 3\UDOLQ 3, +'
0LFURV\VWHPV *PE+ KLJKGHQVLW\ SRO\HWK\OHQH QHJDWLYH FRQWURO DQG ODWH[ UXEEHU
SRVLWLYH FRQWURO DIWHU K LQFXEDWLRQ SHULRG 2QO\ DIHZ FHOOV DUH VHHQRQ F\WRWR[LFODWH[
UXEEHUZKHUHDVWKHFHOOGHQVLW\RQSRO\LPLGHLVHYHQKLJKHUWKDQRQ3(GHPRQVWUDWLQJWKH
H[FHOOHQWELRFRPSDWLELOLW\RIWKLVSRO\LPLGHJUDGH
www.intechopen.com
')
!"# $%%
)LJ /LYHGHDG VWDLQLQJ RI %+. ILEUREODVW FHOOV FXOWXUHG RQ WKH VXUIDFHV RI $
SRO\HWK\OHQH QHJDWLYH FRQWURO % SRO\LPLGH &ODWH[ UXEEHU SRVLWLYH FRQWURO DIWHUD
KRXULQFXEDWLRQSHULRG&RQIRFDOODVHUPLFURVFRSHLPDJHYLDEOHFHOOVJUHHQGHDGFHOOVUHG
VFDOHEDU ǍP
7KHRSWLPDOHOHFWURGHVLWHVKRXOGVXSSRUWQHXURQDOFHOODWWDFKPHQWDQGJURZWK7KDQDZDOD
HWDOVWXGLHGWKHELRFRPSDWLELOLW\RIPHWDOWKLQILOPVLQYLWURFHOOFXOWXUHVWXGLHV7KH
UHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWLULGLXPR[LGHDQGSODWLQXPWKLQILOPVDUHELRFRPSDWLEOHDQGQRQWR[LF
IRU QHXUDO FHOO FRUWLFDO UDW QHXURQV JURZWK )XUWKHUPRUH 3W ILOPV ZHUH UHSRUWHG WR EH
VXSHULRUWRLULGLXPR[LGHILOPVLQWKHLUDELOLW\WRVXSSRUWFHOODWWDFKPHQW
(WVWTGVTGPFUCPFUVTCVGIKGUVQKORTQXGVJGNQPIVGTORGTHQTOCPEGQH
KORNCPVGFGNGEVTQFGU
6XUIDFHPRGLILFDWLRQVRIPDWHULDOVLQWHQGHGIRULPSODQWDWLRQDUHQHHGHGLQRUGHUWRLPSURYH
WKHIXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGELRFRPSDWLELOLW\RILPSODQWHGHOHFWURGHVLHWRUHGXFHWKHIRUPDWLRQ
RI WKH JOLDO VFDU SUHYHQW LQIODPPDWRU\ UHDFWLRQV DQG H[WHQG WKH IXQFWLRQDO OLIHWLPH RI WKH
LPSODQWHG GHYLFHV DQG WKLV LV DQ DUHD LQ ZKLFK WKHUH LV LQWHQVLYH ZRUOGZLGH UHVHDUFK ,W
PXVWEHQRWHGWKDWWKHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIDQHXUDOLPSODQW
5HFRUGLQJ HOHFWURGH VLWHV VKRXOG UHPDLQ EDUH WR DFKLHYH JRRG VLJQDO RXWSXW ZKHUHDV
HQFDSVXODWLRQ PDWHULDOV VKRXOG EH DOORZHG WR EH FRYHUHG E\ WLVVXH FHOOV OLNH ILEUREODVWV LQ
RUGHU WR DOORZWKHP WR FRH[LVW LQ WKH KXPDQ ERG\ ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOOFRQFHQWUDWHRQ
IXWXUH WUHQGV DQG VWUDWHJLHV WR LPSURYH WKH ORQJWHUP SHUIRUPDQFH RI QHXUDO LPSODQWV E\
GLYLGLQJWKHPLQWRWZRFDWHJRULHVPDWHULDOVFLHQFHDQGELRDFWLYHPROHFXOHVWUDWHJLHV
/CVGTKCNUEKGPEGUVTCVGIKGU
,WLVZHOONQRZQWKDWWKHWKHUHLVDQLQYHUVHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQHOHFWURGHLPSHGDQFHDQG
LWV VXUIDFH DUHD 7KHUHIRUH LW LV DGYDQWDJHRXV WR GHYHORS PLFURHOHFWURGHV ZLWK KLJK
QDQRVFDOHVXUIDFHWRSRJUDSK\VLQFHLQWKLVZD\LWZLOOEHSRVVLEOHWRDFKLHYHGKLJKHIIHFWLYH
VXUIDFHDUHDZLWKRXWLQFUHDVLQJWKHJHRPHWULFDOVXUIDFHDUHD(OHFWURGHSRVLWLRQRISODWLQXP
3W EODFN LV D FODVVLF WHFKQLTXH ZKLFK FDQ LQFUHDVH VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV DQG ORZHU HOHFWURGH
LPSHGDQFH GH +DUR HW DO 2WKHU FRPPRQ VXUIDFH PRGLILFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV XVHG WR
LQFUHDVH QDQRVFDOH URXJKQHVV DUH ZHW HWFKLQJ RI JROG DQG DFWLYDWLQJ RI LULGLXP WR IRUP D
QDQRSRURXV LULGLXP R[LGH OD\HU 'LIIHUHQW HWFKLQJ DQG PDFKLQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV HJ UHDFWLYH
LRQHWFKLQJODVHUDEODWLRQHWFFDQEHDOVRXVHGWRIRUPGLIIHUHQWPLFURQDQRVWUXFWXUHVHJ
JURRYHVDQGZHOOVRQWRWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVXEVWUDWHXSRQ ZKLFKWKHHOHFWURGHPDWHULDOFDQ
