New Era University

College of Engineering and Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

EE 281 Electrical Circuit 1 Lecture TThS 9:00am-12:00pm Assignment Chapter 1 Basic Electrical Ideas and Units

Duldulao, Caryl Xyra L. 2nd year / BS ECE Seat no. 9

Enrg. Reynaldo M. Dela Cruz Instructor

Questions 1. Name the three kinds of atomic particles and indicate how they are arranged in accordance with the electron theory. o According to the Electron Theory of Electricity there are three kinds of atomic particles. The (+) positively charge called protons, the (-) negatively charge called electrons and the neutrally charge called neutrons. The protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom, while the electrons are found in specific orbits around the nucleus and are held in these orbits by the positive charge of the protons in the nucleus.

3. Under what condition can an electron in a given orbit jump to another (a) away from the nucleus? (b) toward the nucleus? o It is possible for electrons to move between energy levels. Light contains energy. If a photon of light strikes an atom, it is possible for the energy in the light ray to be transferred to one of the low energy electrons moving around the atomic center. The electron with its extra packet of energy becomes excited, and promptly moves out of its lower energy level and takes up a position in a higher energy level. Indicate the number of valence electrons in conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. o 7. o 9. o 11. o Conductors have fewer than four valence electrons, Insulators have more than four valence electrons, and the Semiconductors have exactly four valence electrons. How does the Electron Theory explain the degree of conductivity? The degree of conductivity is determined by the number of electrons that are free to move. Under what condition does an electric charge become an electric current? The continuous movement of an electric charge per second becomes the electric current. Define ampere in terms of electron theory. When one coulomb of electric charge continuously passes a given point every second the electric current is said to be one ampere. 13. o Upon what factors does the electron velocity depend? The electron velocity depends on the current density in a given conductor or the number of amperes per unit of cross-sectional area. 15. Why does the electron velocity in a given material increase proportionately with the

5.

current? o Given the equation , we can conclude that velocity is directly

proportional to current. As the current increases. 17. o Indicate several ways in which an electromotive force may be developed. Combine certain kinds of metals and chemicals into a device called a battery.

Another way is to build a machine, called generator, which functions to generate voltages when conductors are rotated near magnets.

19. o

Distinguish between the terms resistance and resistivity; resistance and resistor. Resistance property of a material to oppose current. The object possessing this property is called resistor.

Resistance are generally given in tables and based on any arbitrary and convenient system of units such as inch and square inch, ect. When specified in this way the opposition to current is called resistivity it merely indicates it is the resistance of a given conductor material having unit length and unit cross section. Define the unit resistance ohm.

21. o

Ohm is defined as the resistance at zero degrees centigrade of a column of mercury of uniform cross section, having a length of 106.3 centimeters and a mass of 14.4521 grams. Upon what four factors does resistance depend?

23. o

The resistance of a material depend on (1) kind of material, (2) length, (3) cross-sectional area, (4) temperature.

25. What kind of current developed by a direct current generator? A storage battery? At the output terminals of a full-wave rectifier? o 27. o 29. o The kind of current developed by direct current generator is unidirectional. In a storage battery the current developed is continuous. And in a full-wave rectifier is pulsating. What is meant by frequency? Frequency number of waves that pass a fixed point per unit time. Define oscillating current. Where is this kind of current encountered? An oscillating current increases and decreases in magnitude and changes in direction periodically with respect to time. This kind of current is often encountered in the antenna of a radio transmitter.

31. Explain carefully how the average current can be determined graphically when (a) the current varies slightly from instant to instant, (b) the current varies considerably from instant to instant. o The average value of the current may be determined (1) experimentally , by properly inserting a d-c ammeter so that the same current passes through instrument and conductor and (2) by calculating, making use of the graphical or oscillographic record of the current.