WKHQEHGHSRVLWHGXVLQJWUDGLWLRQDOWKLQILOPWHFKQLTXHV2QWKHRWKHUKDQG863/'3KLSSV
(DVRQ FDQ EH XVHG ERWK WR GHSRVLW WKLQ ILOPV DQG WR FUHDWH D QDQRVWUXFWXUHG
www.intechopen.com
'
VXUIDFH LQ D ZHOOFRQWUROOHG DQG VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG PDQQHU ZLWKRXW WKH QHHG IRU VHYHUDO
SURFHVVVWHSV$QH[DPSOHRIQDQRVWUXFWXUHG3WVXUIDFHIURPRXUH[SHULPHQWVLVVKRZQLQ
)LJ 7KH VL]H RI WKH IHDWXUHV LV DERXW QP LQ WKLV FDVH )XUWKHUPRUH LW LV SRVVLEOH WR
FRPELQH PLFURQDQRPDFKLQLQJ XVLQJ XOWUD VKRUW SXOVHG ODVHU DEODWLRQ DQG GHSRVLWLRQ WR
FUHDWHZHOOFRQWUROOHGDQGKLJKTXDOLW\VXUIDFHWH[WXUHVOLNHJURRYHVZHOOVKROHVHWF
)LJ$)0LPDJHRIQDQRVWUXFWXUHG3WVXUIDFHGHSRVLWHGXVLQJWKH863/'WHFKQLTXH7KH
DYHUDJHVL]HRI3WSDUWLFOHVLVQP
,W KDV EHHQ DOVR VKRZQ WKDW HOHFWURGH VXUIDFH PRUSKRORJ\ KDV D VWURQJ LQIOXHQFH RQ
QHXURFRPSDWLELOLW\ (QKDQFHG IXQFWLRQV RI QHXURQV KDYH EHHQ GHPRQVWUDWHG RQ
ELRPDWHULDOV VWUXFWXUHG DW WKH QDQRVFDOH %D\OLVV HW DO 5DIID HW DO 5DIID HW DO
XVHGIRFXVHGLRQEHDPWHFKQRORJ\DVDQDQRPHWULFSUHFLVLRQPDFKLQLQJWHFKQLTXHWR
PRGLI\ WKH VXUIDFH PRUSKRORJ\ RI WXQJVWHQ DQG VWXGLHG WKH HIIHFW RI WKH QDQRIHDWXUHV RQ
DGKHUHQFHDQGDGKHVLRQRI3&QHXUDOFHOOV7KH\FRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHDELOLW\RI3&FHOOV
WRDGKHUHWRWKHVXUIDFHLVVWURQJO\OLQNHGWRWKHGLPHQVLRQVRIQDQRIHDWXUHVDQGWKHIHDWXUH
VL]HRIQPLVVXSHULRUWKDQQPPDWHULDO3RVLWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQQHXURQV DQG
QDQRVWUXFWXUHGVLOLFRQVXUIDFHVZLWKQPSRUHVKDYHEHHQDOVRVKRZQ%D\OLVVHWDO
+RZHYHU WKHUH LV RQH UHSRUW RI GHFUHDVHG DVWURF\WH DGKHVLRQ DQG LQFUHDVHG H[WHQVLRQ RI
QHXULWLV RQ QDQRSRURXV VLOLFRQ VXUIDFHV 0R[RQ HW DO 'HFUHDVHG DGKHVLRQ UHGXFHG
SUROLIHUDWLRQ DQG OHVV ORQJWHUP IXQFWLRQDO DFWLYDWLRQ RI DVWURF\WHV RQ FDUERQ QDQRILEHU
PDWHULDOVILEHUGLDPHWHUQPFRPSDUHGWRFRQYHQWLRQDOFDUERQILEUHVGLDPHWHUVLQUDQJH
RIQPKDYHDOVREHHQGHPRQVWUDWHG0F.HQ]LHHWDO7KHVHUHVXOWVSURYLGH
HYLGHQFHWKDWQDQRVFDOHPDWHULDOVPD\KDYHDSURPLVLQJ IXWXUHLHWKH\LQFUHDVHHIIHFWLYH
VXUIDFH DUHD RI HOHFWURGH DQG LQWHUDFW SRVLWLYHO\ ZLWK QHXURQV EXW DW WKH VDPH WLPH WKH\
UHGXFHWKHIXQFWLRQVRIDVWURF\WHVOHDGLQJWRGHFUHDVHGJOLDOVFDUWLVVXHIRUPDWLRQ
$V GLVFXVVHG EHIRUH FRQYHQWLRQDO OLWKRJUDSKLF WHFKQLTXHV FDQ EH FRPELQHG ZLWK WKLQ ILOP
WHFKQLTXHV OLNH HYDSRUDWLRQ VSXWWHULQJ RU HOHFWURGHSRVLWLRQ ,Q VSLWH RI WKHLU ZLGHVSUHDG
XVH IRU H[DPSOH LQ WKH HOHFWURQLFV LQGXVWU\ WKH\ KDYH VRPH VKRUWFRPLQJV LQ HOHFWURGH
SUHSDUDWLRQFRPSDUHGWRVRPHQRYHOWHFKQLTXHVVXFKDV863/',QWKLVVWXG\ZHXWLOL]HG
&ROGDE70 863/' FRQILJXUDWLRQV GHYHORSHG E\ 3LFRGHRQ /WG )LQODQG 7KLV WHFKQLTXH
$PEHUODHWDOKDVVHYHUDODGYDQWDJHVLQWKLQILOPSUHSDUDWLRQVXFKDVKLJKDGKHVLRQ
VPRRWK RU QDQRVWUXFWXUHG VXUIDFH WRSRJUDSK\ DQG WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR GHSRVLW ILOPV RU
SDUWLFOHV RQ KHDW VHQVLWLYH VXEVWUDWHV )XUWKHUPRUH GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI PDWHULDOV SRO\PHUV
PHWDOVRUFHUDPLFVFDQEHXVHGDVDVRXUFHWRSUHSDUHVLQJOHPDWHULDOILOPVRUFRPSRVLWHV
LH PXOWLOD\HU VWUXFWXUHV RU KRPRJHQHRXV RU JUDGHG FRPSRVLWH ILOPV +LJK SXULW\ VRXUFH
www.intechopen.com
'*
!"# $%%
PDWHULDOV DYDLODEOH LQ D VROLG IRUP FDQ EH XWLOL]HG DQG WUDQVIHUUHG IURP WKH WDUJHW WR WKH
VDPSOH LQ D VWRLFKLRPHWULF PDQQHU 'XH WR WKH VLJQLILFDQW LQFUHDVH LQ SRZHU SURGXFHG E\
SLFRVHFRQG SXOVHG ODVHUV GXULQJ UHFHQW \HDUV WKLV GHSRVLWLRQ WHFKQLTXH KDV DFTXLUHG
FRPPHUFLDO VWDWH LH LW FDQ EH XVHG IRU GHSRVLWLRQ RQ ODUJH VXUIDFHV LQ GLPHQVLRQV RI WHQ
FHQWLPHWUHV QRW MXVW RQ VPDOO ODERUDWRU\ WHVW VDPSOHV 7KXV 863/' WHFKQLTXH KROGV DQ
HYLGHQWSRWHQWLDOIRUQHXUDOHOHFWURGHGHYHORSPHQW
7KH 863/' LV D YHU\ HIIHFWLYH PHWKRG WR FRQYHUW D PDWHULDO VR LW FDQ EH GHSRVLWHG DV D
SODVPD DWRP RU PROHFXODU EHDP WR SURGXFH ELRLQHUW ELRFRPSDWLEOH ELRDFWLYH RU
ELRUHVRUEDEOH ILOPV ZLWKRXW JHQHUDWLQJ H[WUD KHDW RQ WKH VDPSOH VXUIDFH (DVRQ
7KHUHIRUHWKHVDPSOHUHPDLQVQRUPDOO\YHU\FORVHWRURRPWHPSHUDWXUHDQGLWLVSRVVLEOHWR
GHSRVLWWKLQILOPVRQKHDWVHQVLWLYHPDWHULDOVOLNHSRO\PHUVZKLFKFDQEHXWLOL]HGLQIOH[LEOH
HOHFWURGHV RU DV D SKRWRUHVLVW 6DPSOHV FRQWDLQLQJ SRO\PHULF PDWHULDOV FDQ EH NHSW DW ORZ
WHPSHUDWXUHV GXULQJ WKH GHSRVLWLRQ DQG WKXV DYRLG KDUGHQLQJ RU IORZ GXULQJ GHSRVLWLRQ
7KLVOHDGVWRVPRRWKKLJKTXDOLW\ILOPVDQGHDV\OLIWRIILQWKHFDVHRIOLWKRJUDSK\6LQFHWKH
WDUJHW PDWHULDOV UHPDLQ DOPRVW DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH QR ZDWHU FRROLQJ LV QHHGHG ZKLFK LV
FRQYHQLHQWVLQFHGLIIHUHQWWDUJHWPDWHULDOVDQGGLPHQVLRQVFDQEHXWLOL]HG([SHQVLYHWDUJHW
PDWHULDOV OLNH 3W $X ,U RU ,72 FDQ EH XVHG HIIHFWLYHO\ DQG WKH\ UHPDLQ IUHH IURP
FRQWDPLQDWLRQ6LQFHRQHKDVPDQ\SRVVLEOHPDWHULDOFKRLFHVWKHPDWHULDOFRPELQDWLRQVFDQ
EHRSWLPL]HGZLWKUHVSHFWWRVLJQDOVWDELOLW\ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\FHOODWWDFKPHQWDQWLEDFWHULDO
SURSHUWLHV HWF (QKDQFHG VXUIDFH SURSHUWLHV FDQ EH DFKLHYHG E\ LQFOXGLQJ DSSURSULDWH
VXUIDFHPRGLI\LQJOD\HUVWKHVHFDQEHRUJDQLFFRPSRXQGVOLNHFROODJHQILEURQHFWLQRUHYHQ
FHOOV
,I 863/' LV XVHG LQ WKH FUHDWLRQ RI GHSRVLWLRQ HOHFWURGHV RQH LPSRUWDQW DGYDQWDJH
FRPSDUHGWRVHYHUDORWKHUPHWKRGVLVWKDWWKHJURZLQJILOPGRHVQRWFRQWDLQPLFURSDUWLFOHV
RU GURSOHWV ZKLFK ZRXOG FDXVH SLQKROHV LQ WKH ILOPV 7KLV LV GXH WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH ODVHU
DEODWLRQ SXOVH LV VR VKRUW WKDW WKH HQHUJ\ SHQHWUDWHV WR RQO\ YHU\ VKDOORZ WHQV RI
QDQRPHWHUV VXUIDFH OD\HU ZKLFK LV HIIHFWLYHO\ FRQYHUWHG WR SODVPD DQG WKH WDUJHW VXUIDFH
UHPDLQV VPRRWK ZLWKRXW DQ\ IORZV RU GHWHULRUDWLRQV 7KH TXDOLW\ RI WKH ILOP EHFRPHV DQ
LPSRUWDQWLVVXHIRUH[DPSOHLQWKHFDVHRILQVXODWRUILOPVIRUQHXUDOVHQVRUV%DVHGRQRXU
WHVWV WKHVH ILOPV GR QRW VHHP WR FRQWDLQ DQ\ PLFURGHIHFWV ZKLFK FRXOG OHDG WR VKRUW
FLUFXLWLQJ HVSHFLDOO\ LQ OLTXLGV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR FHUDPLF LQVXODWRUV OLNH DOXPLQD $O2
SRO\PHUV FDQ EH GHSRVLWHG ZLWK WKH VDPH WHFKQLTXH 7KH XOWUDVPRRWKQHVV RI GHSRVLWHG
FRDWLQJV PLJKW SURYLGH DQ DGGLWLRQDO EHQHILW WR DYRLG VFDU WLVVXH IRUPDWLRQ LQIODPPDWLRQ
UHDFWLRQVRUDFWLYDWLRQRIJOLDOFHOOV
5VTCVGIKGUKPXQNXKPICPVKKPHNCOOCVQT[CIGPVUCPFDKQCEVKXGOQNGEWNGU
6HYHUDOVWUDWHJLHVDUHFXUUHQWO\EHLQJVWXGLHGWRGLVFRYHUHIIHFWLYHPHWKRGVWRPLQLPL]HWKH
LPPXQH UHVSRQVH DQG LQIODPPDWLRQ DURXQG WKH QHXUDO LPSODQW DV ZHOO DV WR HQFRXUDJH
QHXUDO JURZWK DW HOHFWURGH VLWHV 3ROLNRY HW DO =KRQJ %HOODPNRQGD $QWL
LQIODPPDWRU\DJHQWVVXFKDVGH[DPHWKDVRQH'(;FDQEHXVHGWRPLQLPL]HWKHUHOHDVHRI
LQIODPPDWRU\PHGLDWRUVDQGWRDWWHQXDWHWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDILEURXVFDSVXOH'(;DQGRWKHU
SKDUPDFHXWLFDO DJHQWV FDQ EH DGPLQLVWHUHG LQ VHYHUDO ZD\ HJ VXEFXWDQHRXV LQMHFWLRQ
6KDLQ HW DO 6SDWDUR HW DO DQGWKH ORFDO UHOHDVH IURP HOHFWURGH FRDWLQJV RIWKH
GUXJV DV LQFRUSRUDWHG DJHQWV =KRQJ %HOODPNRQGD .LP 0DUWLQ ,W LV
EHOLHYHG WKDW WKH ORFDO GHOLYHU\ RI '(; UHGXFHV WKH LQIODPPDWRU\ WLVVXH UHVSRQVH DQG
SUHYHQWV WKH HOHYDWLRQ LQ HOHFWURGH LPSHGDQFH PRUH HIIHFWLYHO\ FRPSDUHG WR SHULSKHUDO
www.intechopen.com
'+
LQMHFWLRQ VLQFH LQ WKH ODWWHU FDVH WKHUH PD\ EH GLIILFXOWLHV LQ WKH GUXJV FURVVLQJ WKH EORRG
EUDLQ EDUULHU DQG FKURQLF XVH RI FRUWLFRVWHURLGV FDQ HYRNH VHYHUDO VLGH HIIHFWV VXFK DV
P\RSDWK\ DQG GLDEHWHV =KRQJ %HOODPNRQGD $GGLWLRQDOO\ 6LEDVHG
PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG ZLWK LQWHJUDWHG PLFURIOXLGLF GUXJ GHOLYHU\
FKDQQHOV WKURXJK ZKLFK WKH ELRDFWLYH PROHFXOH ZDV UHOHDVHG 5HWWHUHU HW DO
5DWKQDVLQJKDPHWDO,QDGGLWLRQIOH[LEOHPXOWLFKDQQHOSRO\LPLGHUHFRUGLQJSUREHV
ZLWK LQFRUSRUDWHG VPDOO SRUHV DQG ZHOOV WKDW FDQ EH VHOHFWLYHO\ ILOOHG ZLWK D GH[WUDQ
K\GURJHODQGELRDFWLYHVSHFLHVVXFKDVQHUYHJURZWKIDFWRU1*)5RXVFKHHWDO DV
ZHOO DVGHYLFHV FRQWDLQLQJ PLFURIOXLGLF FKDQQHOV IRU GUXJ GHOLYHU\ 0HW] HW DO KDYH
EHHQGHYHORSHG
6HYHUDO ELRDFWLYH PROHFXOHV DUH EHLQJ LQYHVWLJDWHG DV SRWHQWLDO ELQGLQJ PROHFXOHV WR
SURPRWHWKHDGKHUHQFHDQGIXQFWLRQVRIQHXURQVDWWKHHOHFWURGHVLWH,QVWHDGRIXVLQJLQWDFW
FHOODGKHVLRQSURWHLQVVXFKDVFROODJHQDQGILEURQHFWLQ,JQDWLXVHWDOQHZUHVHDUFK
HIIRUWV DUH FRQFHQWUDWHG RQ IXQFWLRQDOL]LQJ WKH HOHFWURGH VXUIDFHV ZLWK UHOHYDQW SURWHLQ
VHTXHQFHV VXFK DV 5*' <,*65 DQG ,.9$9 3ROLNRY HW DO .DP HW DO ,W KDV
EHHQGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWIXQFWLRQDOL]HGVXUIDFHVZLWKWKHVHNLQGVRISURWHLQVHTXHQFHVFDQEH
XVHG WR VXSSRUW QHXURQDO JURZWK RU UHSHO JOLDO JURZWK )XUWKHUPRUH SHSWLGHV FDQ EH
GHSRVLWHG LQ SDWWHUQV E\ XVLQJ VRIW OLWKRJUDSKLF ;LD :KLWHVLGHV WHFKQLTXHV
LQWHQGHGWRJXLGHFHOOXODURXWJURZWK
%QPENWUKQP
0RGHUQ PLFURIDEULFDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV RIIHU JUHDW RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI QRYHO
LPSODQWDEOH QHXUDO LQWHUIDFHV IRU UHFRUGLQJ DQG VWLPXODWLQJ SXUSRVHV 0LQLDWXUL]HG
HOHFWURGHDUUD\VZLWKKLJKFKDQQHOGHQVLWLHVDUHQRZLQFRPPRQXVHLQDQLPDOPRGHOVEXW
WKHLU KXPDQ FRXQWHUSDUWV DUH VWLOO PDLQO\ EHLQJ LQYHVWLJDWHG RU DW EHVW XQGHUJRLQJ FOLQLFDO
WULDOV6LOLFRQKDVEHHQWKHPRVWO\XWLOL]HGVXEVWUDWHPDWHULDOGHVSLWHLWVULJLGLW\EXWUHFHQWO\
WKHUHKDVEHHQDJURZLQJLQWHUHVWWRZDUGSRO\PHULFLPSODQWPDWHULDOVWKDWFRXOGEHIOH[LEOH
HQRXJKWR PLPLFELRORJLFDOWLVVXHDQGWRUHGXFHDGYHUVHWLVVXHUHDFWLRQV'HVSLWHWKHYHU\
FKDOOHQJLQJ PLFURIDEULFDWLRQSURFHVVHV XVHG LQHOHFWURGH IDEULFDWLRQ HOHFWURGH IDLOXUHV GXH
WHFKQLFDOUHDVRQVDUHUDUHDQGWKHVWDEOHORQJWHUPIXQFWLRQLQJRIQHXUDOLPSODQWVLVPDLQO\
GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH WLVVXH UHVSRQVH WR FKURQLFDOO\ LPSODQWHG HOHFWURGHV 7KHUHIRUH FXUUHQW
LQYHVWLJDWLRQV DUH QRZ FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH WLVVXHHOHFWURGH LQWHUIDFH
DLPLQJ WR LPSURYH WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ DQG ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ RI LPSODQWHG HOHFWURGHV LH WR
UHGXFH WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI WKH JOLDO VFDU SUHYHQW LQIODPPDWRU\ UHDFWLRQV DQG H[WHQG WKH
IXQFWLRQDO OLIHWLPH RI WKH LPSODQWHG PLFURGHYLFHV )XUWKHU GHYHORSPHQW RI LPSODQWDEOH
QHXUDOHOHFWURGHVSURPLVHVWRGHOLYHUQRYHORSWLRQVWRDFTXLUHPRUHGHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQRI
EUDLQIXQFWLRQVWRSODQPRUHSUHFLVHVXUJLFDORSHUDWLRQVDVZHOODVLPSURYLQJWKHTXDOLW\RI
OLIHIRUPDQ\SDWLHQWVVXIIHULQJSDLQRUIURPORVVRIQHXUDOIXQFWLRQV
#EMPQYNGIFGOGPVU
7KLV VWXG\ ZDV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 3K'SURJUDPPH LQ 0XVFXORVNHOHWDO 'LVHDVHV DQG
%LRPDWHULDOV DQG WKH 2WWR $ 0DOP )RXQGDWLRQ 7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN WKH
FRQWULEXWLRQ RI WKH IROORZLQJ SHRSOH 3URI +HLNNL 7DQLOD DQG 'U .DM 'MXSVXQG LQ YLYR
H[SHULPHQWV 'U 9LUSL 7LLWX DQG 6DQQD 0LHWWLQHQ FHOO FXOWXUH VWXGLHV 'U 0DUNNX 7LLWWD
www.intechopen.com
',
!"# $%%
(,6 VWXGLHV +DQQX .RUKRQHQ VSXWWHU GHSRVLWLRQV DQG 'U (ZHQ 0DF'RQDOG ODQJXDJH
HGLWLQJ 7KH 0LFURVHQVRU /DERUDWRU\ RI WKH 6DYRQLD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $SSOLHG 6FLHQFHV LV
DFNQRZOHGJHGIRUSURYLGLQJSKRWROLWKRJUDSKLFDQG$)0LPDJLQJIDFLOLWLHV3LFRGHRQ/WGLV
DFNQRZOHGJHGIRUSURYLGLQJ&ROGDE70GHSRVLWLRQV
4GHGTGPEGU
$PEHUOD 7 5HNRZ 0 .|QJlV - $VRQHQ + 6DOPLQHQ 7 9LLWDQHQ 1 .XOPDOD 0
9XRULVWR 3 3HVVD 0 /DSSDODLQHQ 5 3XOVHG ODVHU GHSRVLWLRQ ZLWK D
KLJK DYHUDJH SRZHU ILEHU ODVHU 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK $QQXDO 7HFKQLFDO &RQIHUHQFH
6RFLHW\RI9DFXXP&RDWHUVSS:DVKLQJWRQ'&86$$SULO
$UPDQL ' /LX & $OXUX 1 5HFRQILJXUDEOH IOXLG FLUFXLWV E\ 3'06 HODVWRPHU
PLFURPDFKLQLQJ ,((( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0LFUR (OHFWUR 0HFKDQLFDO 6\VWHPV
SS²-DQXDU\²
%D\OLVV6&%XFNEHUU\/')OHWFKHU, 7RELQ0-7KHFXOWXUHRIQHXURQVRQ
VLOLFRQ6HQVRUVDQG$FWXDWRUV$3K\VLFDO9RO1RSS
%RJQHU ( 'RPLQL]L . +DJO 3 %HUWDJQROOL ( :LUWK 0 *DERU ) %UH]QD :
:DQ]HQERHFN+'%ULGJLQJWKHJDS³%LRFRPSDWLELOLW\RIPLFURHOHFWURQLF
PDWHULDOV$FWD%LRPDWHULDOLD9RO1RSS
%RSSDUW6$:KHHOHU%& :DOODFH&6$IOH[LEOHSHUIRUDWHGPLFURHOHFWURGH
DUUD\ IRU H[WHQGHG QHXUDO UHFRUGLQJV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ %LRPHGLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ
9RO1RSS
&DPSEHOO3.-RQHV.(+XEHU5-+RUFK.: 1RUPDQQ5$$VLOLFRQ
EDVHG WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO QHXUDO LQWHUIDFH PDQXIDFWXULQJ SURFHVVHV IRU DQ
LQWUDFRUWLFDO HOHFWURGH DUUD\ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ %LRPHGLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO
1RSS
&KHXQJ.&,PSODQWDEOHPLFURVFDOHQHXUDOLQWHUIDFHV%LRPHGLFDO0LFURGHYLFHV9RO
1RSS
&KHXQJ . & 5HQDXG 3 7DQLOD + 'MXSVXQG . )OH[LEOH SRO\LPLGH
PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\ IRU LQ YLYR UHFRUGLQJV DQG FXUUHQW VRXUFH GHQVLW\ DQDO\VLV
%LRVHQVRUVDQG%LRHOHFWURQLFV9RO1RSS
GH +DUR & 0DV 5 $EDGDO * 0XxR] - 3HUH]0XUDQR ) 'RPtQJXH] &
(OHFWURFKHPLFDO SODWLQXP FRDWLQJV IRU LPSURYLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI LPSODQWDEOH
PLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\V%LRPDWHULDOV9RO1RSS
(DVRQ 5 3XOVHG /DVHU 'HSRVLWLRQ RI 7KLQ )LOPV $SSOLFDWLRQV/HG *URZWK RI )XQFWLRQDO
0DWHULDOV:LOH\,QWHUVFLHQFH,6%11HZ-HUVH\
(GHOO ' - 7RL 9 9 0F1HLO 9 0 &ODUN / ' )DFWRUV LQIOXHQFLQJ WKH
ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ RI LQVHUWDEOH VLOLFRQ PLFURVKDIWV LQ FHUHEUDO FRUWH[ ,(((
7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ%LRPHGLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ9RO1RSS
*HGGHV / $ 5RHGHU 5 &ULWHULD IRU WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI PDWHULDOV IRU LPSODQWHG
HOHFWURGHV$QQDOVRI%LRPHGLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ9RO1RSS
*RQ]iOH] & 5RGUtJXH] 0 $ IOH[LEOH SHUIRUDWHG PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\ SUREH IRU
DFWLRQ SRWHQWLDO UHFRUGLQJ LQ QHUYH DQG PXVFOH WLVVXHV -RXUQDO RI 1HXURVFLHQFH
0HWKRGV9RO1RSS
www.intechopen.com
'
www.intechopen.com
'
!"# $%%
0HW] 6 %HUWVFK $ %HUWUDQG ' 5HQDXG 3 )OH[LEOH SRO\LPLGH SUREHV ZLWK
PLFURHOHFWURGHV DQG HPEHGGHG PLFURIOXLGLF FKDQQHOV IRU VLPXOWDQHRXV GUXJ
GHOLYHU\ DQG PXOWLFKDQQHO PRQLWRULQJ RI ELRHOHFWULF DFWLYLW\ %LRVHQVRUV DQG
%LRHOHFWURQLFV9RO1RSS
0ROLQD/XQD.%XLWUDJR00+HUWOHU%6FKXEULQJ0+DLVV)1LVFK:6FKXO]-
% /XIW $ 5 &RUWLFDO VWLPXODWLRQ PDSSLQJ XVLQJ HSLGXUDOO\ LPSODQWHG
WKLQILOP PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V -RXUQDO RI 1HXURVFLHQFH 0HWKRGV 9RO 1R
SS
0R[RQ.$.DONKRUDQ100DUNHUW06DPELWR0$0F.HQ]LH-/ :HEVWHU-
71DQRVWUXFWXUHGVXUIDFHPRGLILFDWLRQRIFHUDPLFEDVHGPLFURHOHFWURGHVWR
HQKDQFHELRFRPSDWLELOLW\IRUDGLUHFWEUDLQPDFKLQHLQWHUIDFH,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ
%LRPHGLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ9RO1RSS
0\OO\PDD 6 0\OO\PDD . .RUKRQHQ + 'MXSVXQG . 7DQLOD + /DSSDODLQHQ 5
'HYHORSPHQW RI IOH[LEOH WKLQ ILOP PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V IRU QHXUDO
UHFRUGLQJV3URFHHGLQJVRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO)HGHUDWLRQRI0HGLFDODQG%LRORJLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
,)0%(SS5LJD/DWYLD-XQH6SULQJHU%HUOLQD
0\OO\PDD 6 0\OO\PDD . .RUKRQHQ + *XUHYLFLHQH , 'MXSVXQG . 7DQLOD +
/DSSDODLQHQ5'HYHORSPHQWRIIOH[LEOHPLFURHOHFWURGHDUUD\VIRUUHFRUGLQJ
FRUWLFDO VXUIDFH ILHOG SRWHQWLDOV 3URFHHGLQJV RI ,((( (QJLQHHULQJ LQ 0HGLFLQH DQG
%LRORJ\6RFLHW\SS9DQFRXYHU%ULWLVK&ROXPELD&DQDGD$XJXVW
E
0\OO\PDD 6 0\OO\PDD . .RUKRQHQ + 7|\UlV - -llVNHOlLQHQ - ( 'MXSVXQG .
7DQLOD + /DSSDODLQHQ 5 )DEULFDWLRQ DQG WHVWLQJ RI SRO\LPLGHEDVHG
PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V IRU FRUWLFDO PDSSLQJ RI HYRNHG SRWHQWLDOV %LRVHQVRUV DQG
%LRHOHFWURQLFV9RO1RSS
1DLU'5%XUJHVV50F,QW\UH&& /GHUV+&KURQLFVXEGXUDOHOHFWURGHVLQ
WKHPDQDJHPHQWRIHSLOHSV\&OLQLFDO1HXURSK\VLRORJ\9RO1RSS
1DMDIL . :LVH . ' ,PSODQWDEOH PXOWLHOHFWURGH DUUD\ ZLWK RQFKLS VLJQDO
SURFHVVLQJ,(((-RXUQDORI6ROLG6WDWH&LUFXLWV9RO1RSS
1LFROHOLV 0 $ / *KD]DQIDU $ $ )DJJLQ % 0 9RWDZ 6 2OLYHLUD / 0 2
5HFRQVWUXFWLQJ WKH HQJUDP VLPXOWDQHRXV PXOWLVLWH PDQ\ VLQJOH QHXURQ
UHFRUGLQJV1HXURQ9RO1RSS
1LFROHOLV0$/'LPLWURY'&DUPHQD-0&ULVW5/HKHZ*.UDOLN-' :LVH6
3 &KURQLF PXOWLVLWH PXOWLHOHFWURGH UHFRUGLQJV LQ PDFDTXH PRQNH\V
3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 1DWLRQDO $FDGHP\ RI 6FLHQFHV 9RO 1R SS
1RUWRQ:7$TXLQR'$+R]XPL,&KLX)& %URVQDQ&)4XDQWLWDWLYH
DVSHFWV RI UHDFWLYH JOLRVLV D UHYLHZ 1HXURFKHPLFDO UHVHDUFK 9RO 1R
SS
2ZHQV$/'HQLVRQ7-9HUVQHO+5HEEHUW03HFNHUDU0 6KDPPD6$
0XOWLHOHFWURGH DUUD\ IRU PHDVXULQJ HYRNHG SRWHQWLDOV IURP VXUIDFH RI IHUUHW
SULPDU\DXGLWRU\FRUWH[-RXUQDORI1HXURVFLHQFH0HWKRGV9RO1RSS
3KLSSV&/DVHU$EODWLRQDQG,WV$SSOLFDWLRQV6SULQJHU,6%11HZ
<RUN
www.intechopen.com
'&
www.intechopen.com
''
!"# $%%
6SHQFH$-1HHYHV.%0XUSK\'6SRQEHUJ6/DQG%5+R\55 ,VDDFVRQ0
6 )OH[LEOH PXOWLHOHFWURGHV FDQ UHVROYH PXOWLSOH PXVFOHV LQ DQ LQVHFW
DSSHQGDJH-RXUQDORI1HXURVFLHQFH0HWKRGV9RO1RSS
6WHQVDDV66 6WHQVDDV/-+LVWRSDWKRORJLFDOHYDOXDWLRQRIPDWHULDOVLPSODQWHGLQ
WKHFHUHEUDOFRUWH[$FWD1HXURSDWKRORJLFD9RO1RSS
6WHWW$(JHUW8*XHQWKHU(+RIPDQQ)0H\HU71LVFK: +DHPPHUOH+
%LRORJLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQ RI PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V LQ GUXJ GLVFRYHU\ DQG EDVLF
UHVHDUFK$QDO\WLFDODQG%LRDQDO\WLFDO&KHPLVWU\9RO1RSS
6WLHJOLW] 7 %HXWHO + 0H\HU -8 $ IOH[LEOH OLJKWZHLJKW PXOWLFKDQQHO VLHYH
HOHFWURGH ZLWK LQWHJUDWHG FDEOHV IRU LQWHUIDFLQJ UHJHQHUDWLQJ SHULSKHUDO QHUYHV
6HQVRUVDQG$FWXDWRUV$3K\VLFDO9RO1RSS
6WLHJOLW] 7 %HXWHO + 6FKXHWWOHU 0 0H\HU -8 0LFURPDFKLQHG SRO\LPLGH
EDVHG GHYLFHV IRU IOH[LEOH QHXUDO LQWHUIDFHV %LRPHGLFDO 0LFURGHYLFHV 9RO 1R
SS
6WLHJOLW] 7 )OH[LEOH ELRPHGLFDO PLFURGHYLFHV ZLWK GRXEOHVLGHG HOHFWURGH
DUUDQJHPHQWVIRUQHXUDODSSOLFDWLRQV6HQVRUVDQG$FWXDWRUV$3K\VLFDO9RO1R
SS
6WUXPZDVVHU)/RQJWHUPUHFRUGLQJ·IURPVLQJOHQHXURQVLQEUDLQRIXQUHVWUDLQHG
PDPPDOV6FLHQFH9RO1RSS
6XQ < /DFRXU 6 3 %URRNV 5 $ 5XVKWRQ 1 )DZFHWW - &DPHURQ 5 (
$VVHVVPHQW RI WKH ELRFRPSDWLELOLW\ RI SKRWRVHQVLWLYH SRO\LPLGH IRU LPSODQWDEOH
PHGLFDOGHYLFHXVH-RXUQDORI%LRPHGLFDO0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFK3DUW$
6]DURZVNL'+$QGHUVHQ0'5HWWHUHU66SHQFH$-,VDDFVRQ0&UDLJKHDG+*
7XUQHU-1 6KDLQ:%UDLQUHVSRQVHVWRPLFURPDFKLQHGVLOLFRQGHYLFHV
%UDLQ5HVHDUFK9RO1RSS
7DNDKDVKL + (MLUL 7 1DNDR 0 1DNDPXUD 1 .DJD . +HUYH 7
0LFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\ RQ IROGLQJ SRO\LPLGH ULEERQ IRU HSLGXUDO PDSSLQJ RI
IXQFWLRQDO HYRNHG SRWHQWLDOV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ %LRPHGLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO
1RSS
7DNHXFKL 6 =LHJOHU ' <RVKLGD < 0DEXFKL . 6X]XNL 7 3DU\OHQH IOH[LEOH
QHXUDO SUREHV LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK PLFURIOXLGLF FKDQQHOV /DE RQ D &KLS 9RO
SS
7KDQDZDOD63DO\YRGD2*HRUJLHY'*.KDQ63$O+RPRXGL,$1HZD]*
$XQHU * $ QHXUDO FHOO FXOWXUH VWXG\ RQ WKLQ ILOP HOHFWURGH PDWHULDOV
-RXUQDO RI 0DWHULDOV 6FLHQFH 0DWHULDOV LQ 0HGLFLQH 9RO 1R SS
7XUQHU - 1 6KDLQ : 6]DURZVNL ' + $QGHUVHQ 0 0DUWLQV 6 ,VDDFVRQ 0
&UDLJKHDG + &HUHEUDO DVWURF\WH UHVSRQVH WR PLFURPDFKLQHG VLOLFRQ
LPSODQWV([SHULPHQWDOQHXURORJ\9RO1RSS
8UHVKL 0 0DWVXXUD 7 .DQQR , 6WLPXOXV IUHTXHQF\ GHSHQGHQFH RI WKH OLQHDU
UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ORFDO FHUHEUDO EORRG IORZ DQG ILHOG SRWHQWLDO HYRNHG E\
DFWLYDWLRQRIUDWVRPDWRVHQVRU\FRUWH[1HXURVFLHQFH5HVHDUFK9RO1R
SS
:HQQEHUJ $ 1HXURWR[LF HIIHFWV RI VHOHFWHG PHWDOV 6FDQGLQDYLDQ MRXUQDO RI ZRUN
HQYLURQPHQW KHDOWK9RO6SHF1RSS
www.intechopen.com
'(
:LOOLDPV - & 5HQQDNHU 5 / .LSNH ' 5 /RQJWHUP QHXUDO UHFRUGLQJ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ZLUH PLFURHOHFWURGH DUUD\V LPSODQWHG LQ FHUHEUDO FRUWH[ %UDLQ
5HVHDUFK3URWRFROV9RO1RSS
:LVH . ' 6LOLFRQ PLFURV\VWHPV IRU QHXURVFLHQFH DQG QHXUDO SURVWKHVHV ,(((
HQJLQHHULQJLQPHGLFLQHDQGELRORJ\PDJD]LQHWKHTXDUWHUO\PDJD]LQHRIWKH(QJLQHHULQJ
LQ0HGLFLQH %LRORJ\6RFLHW\9RO1RSS
;LD< :KLWHVLGHV*06RIWOLWKRJUDSK\$QQXDO5HYLHZRI0DWHULDOV6FLHQFH9RO
1RSS
<HDJHU -' 3KLOOLSV '- 5HFWRU '0 %DKU ') &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI IOH[LEOH
(&R* HOHFWURGH DUUD\V IRU FKURQLF UHFRUGLQJ LQ DZDNH UDWV -RXUQDO RI 1HXURVFLHQFH
0HWKRGV9RO1RSS
<XHQ 7 * $JQHZ : ) %XOODUD / $ 7LVVXH UHVSRQVH WR SRWHQWLDO
QHXURSURVWKHWLFPDWHULDOVLPSODQWHGVXEGXUDOO\%LRPDWHULDOV9RO1R
SS
<XHQ7* $JQHZ:)+LVWRORJLFDOHYDOXDWLRQRISRO\HVWHULPLGHLQVXODWHGJROG
ZLUHVLQEUDLQ%LRPDWHULDOV9RO1RSS
=KRQJ < %HOODPNRQGD 5 9 'H[DPHWKDVRQHFRDWHG QHXUDO SUREHV HOLFLW
DWWHQXDWHGLQIODPPDWRU\UHVSRQVHDQGQHXURQDOORVVFRPSDUHGWRXQFRDWHGQHXUDO
SUREHV%UDLQ5HVHDUFK9RO1RSS
=KRQJ< %HOODPNRQGD59%LRPDWHULDOVIRUWKHFHQWUDOQHUYRXVV\VWHP-RXUQDO
RIWKH5R\DO6RFLHW\,QWHUIDFHWKH5R\DO6RFLHW\9RO1RSS
www.intechopen.com
()
!"# $%%
www.intechopen.com
Recent Advances in Biomedical Engineering
Edited by Ganesh R Naik
ISBN 978-953-307-004-9
Hard cover, 660 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, October, 2009
Published in print edition October, 2009
The field of biomedical engineering has expanded markedly in the past ten years. This growth is supported by
advances in biological science, which have created new opportunities for development of tools for diagnosis
and therapy for human disease. The discipline focuses both on development of new biomaterials, analytical
methodologies and on the application of concepts drawn from engineering, computing, mathematics, chemical
and physical sciences to advance biomedical knowledge while improving the effectiveness and delivery of
clinical medicine. Biomedical engineering now encompasses a range of fields of specialization including
bioinstrumentation, bioimaging, biomechanics, biomaterials, and biomolecular engineering. Biomedical
engineering covers recent advances in the growing field of biomedical technology, instrumentation, and
administration. Contributions focus on theoretical and practical problems associated with the development of
medical technology; the introduction of new engineering methods into public health; hospitals and patient care;
the improvement of diagnosis and therapy; and biomedical information storage and retrieval. The book is
directed at engineering students in their final year of undergraduate studies or in their graduate studies. Most
undergraduate students majoring in biomedical engineering are faced with a decision, early in their program of
study, regarding the field in which they would like to specialize. Each chosen specialty has a specific set of
course requirements and is supplemented by wise selection of elective and supporting coursework. Also, many
young students of biomedical engineering use independent research projects as a source of inspiration and
preparation but have difficulty identifying research areas that are right for them. Therefore, a second goal of
this book is to link knowledge of basic science and engineering to fields of specialization and current research.
The editor would like to thank the authors, who have committed so much effort to the publication of this work.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Sami Myllymaa, Katja Myllymaa and Reijo Lappalainen (2009). Flexible Implantable Thin Film Neural
Electrodes, Recent Advances in Biomedical Engineering, Ganesh R Naik (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-004-9,
InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-biomedical-engineering/flexible-
implantable-thin-film-neural-electrodes
www.intechopen.com
51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Phone: +86-21-62489820
Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 Fax: +86-21-62489821
www.intechopen.com